جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « تحلیل مکانی » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

Water scarcity has become a critical issue in some regions. Accordingly, increasing attention has been given to the structural and functional connectivity of river networks as the primary source of surface water supply, while this can be a potential watershed-scale management solution. However, assessment of hydrological connectivity remains understudied in Iran. This pioneering research aimed to evaluate and optimize the hydrological connectivity in the Samian Watershed to enhance protection and management of water resources and improve hydrological performance. The results showed that the hydrological network in the Samian Watershed with a total length of 1254.73 km had 173 links and 176 nodes. The river chain node ratio (β), actual bonding degree (γ), Index of Integration of Connectivity (IIC), and Probability of Connectivity (PC) were calculated to be 0.983, 0.331, 5.66, and 1.151, respectively. The hydrological structure of the Samian Watershed in the plain areas exhibited weak connectivity. After optimization, the center of gravity of water circulation shifted southward at different connectivity levels. Increasing the optimization level up to Level 4 resulted in an improvement in the hydrological connectivity indices within the Samian Watershed. While the overall connectivity showed a sudden increase after the 4th optimization level, the IIC increased but then decreased beyond Level 4. Therefore, it is recommended to optimize the hydrological connectivity in the Samian Watershed up to Level 4 for effective management of water resources. 

Recently, the use of big data from mobile devices has received considerable attention in transportation studies. The need to do activities is the main inducement for urban trip generation. Furthermore, urban activities and their patterns vary both over space and time. Mobile phone data, as a kind of continuous spatiotemporal data, records the location of people at different times. Therefore such data is suitable for the estimation of urban activity levels and the detection of patterns. In this study, we selected Shiraz as the study area due to its cultural, religious, and tourist significance, as well as the presence of major healthcare centres in the city. The analysis of spatial and temporal patterns of urban trips using continuous spatiotemporal data, such as mobile phone records, can significantly contribute to the improvement of transportation system management, planning, and policy-making for Shiraz.

The variable under investigation in this study is the activity density within a specific time interval and a defined spatial unit. Activity is defined as the number of individuals who either enter or leave a specific area for a specific purpose. Furthermore, activity density indicates the level of activity within the area’s unit of measurement. To investigate activity density across 321 traffic analysis zones (TAZ) in Shiraz, mobile phone data was collected over a one-week period (from 2021-06-24 to 2021-06-30). Following the implementation of data cleaning and preprocessing techniques,  individuals’ stay point and home locations were identified. The population of each TAZ was estimated by utilising the location of individuals within their respective homes. The estimated population and the real population in each spatial unit were employed to calculate the expansion factor. The activity levels within one-hour time intervals on workdays, semi-workdays, and weekends were estimated using an appropriate expansion factor. To examine the spatial dependency of the variable of interest (density of activities), global and local Moran’s I indices were applied to the aggregated density of activities. The study employed exploratory analysis of urban activities time series to identify the trend of activity level, peak periods, intensity change by time, as well as other relevant temporal characteristics. Additionally, the Standardized Normal Homogeneity Test (SNHT) was employed to identify the change point of activity in time series, which indicates the commencement of the activities.

The results not only demonstrated a significant positive spatial autocorrelation of the density of activities within traffic zones (P-Value < 0.001), but also identified the hotspots in the central parts of the study areas. It is notable that the central zones of the city exhibited high activity density, which was influenced by the spatial relationships within the study area. An exploratory analysis of time series revealed variations in activity patterns. These patterns exhibited higher activity levels on workdays compared to semi-workdays, and weekends. The time series observed in the latter half of the semi-workdays exhibited a striking resemblance to that of workdays, yet subsequently exhibited a trend between workdays and non-workdays as the activity level decreased. By examining the time series of activities, it can be observed that the mid-day peak period occurs at 12:00 to 14:00, while the evening peak period occurs at 20:00 to 22:00. Additionally, the lowest level of daily activity was identified between 3 and 6 a.m. The time series uniformity test was employed to ascertain the starting times of activities on workdays and semi-workdays, which were identified as 8:00 am, and on weekends, which were identified as 9:00 am. To validate the detected population and expansion factors and thus the estimated activity level, a spatial correlation between the estimated mobile phone population and the actual population within traffic analysis zones was calculated, which yielded an approximately 82% correlation coefficient. This correlation is statistically significant and therefore acceptable.

