جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "دیپلماسی گردشگری" در نشریات گروه "جغرافیا"

Tourism diplomacy as one of the types of public diplomacy is one of the important tools to advance the economic, political, cultural and even security goals of countries in the peripheral and trans-peripheral environment. The Makran region of Iran has the potential to become an irreplaceable destination for tourism in Iran and its eastern neighbors due to its location and access to adjacent areas, as well as attractions such as maritime, economic, and commercial and desert tourism, but this objective faces several challenges. There are two levels of micro and macro exposure. The main question is what are the challenges of tourism diplomacy in Iran's relations with its eastern neighbors? This paper uses descriptive-survey method and Spss software for data analysisAnd by using one-way ANOVA testsOne-way and paired t-test were used to evaluate each index. The statistical population of the article was 344 people who were active in the field of diplomacy and tourism and the sample size was determined using Cochran formula. The results of the paper show that about 60% of the research population has a high tendency to exploit tourism diplomacy in the relations of Iran and its eastern neighbors with the Makran region. Beta coefficient of impact of tourism diplomacy quality on dimension of tourism infrastructure is 0.47. Based on the quality of tourism diplomacy, there is a significant relationship in management index and planning of tourism infrastructure in Makran region.The positive relation is also estimated to indicate a direct relationship.Also 42.6% of the respondents consider the effects of tourism diplomacy on the index of cross-border political and security tensions to be moderate and for 22.1% it is high. And for 18.6 percent it is very low. Analysis of statistical relationships based on chi-square test based on consensus tables showed that there is a statistically significant relationship between dependent variable of political and security tensions index between neighbor’s border and independent variable of quality of tourism diplomacy. Studies show that based on the quality of tourism diplomacy, there is a significant relationship in the index of regionalism among neighbors. This relation is also positively estimated indicating a direct relationship. According to the results of regression test, the quality of tourism diplomacy significantly predicts the promotion of regionalism among neighbors with beta coefficient of 0.29.

  Iran, despite having a 4-year history of cultural, political, commercial, and economic relations with other countries, But it seems that it has still not been effective in cultural and historical interaction with other countries. And provide comprehensive policy in these areas. In recent years, especially after the Trump administration's sanctions and before Iran's oil exports faced widespread sanctions and deprived the economy of its oil revenues, we have witnessed various attempts to free the country's budget from oil. These efforts will undoubtedly work if they are accompanied by intelligent government planning and policy. One way to offset the deficit of the country is to develop tourism in different parts of the country. One of the areas that has great potential for tourism development is Makran region in south east of Iran; but the region has so far failed to deliver due to security, political and ideological challenges. And its potential reaches prosperity. There are many reasons for this stagnation But most of all, the security challenges, the inadequacy of the region's tourism infrastructure, and the dominance of the security and political space on Iran-its relations are among the most important reasons. Undoubtedly, one of the strategies that can transform this space is tourism diplomacy, which both the government and tourism activists must engage with in this project.

 This research is an applied research and descriptive-analytical in terms of research method. Data collection tools include articles, books, websites that will be used in document studies and questionnaires, photos and maps that will be used in field studies. The information required for this research was obtained through both documentary and field studies. After data collection through data collection tools, the raw data were analyzed by statistical methods (descriptive and inferential).SPSS software was used for data processing. The target population in this study is the elites and the activists in the field of tourism and diplomacy. Cochran’s formula was used to determine the sample size of the population. The sample size (questionnaire) was 344 persons. The statistical population of this study was divided into three groups according to age - 25-30 years, 30-35 years and 35 years. The second group is the most abundant in terms of frequency. Statistical analysis of the study in terms of education index shows that the respondents are divided into three categories: Bachelor, Master and PhD. In terms of occupation, the respondents were divided into four groups the highest number of civil servants among the respondents and the next rank are divided by tourism activists, diplomats and university professors.

