جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « اکولوژی شهری » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

This study aimed to develop a conceptual model to use the biomimicry approach in design of building envelopes to improve urban ecology. The research was descriptive-analytical and the required data were provided by library and field studies of buildings designed with biomimicry approach. For this purpose, first, biomimicry approach was identified, then twenty samples of biomimetic envelopes were examined, then components and criteria were extracted. The dependency system of the criteria was measured and the importance of each criterion was determined using a network analysis process with a survey of twenty experts in this field and they were weighted with the help of Super-decisions software. As a result, for functional, physical, and formal components, the relevant criteria and sub-criteria were determined according to their importance. Then, a conceptual model of quality evaluation of building envelopes with biomimicry approach was developed. The novelty of this research is the study of biomimicry approach in Iranian envelopes with nature-oriented design. In this regard, using a quality evaluation model, Barin ski building was evaluated so that according to its strengths and weaknesses, designers can make more effective decisions in design of biomimetic building envelopes in Iran.

Current cities are petropolises, where all key functions, including production, consumption, and transportation, are reliant on massive injections of oil and fossil fuels. These cities, characterized by a linear metabolism pattern increase disorder, resource waste, and pollution in other regions. Urban metabolism acts as a lens for measuring a city's human-natural function and it is a suitable method for evaluating the level of urban sustainability. The regenerative approach, by integrating the inputs and outputs of urban metabolism within a regenerative mindset, serves as a scientific foundation for identifying current environmental issues and revitalizing urban ecosystem health. This study aims to examine the use of generative city criteria in urban metabolism sustainability and their categorization, utilizing urban metabolism as a basis for assessing sustainability criteria. Essentially, this research aims to bridge the gap between regenerative principles and sustainability of urban metabolism.

This research adopts a mixed documentary and interpretive approach, utilizing relevant theoretical literature, studies conducted in the field, and a comparison of new approaches to explicate the concepts and indicators for measuring urban metabolism sustainability based on the regenerative city approach. Content analysis is employed as the research strategy, and data collection relies on library resources. Ultimately, a selective coding process is used to identify relationships between key concepts, conduct thematic synthesis, and address research questions, resulting in the presentation of final research indicators. Furthermore, a structural interpretive modeling is employed to categorize the indicators based on their importance and impact on the sustainability system.

Through content analysis of relevant texts and documents, sustainability components are derived based on four elements: water, energy, food, and materials. Regarding the water element, sustainability criteria for urban metabolism involve reducing production with high efficiency, minimizing waste, and promoting water recycling. For the food element, sustainability criteria emphasize reducing resource inputs, minimizing domestic consumption, and promoting food recycling. In the energy sector, sustainability criteria are influenced by regenerative factors, such as energy production based on ecosystem potential, renewable resources, and ecosystem resource restoration. In the materials sector, sustainability criteria, such as reducing production and promoting material recycling in alignment with regenerative principles, contribute to reducing the ecological footprint, preserving biodiversity, and ensuring resource sustainability. Additionally, indicators for assessing urban metabolism sustainability based on the regenerative city criteria are categorized into three levels, representing the importance and effectiveness of each indicator level in urban ecosystem sustainability.

This research aims to enhance understanding and insights into the role and significance of the regenerative approach in urban metabolism sustainability. What sets this study apart from other urban metabolism studies is the integration of urban metabolism gaps within the framework of regenerative thinking for comprehending sustainability in systems. The findings demonstrate that the influence of regenerative criteria on metabolism studies enhances the comprehension of sustainability journals through the intrinsic relations between the urban system and the extra-regional system. This circular pattern can significantly contribute to integrated land development, reducing resource consumption, minimizing reliance on unstable resources, and increasing dependence on ecological capital.