The results of these analyses could prove beneficial for the formulation of appropriate transportation planning and policy, as well as for the management of population density at hotspots at any time of the day. Furthermore, they could inform the analysis of urban transportation environmental impacts. With the availability of accurate mobile phone data for a range of spatial units, including traffic zones and even entire countries, it is possible to extract a diverse range of urban activity patterns, including those highlighted in this research.

The high-rise buildings and compact city model have recently discussed for the sustainable urban development in developed and developing countries after the rapid growth of the urban population and the ensuing need for housing. There are also other reasons for this phenomenon such as preventing the excessive expansion of cities for the optimal use of urban land to solve the appearance, space, environmental issues.   

In order to solve the current and future problems of the city, compact city strategy and high-rise development projects can be the focus of the future development of cities.Therefore, in this study, an attempt has been made to analyze the spatial-spatial phenomenon of high-rise development in Tabriz metropolis.

The current research is applied and its method is descriptive-analytical, and after collecting the data and maps required for the research, tabular data were entered into the GIS database, and SPSS software was used for statistical analysis.   

Geographical Context: 

The scope of research in this study is Tabriz metropolitan.

The results showed that when the average value for high-rising construction is 9.5, the functional dimension is not considered. Also, when the average value is 2, the identity dimension (from the researcher's point of view) is rejected. In the same way, if the average value is 2, aesthetic component was not taken into account.

Finally, it was concluded that high-rise building construction in Tabriz metropolis has not been based on urban planning criteria.

Rural economy, as one of the most important dimensions of sustainable development of rural settlements, depends on several factors. Income is one of the key components affecting the sustainable development of rural economy; therefore, an acceptable level of it can influence the well-being and comfort of the villagers. Considering the many challenges of the rural society of Iran, investigating their income as well as identifying the factors affecting the income level of the rural society can prepare the ground for policy-making and planning to increase the income level and consequently develop rural economy. Therefore, the aim of this quantitative and applied research is to investigate and spatially analyze the level of income and identify the key factors influencing it in rural areas of Iran. The required data were obtained from Iran Statistics Center in 2022, and SPSS and ArcGIS software were used for data analysis. The spatial presentation of the income level in the provinces of Iran showed that most border rural areas were deprived or very deprived. The results of correlation between the level of income and the independent variables showed that the four variables of having welfare infrastructure, literacy percentage, the percentage of employees in the service sector and employees regularly working 49 hours and more had a statistically significant positive relationship with the income level of villagers and the three variables of the percentage of employees in the agricultural sector, the percentage of rural population and distance from the center (capital) had a statistically significant negative relationship with the dependent variable. The results of multiple regression showed that the two variables of having welfare infrastructure and the percentage of employees in the service sector with regression coefficients of 0.615 and 0.512, respectively, are included in the final fitted model (by explaining 63.6% of the income variance of the rural society of Iran), and they influence explaining the variance of income.

The main objective of this study is to analyze optimum locations to create green space by designing a geometric network of urban roads to determine the nearest green space and the best route to access the area in the district one of the Kerman city. Four descriptive qualitative matrices of suitability, adaptability, capacity, and dependence (multi-criteria-decision-making methods) were used for analyzing and spatial distribution of green spaces in the area of study. These criteria were ranked based on hierarchical reversal analysis method and then modeled in the GIS environment. Analytical functions were used by which suitable locations were determined to create green areas in district one of the Kerman city. Our results show the total area of existing green spaces in district one of the Kerman city is about 54 hectares that is insignificant compared with the district one whole area. Based on quadratic quality matrices method, we propose suitable locations to create new green spaces at about 106 hectares. Broadly speaking, the spatial analysis of green space using the method of quadratic quality matrices and hierarchical reversal analysis shows 28.7% very suitable location, 53.4% suitable location, and 17.9% unsuitable location.

