جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "محلات" در نشریات گروه "جغرافیا"

In recent decades, the increasing development of cities and exploitation of land and nature has led to new currents regarding environmental protection, sustainable development, and topics such as ecological footprint and optimization of energy consumption. So there was a huge flood of research about sustainable urban development and such discussions. One of these theories, which, in addition to its environmental aspect, has also paid much attention to human mental characteristics, is the biophilic city theory. Therefore, according to the current situation of Isfahan in terms of greenery, lack of water, pollution, and other environmental problems, it seems to consider a model for the city of Isfahan that can save this city from the current crises and lead it to health. Moreover, promoting well-being is necessary and necessary. Therefore, using the biophilic urban development method can be a suitable solution to deal with the problem of being away from nature and its negative consequences in Isfahan. Thus, this article aimed to compile the biophilic city model of Isfahan based on the indicators extracted from global studies.

The research method of this article is applied in terms of objective and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. All the areas (or urban areas) are considered as the statistical population of the research. In this research, in cases where the information cannot be extracted from the existing maps, the statistical population representing the urban areas, which is the citizens of Isfahan living in the urban areas, is considered. The statistical sample was used through a simple random cluster sampling method, which is a statistical sample of 394 citizens of Isfahan, whose opinions about the characteristics of the biophilic city in their neighborhood are measured through a questionnaire. In this research, Cronbach's alpha is used to measure reliability, and jury techniques are used to measure validity. It should be noted that the reliability of the Likert scale with a coefficient of about 0.75 has been considered acceptable by the researchers.

 In order to understand the requirements and infrastructure needed to create a biophilic pattern in the neighborhoods of Isfahan city, it is necessary to determine what score each neighborhood gets from the point of view of biophilic characteristics, or in general, which characteristics are stronger and which are weaker. Then from the understanding of this importance, it is now necessary to decide for each neighborhood whether it should work on eliminating the weak points or promoting and developing the strong ones. Infrastructural measures are better to take place at the level of areas larger than the neighborhood, so dividing the city of Isfahan into several homogeneous areas is necessary. In this regard, 37 layers of information have been obtained and integrated. An integrated map of the evaluation of the city of Isfahan has been obtained concerning biophilic indicators separated by localities.First cluster; the neighborhoods in the first cluster are considered the best neighborhoods in terms of biophilic city characteristics.Second cluster; the neighborhoods that are placed in the second cluster have a good situation in terms of the indicators loaded in the first and third factors, but the situation is unfavorable in the rest of the indicators.Third cluster; the localities that are placed in the third cluster have a good situation in terms of the indicators loaded in the fourth and seventh factors, but the situation is unfavorable in other indicators.Fourth cluster; the neighborhoods that are placed in thefourth cluster have a good situation in terms of the indicators loaded in the third, fourth and fifth factors, but the situation is unfavorable in other indicators.Fifth cluster; the neighborhoods that are placed in the fifth cluster have a good situation in terms of the indicators loaded in the first and fourth factors, but the situation is unfavorable in other indicators.Sixth cluster; the neighborhoods that are placed in the sixth cluster have a good situation in terms of the indicators loaded in the third and fourth factors, but the situation is unfavorable in other indicators.Seventh cluster; the neighborhoods that are placed in the seventh cluster have a good situation in terms of the indicators loaded in the first, third and sixth factors, but the situation is unfavorable in other indicators.Eighth cluster; the neighborhoods that are placed in the eighth cluster have a favorable situation only in terms of the indicators loaded in the third factor, and the situation is unfavorable in other indicators.Ninth cluster; the neighborhoods that are placed in the ninth cluster have a good situation in terms of the indicators loaded in the third and fifth factors, but the situation is unfavorable in other indicators.Tenth cluster; the localities that are placed in the tenth cluster have a favorable situation only in terms of the indicators loaded in the third factor, and the situation is unfavorable in other indicators

The results showed that the areas of Najwan and the neighborhoods of Naqsh Jahan, Charkhab, and Abbas Abad are more harmonious than other areas in terms of the characteristics of the biophilic city. Also, the clustering of neighborhoods in Isfahan has been divided into 10 clusters based on the principle of homogeneity in the characteristics of biophilic urban development. This document can be used as a support system for decision-making and design in two scales for plans and programs. First, on a strategic scale, it is possible to consider the localities within a cluster to be the same and adopt unique strategies and policies. Second, on the scale of local design, in such a way that it specifies the strengths and weaknesses of each cluster and its localities, and the design in each locality should move towards which or which categories of biophilic city criteria to overcome the weaknesses. Solve or take advantage of strengths and potentials.

