جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « سکونتگاه روستایی » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

In recent decades, demographic, social and economic changes, especially in rural areas, have increased the need for an efficient and sustainable look at housing issues and the development of rural settlements. Knowing the principles of optimal location in this field is a vital matter that has a direct impact on the quality of life of the villagers and also the sustainable development of these areas.

  With the aim of identifying strategies and prioritizing the optimal location of rural settlements, this research examines the challenges and opportunities of this field. The current research is applied in terms of its purpose and is considered among field studies, and in order to prioritize the "hierarchical analysis" method as an available method, it is used for decision-making authorities in the field of defense-security strategy, so that these authorities use this method for prioritizing and determining use the defense-security strategy.
Findings and

The results of the examination of these criteria and sub-criteria based on the hierarchical analysis process model show the relative advantage of place number one compared to place number two. Place number one has more stability in terms of nature and natural hazards than proposed place number two, although place number two also has relative stability. The proposed place number one has a score of 0.523 and the proposed place number two has a score of 0.481. It should be mentioned that due to the small area of the proposed place number one, the expert group of the proposed place number two should also be considered for the future development of the village. In this way, the suggestion is that while confirming the priority of the number one place as the direction of village development in the future, the proposed place (development number two) is also approved from a natural-economic-social point of view, and the residents of the village, especially the slum areas, have moved there. be.

The emergence of human settlements, especially villages, has been based on suitable natural factors. In the world today, the gap between the findings of the humanities and their ability is increasing day by day to protect people's lives and property and the fury of nature continues to wreak havoc. Sciences themselves also contribute to the increase of these risks to some extent and new forms of danger with new effects which is caused by improper use of technology. The role of geomorphology studies and preparation of geomorphology maps is especially important in rural construction but in most cases in decisions lead to the preparation of rural development plans. Geomorphological factors and the influence of morphogenic phenomena are forgotten and not taken into consideration. In the shadow of such studies, stable and unstable lands and their instability methods are determined with effective mechanisms.The present study examines and evaluates the settlement of 2793 rural places in connection with faults in Kermanshah province. In order to investigate these factors, accurate and powerful GIS software was used to produce and analyze maps. During this process, first the base maps were prepared, then the settlement of settlements was analyzed in relation to the fault layer and the correlation test (Pearson's type) was used to determine the degree of correlation between natural factors and the distribution of settlements. The results of the correlation coefficient method show that there is a significant and strong relationship between the natural factor of the fault and the distribution of settlements in the studied area, and the distribution of the studied rural settlements is regular in relation to the environmental-ecological capabilities and limitations.

Introduction:

The environmental factors in different regions play the key role for the development of settlements. The rural settlement is affected by these factors too. On the other hand, human beings from the beginning of life up to now have been encountered with a variety of injuries and natural hazards and they have suffered various life and financial injuries [1]. The word natural hazards represent the occasion that our economic development is unacceptably fragile, and is too vulnerable to nature's behavior [2]. The aim of the research is to study the role of environmental factors for the settlement of villages focusing on natural hazards. The research scope is the natural boundary of Siyahrud watershed which is located in Gilan province, Rudbar city. Hence, such a question is raised in this research if natural hazards are considered to the distribution of rural settlements in the basin; which categories of hazards can play the role the most to the destruction of settlements? 

Material and Methods:

There have been seven environmental parameters considered in Rural Settlement which are: Altitude, Slope, Aspect, Fault, Soil, Land Use, Rivers and Roads. The effects of each parameter on the settlements investigated, too. Natural hazards were divided into two groups: Earthquake and Mass Movement. The hazard warning distance is considered 1000 meters from the epicenter of the Earthquake.The Inverse Distance Weight (IDW) method was used to interpolate the magnitude of the earthquake based on 281 points inside the basin. Aspect, Slope, Fault, Road, River and Geology have been the most effective perimeters in Mass Movement. So, they were overlaid with the 34 occurred- Landslide Points. Consequently, the final output of Landslide Zoning was obtained.