About 60% of the respondents have a high tendency to exploit tourism diplomacy in Iranian-Eastern relations with the Makran region. This shows that Diplomacy planners and planners of regional countries need to consider Makran region tourism in the preparation of diplomatic plans that will facilitate and improve the relations between the countries of the region and the neighbors of the Makran region and regional integration. In addition to answering the research question, the effects of tourism diplomacy on the index of improvement of relations between countries around Makran region have been investigated using linear regression test. Accordingly, the results of regression test show that tourism diplomacy significantly predicts the index of relations between countries around the Makran region with beta coefficient of 0.47. The tourism diplomacy in Makran region is faced with the most important challenges:1- Management and planning of Makran region tourism infrastructure
In order to answer the research question, linear regression test was used to investigate the effects of tourism diplomacy quality on management index and planning of tourism infrastructure in Makran region. Accordingly, the results of regression test show that the beta coefficient of impact of tourism diplomacy quality on dimension of tourism infrastructure is 0.47.2- Neighboring cross-border political and security tensionsThe analytical findings of the paper show that 42.6% of the respondents evaluated the impact of the quality of tourism diplomacy on the indicator of decreasing the cross-border political and security tensions on the average level and 22.2% for the high level and 18.6% for the average. It is also very low.3. Lack of regionalism project among neighborsAnalysis of Statistical Relationship between Quality of Tourism Diplomacy and Regionalism Index among Makran Area Neighbors Through cluster analysis in three classes of weak, middle and high, based on chi-square homogeneity test based on consensus tables, It indicates a statistically significant relationship between the dependent variable of regionalism among the neighbors and the independent variable of the quality of tourism diplomacy.  Studies show that based on the quality of tourism diplomacy, there will be a significant change in the regionalism index among neighbors.  This relationship is also positively estimated to indicate a direct relationship, In fact, with the increase in the quality of tourism diplomacy, the index of regionalism among neighbors is also improving.

The goals of tourism diplomacy are divided into two levels: internal and external: Inside tourism diplomacy pursues several interrelated goals. The government seeks to support the people and various domestic institutions, including think tanks, universities, and other stakeholders, in the pursuit of foreign tourism diplomacy. This is especially important when negotiations are underway. At this time, the State Department is trying to prevent the country or countries from opposing domestic public opinion in their favor. That is both defensive and offensive. All foreign and formal agencies involved in foreign affairs should be seen as part of the tourism diplomacy system. In addition, it is very useful to seek the support of foreign diplomats of Line-2 and Line-3 of foreign countries, especially of neighboring countries. This effort usually increases the options available to the State Department.

Makran region with diverse tourist attractions and having shared cultural and historical backgrounds among the countries of Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan has the potential to become a common destination for tourism in the region; but the main thing is to use the right tools to create this boom. One of the most useful tools is following the diplomacy of tourism. The main question of this article is that can tourism diplomacy provide the prospect of tourism boom in the Makran region? The hypothesis we are trying to analyze and explain to answer this main question is that seems that the tourism diplomacy of the circle is due to the expansion of Iran's relations with its eastern neighbors and the attractive harbor, attracting tourists and boosting tourism in the region of Makran. The method of this article is descriptive-analytical. The results of the paper show that the tourism diplomacy with the focus of the Makran region has geographic, cultural, ethnic and historical backgrounds, as well as political support among the regional governments, but some security challenges as well as the poverty of communication and facilities infrastructure slowed the trend of tourism development in the Makran region from the diplomatic gateway. Tourism has been made.

Tourism could be used as a diplomacy tool to increase and improve peace, friendship, security, cooperation among nations and to increase economic growth and income. Nowdays physical borders of countries are dissolving and new forms of borders oure. shaped by our mind, emotions and experiences. Like other types of diplomacy such as formal diplomacy, public diplomacy and business diplomacy, Tourism can also play a vole in expanded of diplomatic relations, which is know as Tourism diplomacy and could be used as a tool for cooperation and convergence. Persian Golf region comprised of 8nation states has a unique geopolitical advantage in the world. These nations have more in common in terms of historical, cultural, religious and linguistic affairs compared to ethnical or racial differences. These common ground could foster cooperation and convergence among these countries. This descriptive – analytic study tries to investigate tourism diplomacy in the regime and the way that it could be used to regional convergence in the Persian Gulf.