Analyzing traffic conditions and suggesting traffic management methods play a critical role in evaluating the effectiveness of transportation systems. Among the methods suggested for collecting traffic data, approaches based on new technologies attracted more attention due to the ability of collecting large amounts of dynamic spatio-temporal data making it easy to identify trends and patterns. In this study, Tehran, the capital of Iran with socio-economic characteristics and the variety of urban trips which lead to heterogeneous traffic state will be considered. Data obtained from digital processing of Google Maps traffic images the one-month time interval (April 7th to May 7th, 2017), has been applied for the first time to evaluate the trend and overall pattern of the changes in traffic congestion in the study area. Considering the variety of trip patterns and consequently the traffic congestion, traffic congestion index (CI) has been calculated on workdays and weekends separately and was assigned to the district center and the morning and evening peak-hours were extracted using descriptive analysis. By applying Getis-Ord hot-spot and cold-spot index, the clusters of congested areas have been recognized over the study area. Also, the temporal relationship between traffic congestion indexes in different time sections was evaluated using Kruskal-Wallis statistical test and the null hypothesis of correlation between the mean values of congestion index was confirmed. Using overlay analysis of congestion maps, clusters indicating congested areas at 90% confidence intervals were extracted during morning and evening peaks on weekdays and weekends separately. The results of this study can be effective in modifying traffic congestion zones, analyzing pollution or studies relating to road pricing, and assessing the process of traffic congestion propagation during desired time intervals.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the location of parks in Shiraz city and to examine the neighborhood pattern and the radius of access of existing green spaces in order to provide approaches and a suitable model for optimizing the spatial distribution system and location pattern of green spaces in Shiraz city. The science of this research is descriptive-analytical and applied. First, all the required spatial data were collected and a database was created in the GIS environment and ArcMap software. Then, using the AHP hierarchical process analysis method, the criteria of coverage radius, population and its density, accessibility, neighboring uses, etc. were weighted.According to the findings, it was found that accessibility criteria and population density are the most important effective factors in the distribution of urban uses. Also, in the distribution of green space, criteria of compatible and incompatible contiguity, population density and road network were studied and the contiguity of large green spaces and the final map to select the most suitable places and the most unsuitable places of green spaces were determined.According to the findings, it was found that a number of green spaces in the neighborhood system with all the studied uses except residential use are in a bad condition. Also, according to the final map, the most suitable places for building green spaces are the utskirts of Shiraz city in the south, east and west parts.

One of the affective dimensions in measuring the level of urban resilience against urban floods is the physical-infrastructural dimension which through it the state of society can be assessed in terms of physical and geographical characteristics affecting the occurrence of floods. Irregular and uncoordinated development of Chamestan urban area due to human activities for the development of the city has directly changed many areas of the city in a very short time, as a result of which, risks such as floods are created. This study aims to analyze the relationships between factors affecting the physical infrastructure resilience of Chamestan city against urban floods. Indices of physical-infrastructural resilience according to the study area, including access, construction, and distance from the natural hazardous environment, were examined in the form of 12 sub-indicators. After standardizing the sub-indices with fuzzy membership functions, to overlap them and prepare the three mentioned indices, the process of hierarchical analysis and expert opinions were used. Access to health centers (0.374) is the most important sub-indicator of access, building quality (0.647) is the most effective variable of structure and building index, and distance from the river (0.643) is the most important sub-indicator of distance from the dangerous natural environment. According to the final zoning map of physical-infrastructural resilience, most of the area of Chamestan city, central and northern parts of the city, is located at the level of physical-infrastructural resilient or relatively resilient against floods. The northern part of the city, which is the main core of Chamestan, is in the categories of non-resilience and low physical- infrastructure resilience.