Conclusion:

The result of studies shows that Land Use, Altitude, Slope and Water in the past have played a key role to village settlement while other environmental factors such as Faults, Mass Movements and Geology have not been considered at all. Moreover, Road and Land Use have been considered after the construction of settlements. There are around 15000 people living in distance of 1000 meters from the fault and around 10000 people, 1000 meters from existing Mass Movements in the basin. So, this can be an alarm for the officials of Rudbar city, to renovate rural housing here.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between drug abuse and socioeconomic factors in Dizaj Abad village of Zanjan township. Type of research is applied and its nature and method is Descriptive-Analysis. Data collection method is library and fieldwork (Observations, interviews and questionnaires). The questionnaire is basically composed of closed questions and answers in the Likert scale (five scale). The formal validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts. Cronbach's alpha has been used to measure the reliability of the indices, which is 0.784%, indicating their suitable value. Data were analyzed using Correlation tests, Mann-Whitney and t-test. In Arc GIS software, hot spot analysis tests and Anselin Local Moran's index and Geographic weighted regression was used for cluster analysis and weighting. The results of the tests show that people with low education have higher addiction than other people and income level has no significant relationship with addiction and drug abuse. according to Z statistic, Level of education items (-4.688) and with significance level of 0.000 had the most significant relationship with drug addiction and abuse and job items with -0.730 and significance level of -0.465, income level of -0.594 and level of significance 0.553 had no significant relationship with addiction and drug abuse.

The livability mean is the power and ability of a place to meet the living needs of residents including material or immaterial to improve the quality of life and creating an appropriate environment for the prosperity of residents which is hidden in the sense of people's satisfaction from their living environment and it is an introduction to sustainability and improving the quality of life. Today its evaluating has attracted enormous interest in the field of planning and policy of rural settlements. The purpose of this study is determine the level of rural settlements based on the indices of livability in the villages around the metropolis of Rasht. Livability levels are determined based on relevant indices. The type of research is practical and the used method is descriptive-analytic and the Copras technique is used for analyzing data and information. The findings show that the continuity and belonging to the place index has the highest and tourism index has the least impact on the livability of the studied villages. The results of the Copras technique shows that Alman and Pirkalachah villages have the best condition and Varazgah and Koleshtaleshan villages have the worst condition in the livability. Based on the percentage of the importance of the studied villages, those are located at five levels of livability including very desirable livability, desirable livability, moderate livability, undesirable livability and very undesirable livability. Results in research can be the reason for future plans and with knowing the priority of villages, proposed programs are more practical and in order to increase the welfare of residents.

Over the past few decades, a variety of methods have been developed to study flooding, including the most important flood risk estimation methods proposed by researchers such as maximum possible flood risk and flood frequency analysis. In addition to the mentioned methods, that are methods which are mainly based on the use of GIS and remote sensing technologies and seek to investigate the flood situation using environmental parameters. It seems that the study of flood risk beyond natural phenomena is also related to human factors. In this regard, studies conducted on multiple floods show that despite the high efficiency of software in assessing hazards, none of these cases in practice has been able to prevent the occurrence of re-floods and the resulting losses. Human factors are also effective in the occurrences of floods. Considering the mentioned cases and the necessity of investigating the possibility of occurrence of floods and also the great importance of investigating the role of human elements along with environmental factors in the happenings of floods, the present study was conducted with the main purpose of investigating and analyzing the role of environmental components and humans in the occurrence of floods in Qaleh Chaie, which was taken from the experiences of floods in 2017.

The present research, in terms of method, has an applied purpose and a descriptive contextualized nature.  To collect the required data for the research, the library and field methods (researcher-made questionnaire in a five-point Likert scale) as well as the experts' questionnaire (Delphi), were used. The implementation process of this research has been done in two general stages: in the first part of the research, the parameters affecting the risk of flood occurrence were environmental. The software used in this section was ARC GIS and ENVI software. Components used in this section include land topography (height), land slope, slope direction, distance from the river, vegetation density, flood characteristics, rainfall, and land use. Also, in the environmental component section, economic, socio-cultural, structural-institutional, and infrastructural variables have been used. The collected data were analyzed using statistical tests.