The city needs ecology for survival and an economy for sustainable growth. These components are found in the form of the city as effective communication between the ecological components and the sustainable economy. On the other hand, uncontrolled physical development has limited the ecological capacities and capabilities of natural ecosystems. And unbalanced economic activities have disturbed the biological balance in all aspects of human life and the form of the city. For this purpose, the Noh-Darreh neighborhood of Mashhad has been selected due to its ecological background of the southern highlands for tourism development, along with the risk of ecological degradation of the region due to inefficient morphology and abnormal social groups and economic opportunities. To reach a practical solution to the problem by spatial analysis of the relationships of the influential components in this neighborhood. for this purpose, a questionnaire consisting of characteristics and components whose validity and reliability was measured in the neighborhood were developed. The questionnaire was distributed among 378 residents in Noh-darreh. using analytical tools, lisrel 8.8 and spss22 software and by structural equation modeling technique, the relationships of components and their effects were investigated. Also, in line with the main purpose of the research, using the Spatial Analysis tool of GIS software, the spatial analysis was performed based on the relationships between the components of the research. Finally, according to the research findings, it can be said that the indicators related to improving the housing situation of people in the ecological context of the neighborhood have a significant impact on improving its sustainability. The primary nucleus of the Noh-Darreh neighborhood is at its lowest in terms of the characteristics of the overlapping maps produced to determine the status of the components in the Noh-Darreh morphology. As a result, the most important non-invasive strategy in the Noh-Darreh neighborhood can be considered to promote economic sustainability in the ecological context to improve housing. this strategy, whose practical solutions are based on statistical results obtained from the criteria, can be considered as a turning point in solving the problems of the physical context of the Noh-darreh.

 The trend of urban change and subsequent changes in the ecological structure of Behshahr city during the last 34 years has caused many environmental problems. So that the horizontal expansion of the city to the four directions and consequently the increase of ecological footprint in this city has led to many changes in use, especially from agriculture and gardens within the city limits to residential and commercial, etc., which causes The destruction of the ecological foundations of the urban environment, the reduction of the capacity to absorb pollution and the intensification of pollution, the lack of green spaces compared to the built-up urban spaces, and finally the reduction of environmental resilience in this city. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to investigate the trend of changes in the extent and structural pattern of urban land cover based on Explanation of urban ecology structure during the last 34 years using remote sensing techniques and landscape metrics.

 The research method in the present study is analytical-descriptive. The data and information required for the research have been collected and processed through library and field studies. In order to identify and create land use maps and with the aim of examining the structural elements of Behshahr city, the images of TM and OLI sensors of Landsat 5 and 8 satellites related to June in two time periods (1986 and 2020) from the US Geological Survey ( USGS) was used. Also for combining bands, processing and classification of satellite images from ENVI 5.3 software, for measuring landscape metrics from Fragstats4.2.1 software, for preparing maps and data of other software, from Arc Gis10.7 software And Arcview3.2 and Excel software has been used to sort the data and prepare the charts.Finally, using appropriate landscape metrics at two levels (class and landscape) including metrics, MNN, LSI, MSI, MPS, ED, LPI, NP, PLAND, CA Cohesion, changes in the ecological structure of Behshahr were evaluated.

 In this study, after processing the Landsat satellite images of the studied years (1986 and 2020), land use was classified into four classes: built-up lands, barren and gardens, and green spaces and agricultural lands.According to the results obtained from land use changes, in 1986, lands built have the highest percentage of area, ie 470 hectares (38.5%) among land uses, and respectively agricultural lands, green space and barren in the next ranks. In 2020, the built-up land has grown significantly compared to 1986 and has reached 788 hectares (65%), and other uses, agriculture, green space and wasteland are in the next categories.Also, the analysis of Behshahr Landscape metrics during the last 34 years shows that the metric value of the number of patches (NP) has increased from 599 in 1986 to 863 in 2020. In fact, the decrease in their number indicates fragmentation and The fragmentation of large agricultural spots, green spaces and gardens in the study area is due to the increase in urban construction. This reduces their sustainability and ecological performance. The average patches size (MPS) also shows a decreasing trend and has been reduced from 1.96 in 1986 to 1.43. In general, metric changes in the average patches size indicate an increase in degradation and thus a decrease in ecological resources in the study area.The results of the research also show the fact that the metric value of the average distance of the nearest neighbor (MNN) of Behshahr landscape has increased in the last 34 years and has increased from 79.01 meters in 1986 to 84.69 meters in 2020. This justifies the reduction of connection and continuity of land use patches, especially agricultural lands, gardens and green space.