The increasing use of motor vehicles is one of the consequences of urbanization, which in addition to problems such as traffic and air pollution, will reduce the physical activity of residents and affect the general health of society. As a result, one of the most effective ways to tackle this problem in recent decades has been to increase people's accessibility to a variety of land uses by reducing travel distance or properly mixing land uses. Therefore, this challenge has led various researchers around the world to seek new ways of urban management to solve this problem. One of the most significant approaches to increase accessibility is proper mixed land use in urban areas. This study aims to calculate equality in the distribution of urban uses along the street network of Valiasr neighborhood, located in District 6 of Tehran Municipality by using GIS as a spatial analyst tool and Gini index as an indicator for the level of justice in distribution. Based on the number of land uses among longitudinal deciles of each street, this analysis has determined the level of equality in the distribution of land uses by the Gini index, for each passage and the whole neighborhood. The findings show that the Valiasr neighborhood with a Gini index of 0.3 owns a relatively good equality in the distribution of land uses. In addition, a comparison of the results with the findings of other studies reveals that the Gini index of each neighborhood can be a good indicator to measure the landaus mixed-ness, walkability, and accessibility to urban and transportation infrastructure in a region. Besides, it can be used along with other factors in regional or urban planning due to the justice-oriented essence of Gini index.

Public satisfaction is a multidimensional and dynamic concept that changes over time, so it must be evaluated at appropriate times. A major challenge for this evaluation, especially in large geographical areas such as one country, is the lack of regular procedures and updated relevant index values. In recent years, several indicators have been presented based on traditional methods of data collection, including the use of questionnaires, to measure public satisfaction. Since, in recent years, the use of User Generated Geo-Content (UGGC) has been widely considered, in this research, with a new perspective by using of location-based social networks (LBSNs), extraction of information and criteria that can somehow reflect public satisfaction has been done. Finally, considering the uncertainties in the input data and the definition of public satisfaction, a fuzzy inference system was used to evaluate and compare public satisfaction in Iranian provinces. The extracted indices in this study, include negative/positive tweet ratio, the ratio of joy and love tweets to all tweets, and the ratio of sadness, anger and fear tweets to all tweets. The results of the proposed method resulted in the classification of the provinces of Iran from favorable to unfavorable situations. The results of this study demonstrated the potential of UGGC for public satisfaction assessment in the role of complementary data rather than as an alternative to official data. The proposed method in this study is a step towards evaluating public satisfaction using data shared by users on location-based social networks.

Land use change is one of the challenges of the 21st century in the world and in Iran. Human activities and land degradation and inappropriate farming and cultivation techniques have led to the destruction of arable land in recent years. Emphasizing on agricultural and agricultural use in one of the agricultural hubs of East Azerbaijan province, namely Azarshahr city. And 8 and product use of Madis sensor lands have been used. For this process, we have used Google Earth Engine system and ARCGIS software. The results show that in this period of 20 years, agricultural use has increased by about 17,000 square kilometers. Also, using Madis sensor, we classified the agricultural lands of the city into two categories of irrigated and garden cultivation in these two years. In both years, there has been irrigated cultivation. Using spatial-spatial analysis, we have obtained the results that as the density of villages decreases, so does the area of ​​arable land.