Nowadays, provision of vitality, happiness, social vitality and urban Liveliness has become one of the main concerns of urban management systems, especially in developed countries. Ensuring urban Liveliness as a legitimate goal is seen at the top of many official urban planning documents, which itself arises from the importance of the Liveliness and Vitality of citizens of the city of Tawaman as a goal and a means. Therefore, the aim of the present research is to compare the urban Liveliness and Vitality of citizens of the citizens between the new and old neighborhoods (the selected neighborhoods of the district one includes: Zhanbazan and Camp and Danesh neighborhoods and the selected neighborhoods of the district foor including: Pahlavani, Muradqoli, Karimabad neighborhoods) of the city. is an ascetic.

The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. The statistical population of the research is 212717 citizens of the selected localities of districts one and four of Zahedan city, and using the Cochran formula, the sample size was calculated as 383 persons. In order to collect data, sampling was done in a multi-stage cluster method, where the samples were selected in a simple random manner within the selected clusters. Independent t-tests, one-way analysis of variance, and Spearman's correlation were used for analysis, and ArcGIS was used to draw maps. A five-level Likert scale was used to measure each of the variables in the questionnaire.

Based on the obtained results, the independent t-test for vitality indicators shows that the Vitality of citizens index in the selected localities of district one has an average of 3.05 and in the selected localities of district four with an average of 2.72, the economic vitality index in the selected localities of district one is 3.11 and in the district Four is 2.78, the physical vitality index in the selected localities of district one is 3.12 and district four is 2.28, the environmental vitality index is 2.85 in selected localities of district one and 2.31 in district four. In the indicators of Vitality of citizens, the index of emotional vitality in selected neighborhoods of district one with an average of 2.53 and in district four of 3.49, the index of cognitive vitality in selected neighborhoods of district one with an average of 2.63 and in district four of 3.0, the index of Vitality of citizens in selected neighborhoods of district one is 2.56 and in district four was 3.22.

The results of this research are such that there is a significant difference among the selected localities of districts one and four of Zahedan city in terms of indicators of urban vitality and vitality of citizens. In this way, the indicators of vitality in the neighborhoods of region one has a better situation compared to the neighborhoods of region four, but on the contrary, the indicators of vitality in the neighborhoods of region four have a better situation than those of region one.

Security is a concept that finds meaning in urban societies. Without a sense of security, no urban space will be a place for the presence and social interactions of citizens. The purpose of this research is to compare the factors affecting the feeling of security in the informal settlements of Karaj metropolis. In this research, after examining the related theoretical bases, the components of "life security, dignity security, financial security" were obtained as indicators affecting the sense of security in the informal settlements of Karaj metropolis. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The data collection tool in this research was collected by a researcher-made questionnaire. whose validity was done by formal method and its reliability was done by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The statistical population of the research was the citizens of the informal settlements of Karaj metropolis, and the sample size was considered to be 384 people using Cochran's formula. Kalak has the lowest sense of life security and Islamabad neighborhood has the highest level of security and sense of life security. It should be noted that the highest average rating of the feeling of financial security is related to the neighborhood of Islamabad and the lowest is related to the neighborhood of Kalak. The investigated neighborhoods have significant differences in terms of the importance of life. The highest sense of life safety is related to Islamabad and the lowest is related to Qazalhasar neighborhood.