In general, one of the obvious results of examining the changes in land use maps of the two periods is as follows: Land use made in this period due to increasing population and demand for land and, consequently, urban growth in recent decades, with the most Area changes have increased and increased by (68%). But other land uses have been declining, so that ecological and green lands, agricultural lands (-52%) and gardens and green spaces (-31%). ) And barren lands have also decreased by about -41%.The analysis of land landscape metrics also clearly shows the effects of human activities and urbanization on the environment, and the results indicate that the landscape of Behshahr city has become more complex, more geometrically complex andgeometrically irregular, and with decreasing continuity, It has become more fragmented. In fact, the results of Cohesion, MNN, LSI, MSI, MPS, ED, LPI, NP, PLAND, CA metric analysis show that the studied land uses, especially agricultural lands, gardens and green space in Behshahr in terms of composition and distribution. The space does not have favorable conditions and during the period under study in terms of extent, continuity and nature of the composition and distribution of ecological patches, especially agricultural patches, has undergone a process of severe destruction. So that, changes in the amount of NP (number of patches) and MPS (average patches size) have been indicators of the formation of a downward trend and ultimately the destruction of the system, indicating that reducing the average size of patches, the destruction process in The system shows and in fact a genuine integrated patch has become a number of small patches and has lost its cohesion.Also, the results of the study of land use continuity metrics (MNN and Choesion) show that in the mosaic network of urban ecological patches, especially agricultural lands, gardens and green space, while eliminating a large part of these patches and changing its use. On the one hand, the average distance between similar patches has increased over the last 34 years, and on the other hand, they do not have the necessary area.continuity and integration to provide ecological services to improve the environmental quality of Behshahr.

Understanding the problems of cities and also their physical pattern and form at different scales are very important. In addition, urban structure planning requires the use of localized data at the appropriate scale. Choicing of the optimal scale in studies is one of the principles that can make the results of studies more accurate and practical. The purpose of this study is investigating the effect of scale on urban spatial and environmental studies of 1 and 3-district in Tehran. The present research approach describes the effects of scale on urban land scape by using ecological land scape pattern and satellite images in meso-scale (Landsat satellite) and micro-scale (Quickbird satellite). Comparing the results of land scape quantification in the meso and micro scales in 1 and 3-district in Tehran, indicates the difference in the results. In the first scale 1747 green patches and in the second scale, 36516 green patches were distinguished, which both of them are used. Also some differences are in the size and density of the edge as well as the shape of the patches in the two study scales. In addition, the results show that the characteristics of patches in micro-scale of 1 and 3-district in Tehran are closer to the natural state of green space of these deistricts and more applicable in urban and local planning but they arrangements are less. This less order has nothing to do with the destruction of such space. The importance of arrangement of patches is important in regional studies. At this level, mid-scale images survey are recommended. In general, by guiding studies based on the principles of scale, the uncertainty of the results can be minimized and the quality of decisions will be improved.

This study provides an analysis of urban ecology in 22 districts of Tehran municipality. The research method is descriptive-analytic. In order to analyze the security ecology of Tehran and according to the research question, the research stages were divided into two parts. In the first section, four economic indicators, housing, facilities distribution, and urban reversal indicators were selected with which to examine the security status in Tehran's security ecology. Then, using the entropy model, each of the four indexes was weighted individually and analyzed using the Vicon model. Eventually, in order to achieve a general consensus in the model findings, the results were combined. Then, a questionnaire was prepared for measuring these criteria, and, for each of the four available dimensions, the questions were asked separately. Using means and standard deviations, the SPSS software analyzed the security ecology of Tehran. The results of the WIKUR research model, based on the statistical data from Tehran Municipality Statistics and Statistics Organization, showed that the northern parts of the city have a better ecological status than its southern districts. Districts 1, 3, 4 have the best conditions, and districts 15, and 17 have an ecologically unsafe status in most of the indicators. The findings of the ecological status questionnaire were similar. Districts 15, 17 and 21 are in the worst ecological conditions. Social factors were also considered as the most important and effective indicators in the field of security ecology of the city.