The results of the analysis of satellite images in the field of topographic parameters of the land slope, slope direction, height, and distance from the Ghaleh Chaie River and others show that there is a big difference in different villages. The first group of villages that are located in the direction of Ghaleh Chaie are prone to floods due to the mountainous type of the region and also the steep slope, and the other group that is located at the end of the Ghaleh Chaie watershed has a very gentle slope due to its plain location and villages are less prone to face floods. Also, the results showed that from 1971 to 2017, 9 floods were reported in the area. In other words, the return periods of the floods are about six years. Also, since 1971, three floods have been reported, which killed four people in 1979, eleven people in 1990, and twenty casualties in 2017.
The results of one-way analysis of variance showed that the difference between 36 villages in terms of four indicators affecting flooding was significant at the level of 0.000, coefficient of 0.05%. Among these, the variables related to economic effects with the value of F = 13.524 have the highest level of expectation from the other three groups, followed by infrastructure, cultural-social and structural-institutional variables, respectively.
The study of the spatial distribution of the villages indicated that the villages near the Qaleh Chain River are vulnerable due to the high slope of the land, the mountainous nature of the region, the melting of snow, and the flow of water due to rainfall on the slopes of Sahand Mountain. Most of these villages are prone to be affected by environmental factors like slope, proximity to the river, mountainous topography, and so on.

As it has been examined in this study, given that floods are recognized as one of the most destructive natural disasters in the world, the identification and investigation of areas vulnerable to floods as well as the identification of all natural and human components that might influence the occurrence of this this phenomenon can be the starting point for practical and effective planning in the field of flood prevention. Accordingly, in this research, the role of environmental and human factors in the occurrence of floods have been investigated simultaneously. The results show that villages located in mountainous areas with high slopes are very vulnerable to flooding. Since environmental parameters are beyond human control, their effects can be reduced by taking preventive measures. The results also showed that there is a relationship between human parameters and the degree of vulnerability of villages to floods, so it is suggested that to manage flood risk in rural areas, human and environmental components be taken into account and studied simultaneously.

One of the most important plans of the government to organize the country's villages in the last two decades has been the rural conducting plan. It seems necessary to evaluate the consequences of the implementation of these plans in different dimensions in order to know the results and also to identify their strengths and weaknesses. The aim of the present study was to evaluate and analyze the level of satisfaction of villagers with the economic, social and physical performance of the implementation of the rural conducting plans in Divshal rural district. The research is descriptive and survey type. The statistical population of the study was 2671 rural households and the sample size according to Cochran's formula was 336. Data analysis was performed using Pearson correlation coefficient test, regression test and path analysis using Amos software. According to the research findings, the correlation coefficient was 0.708, according to which there is a direct and positive relationship between the implementation of the rural conducting plans and the realization of villagers' satisfaction with the rural environment. Based on the adjustment coefficient (0.63), more than 63% of the satisfaction indicators can be explained. The results of one-sample t-test showed that the performance of the rural conducting plans in different dimensions was higher than the theoretical median of the research objectives. According to the results of route analysis, the highest impact belongs to the variables of housing and environment and the least impact belongs to the variables of participation and employment in the non-agricultural sector. As a result, the physical dimension of the project implementation had the most and the social dimension had the least impact on the level of villagers' satisfaction with the implementation of the rural conducting plans.

One of the main and important tasks of planners in rural areas is to allocate land to different land uses according to the role and function and the extent to which each land use affects each other. In fact, the ultimate goal of land use planning is to create an environmental balance and establish social justice in the process of development and development of residential areas, and must meet quality goals such as security, compatibility, landscape and a sense of dependence on the environment. In this study, the degree of compatibility of altered land uses was classified and scored by experts from the studied villages in terms of completely compatible to completely incompatible. The purpose of this study is to investigate land use changes in rural areas of Eshtehard city in a time period of 15 years and land use changes have been studied using adaptation indicators. The present research is purposeful in nature and has a descriptive-analytical nature. The method of observation, interview, design and completion of a questionnaire was used to collect information. The results of the research show that first: all the studied villages are in a relatively compatible situation in terms of adaptation, second: among the 8 uses surveyed, residential use with an average of 4.2 and barren lands with an average of 4.1 have the most changes Has been allocated from 2001 to 2016. Third: Residential use is the most compatible and workshop-industrial use is the most incompatible among the studied uses.