 Road signs not only provide drivers with the necessary information and guidance, but also inform them of related rules and probable risks along roads. Safety of roads, and thus minimum delay and discomfort for drivers depends on traffic order. This order is only achieved if road signs can accurately guide drivers. Design of road signs have been evaluated in different fields of traffic engineering and urban design. Based on these evaluations, parameters like proper distance (distance in which a sign is legible for those driving in different speeds), and proper height (the height in which light reflection from the surface of the sign is minimized) have been introduced. Lack of a generalized method for designing and positioning of road signs, along with inadequate attention to their proper installation can cause a serious risk for drivers. Systematic positioning of road signs on highways and urban pathways with an especial attention to different criteria of sights has a significant impact on drivers’ ability to find the best route on time, and thus minimizes probable confusion and heavy traffic. Visibility in three-dimensional space refers to three-dimensional characteristic of different barriers along the roads. In most analytical studies, extruded objects and a perspective of the three-dimensional model are simulated. In this approach, three-dimensional analysis is usually performed based on an analysis in two-dimensional space. As an instance, the concept of spatial openness index (SOI) was introduced in 3D space. This concept refers to the volume of space observable for an observer. SOI is measured by defining a cone in the observers’ position based on which simulation is performed. In this way, the volume of observable space will be reduced in the presence of obstacles. 3D visibility analysis is closely related to human perception. When human eyes observe a scene, distant objects appear smaller than closer ones. Thus, if this difference in distance is considered, the final simulation will be closer to reality. Distance index shows the space width scale by calculating the distance between the observer and the target. In this method, a decrease in distance results in a more comprehensive perception, while increased distance decreases observers’ ability to perceive the environment. Based on the distance to target and observer’s view angle, three-dimensional projection simulates observers’ view and illustrates 3D obstacles on a 2D plane. The present study seeks to provide an approach based on spatial analysis in 3D space to evaluate the visibility of road signs. 

Indices like height and direction of road signs, perceivable distance and horizontal angle between signs and the observer (driver), and finally perceivable area of the signs effect the visibility of signs. In the proposed method, total area of each sign perceivable for drivers driving in different situations is calculated using projective geometry. In order to evaluate visibility of road signs for vehicles (driver) in different positions, spatial indices such as overlap area (area resulted from the reflection of barriers on the sign face), distance between the center of road signs and the center of overlap area, and a combination of overlap area and distance are presented. Then, different simulation scenarios are designed for the vehicle’s motion on a simulated roadway and the performance of each indicator are evaluated. Index of combination (combination of overlap area and distance) was selected as final visibility measure. With an increase in distance from the center of the sign, the overlap area decreases and visibility increases. In order to determine visibility, visual status of the vehicle (driver) is evaluated based on four categories: poor, good, medium and excellent. 

In order to simulate drivers’ vision, model spatial objects along the route and find optimal position for road signs, an appropriate analytical model is required. Results indicate that the proposed method can be used as an appropriate tool for optimal positioning of road signs along a route.