Public diplomacy is in fact a government attempts to take the chance to realize its diplomatic goals, doing so, tourism –with 1.4 billion tourists estimated for 2014-is the most effective phenomenon can make the way for developing of public diplomacy. Tourism Industry is fully dependant on the government policies and is of great influence on in political and economic development as well as making peace. Enjoy great potential, Iran tourism can be of concern to the public diplomacy of the country-although it has not been successful as expected-.This analytic-descriptive survey has been conducted with library and documentary method. The main focus of this survey is on reviewing the role of Tourism in developing public policy of the country. Developing tourism Industry and consequently public diplomacy two groups of measure are offered at both domestic and international level, amongst the all, special concern for tourism diplomacy as appositive and humane one is in center of attention. This is a fundamental and analytic-descriptive research and making an enquiry from the experts and referring to the documents it has been analyzing the current status and offers the ideal one. Toward this end, a survey on the principles and analyzing them with the status and impact of tourism on public diplomacy approach has been conducted. Developing tourism industry like any other industries is closely dependant on the government policies; therefore, making tourism diplomacy can greatly impact on its development and flourishing. Providing for proper infrastructure and increasing security and ideal situation in different aspects, tourism can directly affect on economy, policy, culture and society. Considering the relationship between tourism and political issues and tourism role in political development as well as political decision making process effect on development or hindering tourism development, role of the government, private section, public sections and organizations and their interconnections with tourism is of great influence on tourism diplomacy.The most important forms of diplomacy are: Traditional Diplomacy, Nongovernmental Organizations Diplomacy, Economic Diplomacy, Corporate Diplomacy, Business Diplomacy, Commercial Diplomacy, Cyber Diplomacy and Public Diplomacy.Realizing diplomatic objectives, along with the present and threaten to punishment, satisfaction is its most important mean and achievement. Some experts introduced two different patterns for Public Diplomacy: 1. State based hierarchical pattern: it has emphasized on Public Diplomacy within the traditional framework of intergovernmental relations. 2. Network Model Diplomacy in which the people actively take part in giving and receiving messages. Furthermore, Grunting and Hunt also have offered a four pattern classification with two main variables of the direction and goal of communication: The press/Advertising, public Information, Bilateral asymmetric and Bilateral symmetric.On the other hand, tourism that has been defined in terms the activities of a traveler to accommodate in lodging out of his own place of living at least for 24 hours and upmost for less than a full year for taking a vacation or entertainment and so on not to remunerate or to get a job in destination. These activities are worthwhile in different dimensions such as hidden export, economic flourishing,, reasonable wage, salary and job perks, flexibility and flourishing, increasing of income and making security.In all countries specially developed countries, tourism is considered an efficient mean in adoption of public policies. Three main roles of tourism are as follows: Regulatory role-codification of the framework for development and management of tourism, preservation of nature and culture as well as private section participation, normative role that is connected to expanding tourism related knowledge and skills and cognitive role that includes changing the community point of view toward tourism. Normally the government intervention in tourism is carried out at three different levels: international, national and local.Tourism development makes the way to realize a series of political objectives including: relieve the tension, misunderstanding in relations among nations, making secured and safe ambience for tourists, making peace and a unified language for discussion (diplomacy).Iran due to its great economic, cultural, military, geographical and in just one word geopolitical potentials is considered as one the region and world important countries. Besides all these the great potent in tourism has not been so successful in development of tourism and its side benefits.In Humane geopolitics, philosophy of government is people and citizens. The citizens are not the philosophy of the government. From this point of view, it is possible to consider tourism Diplomacy as humane geopolitics manifest as in this kind of Diplomacy tourist transfer the messages among nations to make the way for development, making job opportunities, making money and peace. Furthermore, tourism can lead different parts of the world toward integrity, making use of positive Diplomacy of convergent forces. Tourism can take the most out of the world common sense and wisdom to realize its goals benefiting cooperation, collaboration, stability and peace of the region.The subject that is of great importance in Tourism Diplomacy, is to pave the way for fund raising as the first step in tourism development, advertising and marketing based on scientific principles and well-planned programs, considering positive role of tourism in peace making, creating job opportunities, increasing income and poverty alleviation and dealing with unemployment problems in the society. it also emphasizes on the tourism role in signing bilateral and multilateral contracts, protocols and concords.Result and Iran enjoys vast land, climatic variety and different ecosystems, tribal variation, rich culture and a great number of rural and urban attractions, having all these together, Iran is like a vast continent. Although our country enjoys great potentials, it is not quite familiar even to our own compatriots. The industry still has problems to make profit and penetrate into international market and play a key role in country economy, considering the fact that the tourism round the world is an activity with great economic importance with a lot of short and long term plans. Booming tourism industry in Iran requires two groups of measures to be carried out at domestic and outbound level. Domestic planning is the basis for outbound tourism and guarantees its success. Toward this end, tourism as an industry should be given great value and importance and change to the underlying basis for diplomacy, and consider Diplomacy as an effective strategy for tourism. Tourism can create job opportunities, alleviate the poverty, and raise the fund and finally increasing of foreign and domestic capitals. Realizing this requires revision of codification system, offering standard amenities and facilities extensive promotion as well as changing of governors’ outlook to tourism as a golden opportunity not a threat.Finally Tourism Diplomacy is appositive and stimulus of transferring messages among nations and is a manifest of humane geopolitics. It can be a great help to the country diplomacy system and can offer appositive and developed picture of Iran to the world as well it can make positive interactions among governments. Tourism also impacts greatly on absorbing tourism and raise funding in different sections of economy.