Due to its geographical location and climatic conditions, Iran is facing water shortages. A large part of the country is in arid and semi-arid climates. In addition to the dry weather of the country, mismanagement, short knowledge of farmers, outdated infrastructure, low level of technology have led to low water productivity in rural areas. The Qaleh chai watershed is one of the catchments located around Lake Urmia, which is facing water shortage due to drought conditions. This area with 36 villages is known as one of the hubs of agricultural and livestock production. According to the obtained data, the water efficiency level in the basin is less than 50%. Lack of water resources has led to the need to pay attention to ways to improve water efficiency. It seems that several factors play a role in the quantity and quality of water use, in other words, in the level of its productivity in The Qaleh Chai, and the most important ones include geographical conditions such as slope, location of villages, amount of products produced. Literacy level, number of rural households, water resources, amount of water available. By identifying and analyzing the factors affecting the promotion of water productivity in the basin, the amount of water productivity can be improved. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate and find a scientific answer to the question of what is the spatial distribution of factors affecting water productivity in villages located in The Qale chai? And to what extent can the studied variables explain the changes related to water productivity?

The research method is descriptive-analytical and inferential, which has based on documentary studies, libraries, and field studies. Local Moran correlation tests and geographic weight regression (GWR) tests were used to analyze the data. The variables used in this study included 19 environmental components affecting water productivity: Number and spatial distribution of springs, number and spatial distribution of wells, river water volume, water abstraction from wells, water abstraction from rivers, water abstraction from springs, length of concrete irrigation canals of all canals, the total volume of water in Consumption, number of households, unemployment rate, the employment rate in agriculture, literacy rate, rial value of tree products, rial value of rainfed products, rial value of summer crops, rial value of light livestock products, rial value of heavy livestock products, agricultural and medium irrigated land area Slope of villages to percent.Water productivity has been used to calculate the rial value of livestock products, agricultural products, and human variables. The study area of this research is the Qaleh chai which has 36 villages located in it. The region of this basin is equal to 249.63 square kilometers, which has located in East Azerbaijan province and the southeast of Lake Urmia.

Research Findings show that the number of spring water resources is higher in mountainous villages and, the number of wells is higher in plain rural. The results of Moran showed that the variables of the Iranian Rial value of livestock production and the total amount of available water lack spatial autocorrelation. Also, the variable of the Iranian Rial value of all agricultural products has no spatial autocorrelation, but the total number of water resources has a spatial correlation. There is also an intense spatial correlation in the average slope of the villages, but the results of this test on the final water productivity lack spatial correlation. According to the results, the literacy variable of spatial autocorrelation is cluster type. The variables of household size and employment have no spatial correlation. Results The GWR regarding the causal role of the variable related to the final value of agricultural products and livestock products with water productivity showed that the last value of products with a correlation of R2 = 229 can explain water productivity. Based on the results of the geographical weight regression test, the value of R2 for social variables was equal to R2 = 0.129, which is lower than the final value variables of livestock and agricultural products.

Findings :

of this study show that factors such as the number of agricultural products produced, water resources, the volume of water available from water resources, land slope, number of water pumps and Iranian Rial value of livestock and agricultural products, literacy rate, employment rate, population have a significant relationship with water productivity. According to the research findings, it is clear that to achieve an efficient solution to improve water productivity in the villages located in the Qalah Chai watershed, it must have all the operative factors, including natural elements. Human factors, management factors, and physical characteristics are based on accurate, reliable data and planning occurrence.