In recent years, most of the countries that are affected by continued recession or the ongoing financial crisis focus on developing and promoting businesses including entrepreneurship, marketing, and commerce processes. Information technologies play a key role in business development, digital marketing, advertising, real time monitoring, customer support and long term business growth. This study examines the applications of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) as one of the information technologies in the context of business development. The strong relation between business and location makes GIS as a valuable tool to support information needs in business-related decision making processes and attain long term business success. The spatial-analytical capabilities of GIS, such as network and overlay analyses can be effectively used to explore and analyze the business situations in order to provide more informed business decisions, plans and marketing strategies. GIS has the potential to integrate the spatial (location), economic, demographic, and social data to model customers and competitors’ behaviors and answers the questions in the domains such as customer and marketing analysis, market prediction, investment, advertisement strategy, business site selection, market, and so on. In the following, a study was conducted to determine the optimal locations for investment and business in the establishment of restaurants in Babolsar city using the multi-criteria Best-Worst GIS-based method.In a general categorization, Types of businesses in urban space are divided into service, commercial, manufacturing, and technology and information groups. The components of urban businesses in various fields are related to the spatial characteristics and geographical location of the business. Geographic and spatial investigations provide the useful information for urban business owners. However, in recent years, less attention has been paid to the spatial parameters of urban businesses. The spatial analysis of customer, competitors and markets behavior is important for development of business in urban space and it will make a better understanding of markets, competitors and customer behavior in the urban space. Information is a basic tool for development of the urban business. In the past two decades, advanced industrial countries have focused on new information technologies as the core of development. Today, there are a variety of computer information systems available for provide information in various fields of urban business. GIS is one of these systems, which can be used for spatial or geographic purposes in urban areas. Given the complexities of urban space, GIS can simulate complex spatial analysis and provide appropriate solutions. This technology, using the Strong functions, makes accurate decisions and optimal management of resources in urban space. Small and large businesses in urban space can use GIS as a useful tool for analysis and decision making. GIS has business analyst, network analyst, spatial analyst, 3D analyst and many other complex analyzers for implementing and managing integrated systems, including a complete urban business system. In this study, the use of GIS as an appropriate and highly relevant information technology for the development and improvement of urban businesses is discussed and discussed.The city of Babolsar, located in Mazandaran Province, Iran has been selected as the study area. This city has long been a hub for tourists and travelers owing to its peculiar location. Considering the significance of tourism as a major source of income, creating tourist infrastructures such as restaurants has found great importance. In this study, first the applications of GIS as a suitable information technology for the development and improvement of urban businesses are studied through the library method. Then, to evaluate the location options and select the most suitable place to establish a restaurant in Babolsar, Mazandaran province, the best-worst combination was used as one of the multi criteria criteria and GIS analysis tools. Effective criteria and restaurant alternative locations are then determined based on previous researches and standardized criterion maps are produced. Each criterion is then weighted by experts using Best-Worst Method (BWM). The Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) method is ultimately applied to combine criterion maps with the criteria weights to determine the alternative scores in the expert-derived map. The map is divided into three classes of suitable, moderate, and unsuitable.GIS is able to answer a large volume of business owners' questions in the field development and improvement of the urban business. These questions the six main groups of included what time? Where? Why? How? And what? In order to improve business development. GIS has the ability to integrate economic, social and spatial data from customers, competitors and the market. Then, by analyzing and modeling the location-based data, use the results for develop and improve of the urban businesses. Information technologies play a key role in business development, digital marketing, advertising, real time monitoring, customer support and long term business growth. This study examines the applications of GIS as one of the information technologies in the context of business development. The strong relation between business and location makes GIS as a valuable tool to support information needs in business-related decision making processes and attain long term business success. The spatial-analytical capabilities of GIS, such as network and overlay analyses can be effectively used to explore and analyze the business situations in order to provide more informed business decisions, plans and marketing strategies. GIS has the potential to integrate the spatial (location), economic, demographic, and social data to model customers and competitors’ behaviors and answers the questions in the domains such as customer and marketing analysis, market prediction, investment, advertisement strategy, business site selection, market, and so on. GIS helping the business owners to modeling and tracking the customer behavior so that they can answer questions such as business customers, what are more business customers than urban areas? Who can be the best business customers and where are they located in the urban? What products and services do business customers use in a particular urban area? How can other customers reach other locations?

Thunderstorm is a major climatic hazard that puts a lot of damage to different sectors. Therefore, evaluation of its spatial-temporal characteristics can help a lot to understand the rules of its occurrence and determine the potential of different regions. The aim of this study is to analyze the spatial-temporal characteristics of thunderstorms in Iran based on the latest hourly data. For this purpose, the hourly data of thunderstorms from 42 synoptic stations in 7 different status, from precipitation to dusty and heavy hail, 8 times a day were obtained from Iranian Meteorological Organization in a 37-year period (1980-2016). Then using cluster analysis, the country was divided into four zones based on the frequencies, and the occurrence of phenomenon in each zone was analyzed. Then, using the Mann-Kendall, linear regression and Sen's slope estimator statistical tests, the temporal trend of the phenomenon was investigated in the country. The results showed that the most thunderstorms occur in northwest and west of the country, around Urmia, Tabriz, Khoy and Khorramabad stations, and also south of the country around Bushehr station. In seasonal and monthly scales, the highest frequency can be seen in the spring with a maximum of May. In spring, northwest, in summer, northern coasts and northwest, in fall, southwest and west, and in winter, southern coasts and southwest of the country experience more thunderstorms. In hourly scale, it became clear that the storm would be delayed due to the regions’ temperatures. Hence in warm regions it happens in the sunrise and early morning, and in cold regions in the sunset and early evening. But in general, thunderstorms are more frequent in 21:30 local time and then with a slight difference, in 18:30. In most stations the number of thunderstorms is increasing.