With increasing urban population, urban environmental pollution, change of lifestyle, urbanization, getting away from nature and environment, the need for comforting and attractive social spaces such as sidewalks in cities is being increased day by day.Nature Bridgein the 3rddistrict of Tehran, with an area of 7000 square meters is the first bridge in Iran that is merely sidewalk and connects the Water and Fire Park and the Taleghani Forest Park to each other. The Nature Bridge, apart from the economic and social matters also includes ecological aspects which need more research and study.The methodology of this paper is as follows: for ecological evaluation of building the Nature Bridge Sidewalk, first the ecologic structure of the region is studied by using the DPSIR Model and then for the evaluation of the influences of building the Nature Bridge, the Iranian Matrix Method is used and finally we use the landscape ecology approach.The results show that, building the Nature Bridge is ecologically thoroughly approved. Besides, among all the impacts, the improvement of ecologic performance of the region is the most important effect with 2 points, and among the consequences the improvement of micro-impacts and the quality of air and plant habitats, jointly with 1.6 points, are considered the most important consequences.The results show that rehabilitation around the Nature Bridge to improve the ecological performance of Nature Bridge based on the landscape ecology principle, expanding the green patch of Water and Fire Park, Nature Bridge, Taleghani Forest Park is required.

Division of location and space is the most significant factor in lands use, thus,urban lands use includes a set of purposeful activities for organization of an unnatural environment, unjust division occupancy is the most important issue that has engaged everyones mind, thus Karaj has the most residential occupancy,including 30.1% of percapita share and 28.2%service percapita, there are storage of green and commercial space.In balanced specification of lands to difeerent users and unappropriate percapita in established plans are also among the problems of these plans. In Karaj`s established plans, unfair division of occupancy in the lands can be seen, and finally changing the agricultural lands into residential ones is one of the most important points considented in Karaj. Lack of green spaces in Karaj is an important issue. If we calculate the needof this city for green spaces we come to a number which shows that this city can be considered as a desert. In general, substandard residential occupancies have resulted in unbalanced usages if different sectors, thus there are plenty of issues concerning to substandard usage. City includes a set of manmade, natural, social and environmental factors, it has been populated by the residents, urbanization is a method of human life on the earth,it is a costant human settlement in the environment. Unsurpiringly, city has been a center of civilization for a longtime,so urbanization process should be investigated carfully urbanization in Iran has a long history,Iran Plateau is the first part of the earth that has experienced urbanization.But in contemporary centuries urbanization in Iran has a specific form that has had many consequences including over whelming migration of villagers to the cities. Due to its location and closeness to Tehran,Karaj has a special form of urbanization. This phenomena is so outstanding in recent 2or3 decades that it needs carful considerations,investogations and scientific discussions.

Concentration of population and economic activities in urban areas, lead to economical problems such as poverty, unemployment, increasing the price of land, housing, life costs as well as social and cultural problems. Then, physical and environmental issues include urbanity growth, scatter settlements, environmental pollutions, traffic and urban crowding, lack of infrastructure and services lagging, illegal constructions, environmental deteriorate could be emerge. The main object of this research is the illustration of unsuitable ecological and environmental conditions in great cities of the country, therefore, we try to discuss urban crowding in Tabriz. We can simply urban crowding to 3 aspects entitled: population, buildings and finally vehicle crowding. According to the results of this research, population crowding in Tabriz affected by economic and social class of citizens. There is a direct relation between population and building crowding. Urban crowding in the fringes of Tabriz, due to lack of zoning system and logical distribution of land uses, lead to unsafely psychological effects on citizens.