Tourism and Economics Tourism is becoming one of the fastest growing industries in the world and is considered a tool for generating national income and one of the main economic pillars of the world as well as concepts, forms and pillars of sustainable development. Rural tourism helps to protect the cultural heritage and natural environment by creating jobs, increasing income levels, diversifying economic activities, increasing social awareness and creating broad social relationships between the host and guest communities and preventing uncontrolled migration. And optimizing land use, sustainable rural development, rural tourism assistance is a part of the tourism industry that plays a huge role in the lives of villagers and creates a good opportunity for cultural exchange and interaction between villagers and tourists. This cultural exchange The dynamics and cultural and social excellence of the village makes the research method in this article descriptive-analytical. The method of data collection is documentary-library.

Organizing and redistributing public services at the level of rural settlements of Shahinshahr and Meimeh counties, in accordance with the norms and standards of rural public services and considering the criteria of sustainable development, especially achieving justice is an important place. The present study is applied. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population is all the villages of Shahinshahr and Mimeh and The sample size was the total number of inhabited villages in rural settlements of Shahinshahr and Mimeh counties. The collected data were analyzed using Guttman and SPSS and factor analysis model. The results showed that the spatial distribution system of public services in Shahin Shahr and Maymeh counties was disproportionate and it is not evenly distributed in the villages and in some villages there are not the least services. This is due to the fact that the villages of Seh and Morche Khort are in the best condition in terms of public services and the villages of Robat Aghakmal, Chaghad, Maravand and Bagh Miran are in the worst condition. In the Pearson test section, it is observed that there is a positive and significant relationship between different spatial-locational indicators with public services in the villages of Shahinshahr and Meimeh counties, only between population and distance to the city center. This indicates that each village with a larger population has more services, and villages that are less far from the city center have more services. Accordingly, in the T-test section, among the various indicators of public services, only the status of the communication and trade-service index is somewhat favorable, and the educational, cultural and religious, politicaladministrative and health-treatment indicators are disproportionate.

Factors such as altitude from the sea level, gradient, geological structure, fault, water resources, soil, vegetation and land usage, each are the natural bed that their effectiveness has an effective role in evaluation and identification of suspectible and unsuspectible areas in evaluation of the dangers of rural areas. The present study in the manner of type is an applicaple-developmental research and its methodology is of library and field study type. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the environmental, ecological capability of the Aq su area of Kalale township in order to evaluate the danger and therefore, after identification of indicators, the effort was done to conduct a local data base in the Arc GIS . Next, after standardizing these indicators with the method of phase logic and AHP in the software atmosphere utilizing the identification tools, each of the indicators were given a certain weight. Afterwards with combining and overlaying these indicators, based on AHP model and phase logic, the final map indicating appropriate and inappropriate areas was collected. The area under study in the collected map was divided into three layers of very appropriate, appropriate and inappropriate in order to program for any type of inhabiting activities.

Study of relations between urban and rural areas in order to understand the problems of urbanism and emergence of appropriate solutions for establishing a balanced urban and rural development, seem to be needed (Rezvani).Since the bulk of the population of developing countries live in rural areas and face with the problem of unemployment and poverty, the important issue is the place of the economic activities which can include large cities and their suburbs and small townsand villages and their suburbs. (Shariyeh). In present article, locational-spatial relation between Mashhad Metropolis and Fariman rural districts is proposed and various aspects of the economic, demographic, services ,... effects of Mashhad Metropolis on this district are examined.

The current study has a descriptive-analytic approach. In the field study, questionnaires have been filled and to analyze data Excel and SPSS software are used; GIS is used for mapping. In this study, three villages were randomly selected.

Needs as the first factor have led mutual relation between the two centers of population, Mashhad Metropolis and Fariman districts.Trend of attention to service jobs is increasing in Fariman district.Most of villagers are firstly engaged in agriculture and then, according to the factories and industrial park around of there, in industry.Travel to the city of Mashhad has been to meet the needs of treatment, usually for treatment in hospitals in Mashhad metropolis.Over of rural income comes from labor activities in factories.