Introduction Noise is an integral part of modern life and modern overnight. Our ancestors lived in a more quiet environments and exposed to the sounds were softer. The problems of the urban environment in terms of noise and discomfort for audio, mainly is related to two factors: ( A) density of more than production units, industry and services in cities, (b) the spatial distribution of business units in urban areas . The establishment of incompatible applications and business units nuisance and pollution in cities, especially in the vicinity of residential areas, the critical situation is caused by the transfer of land around cities is a suitable solution. However, Ahwaz, as a strategic city on a national scale, is faced with the low levels of acoustic comfort due to the: expansion of space, the establishment of heavy industries and workshops, crossing the national railroad through the urban fabric, the locating of its airport inside the city and etc… Of cities with a high number of sound pollutants and low levels of comfort is audio.   Methodology The dominant approach to this research is location analyze. According to the research literature and standards presented in Environmental Protection Organization, the land use in Ahwaz city and related data are provided. In local analysis, after identifying all noisy land uses, Noise pollution zoning is carried out in three steps including the noisy uses (step I) and local arteries (step II), and finally map acoustic comfort (step III) of the composition of the maps using Fuzzy Overlay analysis and operator SUM, for urban areas is obtained. The fuzzy membership functions, map algebra, fuzzy overlay have been used in the GIS to measure the neighborhoods of Euclidean distance tools. To determine the mean spatial proximity of land use in each area, the spatial analyzer application and also the fuzzy Delphi model are used for weighing the selected criteria. Results and discussion Noise pollution is one of the most important disturbing factors in modern life and work environments. The lack of acoustic comfort causes irreparable damage to the health of residents of the area. Therefore, regarding to the principles of proximity is necessary and, on the other hand, the proximity of urban utilities, especially the proximity of residential land use, can greatly reduce the amount of noise pollution and provide comfort for residents. On this base, the first dimension of analysis is the measuring urban noisy utilities. In this (first) dimension: The spatial analysis results in this study can be investigated in three dimensions: - The first dimension is to analyze the results at the level of urban regions. In this dimension, the sound comfort assessment map was prepared by region. The results show that the minimum level of observance of the principles of proximity in the city center and especially at the district (1 and 2) of region 1 and the district (1) of the seven region. In these district, incompatible and relatively incompatible land uses in the vicinity of the residential parts have caused the lack of adjacency and the loss of acoustic comfort for inhabitants. More ever the concentration of commercial activities with a sound level above 75 dB and workhouses with a sound level above 80 dB and the existence of a high pass audio network in the central area are caused the high levels of noise pollution in these areas. Because of the deployment of polluting land uses, the most noise pollution can be seen in the inner-city, and with the increase the distance from the center, we can see the reduces of the noise pollution. - The second dimension is the spatial analysis of proximity in the metropolitan Ahwaz with extraction of value from the GIS export maps. The results of the proximity analysis indicate that in district 2 with coefficient (0/857), district 5 with coefficient (0/792) and district 1 with the coefficient (0/639) of region 1, have more incompatible land use that cause the most noise pollution in these regions. - The third dimension is local analysis. Among the selected indicators effective in causing noise pollution, heavy industry, passenger terminals, intruder workshops, numerous repair shops, military-policing use and passage of highways and main roads, the most important polluting occupations They are Therefore, in order to increase of the acoustic comfort with.   Conclusion The findings have shown that the deployment of polluting uses and occupations in the vicinity of the residential user has led to the lack of adherence to the principles of neighborliness in urban use and the principle of comfort is not adhered to in the vicinity of urban use in the metropolis of Ahwaz. Therefore, in order to increase the neighboring factor of urban utilities in terms of sound comfort in the metropolis of Ahvaz, it is suggested:   - the development of green spaces in metropolitan areas of Ahvaz using two and six plant species suitable environmental conditions areas. - reforming network traffic engineering in order to avoid the heavy traffic and increase user and create facilities such as public parking in the area. - To prevent the construction of sound and non-residential spaces that are sensitive to noise along main or motorways, and vice versa, to emphasize the use of sensitive applications along access roads.