The level of mutual relations of Mashhad Metropolis with the villages located in Fariman district is correlated with the space-time distance The less the distance of villages to Mashhad, according to field surveys, the more the tendency of the people to provide their major and specialized requirements from the city of Mashhad instead of Fariman district due to the wholesale and high quality stores. In addition, according to the survey results, 35% of referrals were for the purpose of meeting the acquaintances and 32% were for the purpose of pilgrimage. The correlation between Fariman district and Mashhad Metropolis is mainly with the aim to benefit from the facilities and services, meet the needs of healthcare (hospitals), and buy village necessaries and pilgrimage. Mashhad Metropolis is the main focus of the central services and facilities in the region and beyond and even national and international, while around Mashhad and the small population areas surrounding it do not have this opportunity. The existence of this gap and high differences of facilities and services between the two population centers extend some exchanges which is reasonableand matching with the first principle of Ullman. In his first principle, Ullman believes that the need between the geographical areas is the first requirement of creating relationship or move.

Recently, annexation of villages to cities is one of the most important reasons for planners , which is influenced by complex sets of various factors, such as Political division and sometimes political decisions. Aim of these research is examination annexation of rural settlements of Periphery to cities on the base of the interpretative paradigm is based on framework of Political divisions in the Urmia metropolis area. Rural settlements around Urmia metropolis up to 7 km radius are divided into five categories based on the Height variable. 71.85% of the villages on the first group, 20.39% on the second group, 5.82% on the third group and 1.94 percent on the fourth group. On the fifth group with a height of 2201-1924 m, no villages are located. This study is practical and is based on Qualitative method. In this regard, a case study is used for operations research. Research Participants, 42 professionals and experts from related organizations in rural and urban affairs (including municipality, Agricultural - Jihad Organization, Governor General of Western Azerbaijan Province, and Governor and etc.). Data collection method has been using deep and semi-structured interviews. The sampling method was also snowball sampling. Finally, the collected data are analyzed using the Grounded theory as a qualitative approach. The results of the research showed that first, annexation of rural settlements to the City, as a complex process, Multidimensional and in accordance with spatial and temporal conditions, under the direct influence of the centralized territorial division system of Iran. centralized territorial division. Then focussed territorial divisions, in the form of factors such as Weaknesses in Political divisions, Geographical proximity, inefficient management centralized economic system and ultimately, causes migration to the villages around the metropolis, and has led to the annexation of villages to Urmia. Ultimately, the weakening of the foundations of rural activity and economy, scattering of rural management, the formation of informal living spaces, and social capital changes are the main consequences of the annexation of villages to the city of Urmia.

The physical development of rural settlements as one of the most important indicators of sustainable rural development, due to the establishment of a suitable environment and considering several indicators, can provide comprehensive development of villages. In Boeing Miandasht as one of the high-potential cities in terms of villages, especially in the southern and northern Karchambu villages, which have focused on physical issues, especially in the field of indigenous architecture, the use of robust materials consistent with local conditions and so far has not been addressed. On this basis, this research is a descriptive-analytical type in terms of its purpose. The statistical population included all the villages of the Karchambu district, and the statistical area of the whole area covers the two districts of southern and northern Karchambu. The statistical population includes 4465 villagers in the census in 2011. The sample size was 354 according to the Cochran formula, and 354 people were distributed among villages in terms of population size. In the inferential part and the analysis of the data using the Topsis inferential statistics method, Geographic Information System (Arc GIS9.3) was used to prepare the maps. The results indicate that according to the analysis of TAPSIS, it was observed that the villages of Beltaq, Hindukush, Takhmaqlu and Karach were ranked first to fourth in the Khalat Poshan village. Also, according to the village classification and development rate in the physical indices of the villages of the Karchambu district of the Boeing Miandasht district, they are classified in three levels of developmed, less developed and very little developed in terms of physical development. As only the three Hindu Kush, Takhmaqlu and Beltaq villages are located in the developed area, the remaining villages are located as follow (8 villages are less developed and 7 villages are very developed).