Gastric cancer is the most common gastrointestinal cancer and the third leading cause of death in men and the third most common cancer among women in the past two decades in Iran. Analysis the effective related agents can resulted in performance the health system in order to reduce the risk of this disease and help improve the public health. This study due to the difference in various regions, try to discover the spatial trend of Stomach cancer, and to identify critical areas in Metropolitan Tehran, Local Moran autocorrelation index taking into account the different levels of gastric cancer in Tehran. The results showed the High risk of stomach cancer in South and central regions of Tehran that suffering higher levels of pollution in water and air.

Introduction The climate is such that large system interaction between the four large-scale climatic: hydrosphere, cry sphere, lithosphere and Biosphere. If a change occurs in one of these systems, other systems quickly or slowly make their coordinators. The consequence of this arrangement, the skirt has been instrumental in changing the initiator includes an endless chain links, the device will tie together. Because this is the most important link between climates scientists in the fields of concern in recent years as climate change. Why the climate change caused by global warming and subsequently climate of the planet for future decades, the rapidly growing world system has been disturbed. 2- Methodology In this study, were used the data of mid-level atmospheric pressure, geopotential height pressure from the center's database based on National Centers for Environmental Prediction / National Center for Atmospheric Research(NCEP/NCAR). This data are available for 6 hours GMT time and period 1948 to 2007 on the website Climate Diagnostics Center. National Oceanographic & Atmospheric Administration Government (www.esrl.noaa.gov). The spatial resolution of the data is 2/5 degrees of arc and the area from 0 - 90 degrees north and 0 - 360 degrees meridian and contains 5184 pixels. For comparison, the t - test was used for paired samples and to achieve this goal, the 30-year period was divided into two periods. Diagnosis and detection of positive or negative trend (increase or decrease) during the period of the subtropical high pressure system in the area used the f Kendall's tau trend test and a significance level SPSS software 0/05 and 0/01. 3– Discussion Results of Kendall's tau trend test calculation showed, increases in all months of the area insubtropical high pressure system at significance level of 0/01. August has highest and April has lowest area rate. The system is based on semi-warm and generally higher latitude and has the lowest area. With the passing of spring, and the system is still moving higher latitude, until in July to reach its highest latitude. But with the start of the transition period and beginning of cold period of the year, this contour is pulled toward the low latitudes and most of the area is covered and In February to reach its lowest latitude. 4– Conclusion The results showed that all the months of the study period, with an increasing trend (positive) area are subtropical high pressure system. August has the highest and April has the lowest area rate. The northern limit of the system (contour of 5840 geopotential) in the semi-warm temperate latitudes generally is based as parts of the North, Central Mediterranean, central Europe and North America and is area lowest in July. But with the onset of cold periods, the contour is pulled down latitude and occupies the most area in February.

Spatial integration of settlements around metropolitan areas with central cities and urban transport development has created a phenomenon as day trips. This phenomenon in cities and villages around metropolitan areas and due to the economic and social structures of can be seen with differences. In our country official statistics of this population since have not been released، but the 1385 census was the first attempt to study this population. In this study، we try to consider the location and spatial distribution of the phenomenon is known around the metropolises of the country with usage of extraction analysis and spatial statistics. Based on the research findings، this phenomenon exists in all metropolises of the country، but in terms of spatial distribution، the big cities are different. Based on the spatial analysis performed in the metropolises of Isfahan، Tehran and Shiraz، this phenomenon from spatial perspective is cluster that represents spatial heterogeneity in the metropolitans، So that the highest values are found in the vicinity of metropolitans. The data contained in the Tabriz metropolitan area has an irregular distribution، hence، this phenomenon is not at the level of the Metropolitan scattered and not as a cluster has a specific place.