This research has investigated the impact of home businesses on women in the outskirts of Sanandaj city in social and economic dimensions. The research, with an innovative approach, has identified the ways of empowering women in the outskirts of Sanandaj through home businesses in order to achieve economic and social sustainability.  The type of research is applied and the research method is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population is 184 women from the suburbs of Sanandaj, 124 of whom were selected as the sample size using the Cochran method. In this research, 19 variables were selected in economic and social dimensions, and the reliability of the questionnaire was determined through Cronbach's alpha coefficient with a rate of   0/72 It was confirmed. In order to analyze the data, inferential statistics methods such as central indices, mean, standard deviation and single-sample T-test have been measured. The results of the economic and social index in 19 investigated variables showed that 17 variables have had a positive impact on the living standards of the suburban households. The results showed that home-based businesses have led to the reduction of poverty, reduction of social damages, on the other hand, they have increased the level of incomes, cohesion and social stability of households. In order to increase the productivity of home businesses, it is necessary to carry out training in the field of skill enhancement of women on the outskirts of the city (Abbasabad).

The purpose of this article is to investigate the role of citizens' participation in improving the social health of Shirvan citizens in the neighborhoods of Bisat Meter, Se-Ik Ab, National Lands (Old City), Palestine, located in Area A. A library has been used to collect information. The statistical population of the present study is the residents of the studied neighborhoods and the number of statistical samples is 250 people, which is estimated based on Cochran's formula. By using the Kolmograf-Smirnov test, the normality of the data distribution and the mean test, as well as the weighting of the variables by the Shannon entropy model, and the data analysis using the Mabak ranking technique, have been done. The results of this research show that the participation rate In terms of the physical-physical index, the country land neighborhood with 3.6 has the best condition and the twenty-meter neighborhood with an average of 2.3 has the worst condition, and in terms of the cultural-social index, the three-year-old neighborhood with 3.7 is the best condition and the Palestine neighborhood with 2.5 It was the weakest neighborhood. In terms of economic index, Palestine neighborhood was the best with an average of 3.8, and the country land neighborhood was the weakest with an average of 2.2. Also, in terms of the bio-environmental index, the Palestine neighborhood with an average of 4.6 had the best conditions and the country lands neighborhood with 1.3 were the weakest neighborhoods .

Evaluation of the viability indicators can be used for comparing the status of different geographical areas of the city and prioritizing them in terms of facilities, services, and urban bottlenecks. The purpose of the present study is to prioritize the viability of Shahrekord districts and neighborhoods based on the role of urban management. The present study is descriptive and applied research. The population of the study consisted of 160000 inhabitants of Shahrekord. The research instrument was a questionnaire consisting of three sections: social, economic, and environmental with 85 items. The collected data were analyzed by Friedman test using the  SPSS22 and GIS software. The results indicated that most of the administrative and service centers are located in district 1 of the city and thus it is ranked first in terms of viability, while district 2 is in the second rank. Also, the ranking of different neighborhoods in the city of Shahrekord indicates that the neighborhoods on the outskirts of the city are far from the center and due to their heterogeneous population and suburbs, lack of suitable facilities and services ranks last as far as viability is concerned while downtown areas are in a better condition.

One of the most important consequences of the rapid growth of urbanization and physical development of the countrychr('39')s cities in recent decades, distribution system is not homogeneous urban centers. Because of the lack of fair access to facilities leading to social crises and   complex spatial problems and distribution will be uneven urban neighborhoods. Therefore, spatial analysis of available facilities at the level of urban neighborhoods, it can lead to the recognition of deficiencies and excessive density and the extent of each of them. The purpose of  the present study, measuring the level of access of residents in the neighborhoods of region 2 of ahvaz metropolis to the required facilities and services, according to four selected indicators of research(Construction, service, regulatory and socio-cultural) and 26 variables have been compiled. Type is of applied research and the research method was survey with emphasis on the questionnaire. The statistical population has been citizenships living in region 2 and relevant experts. Sample size included have been 13 experts and 382 citizens. Method of calculating the sample size using the Cochranchr('39')s formula for citizens and personal estimation method was designed for experts. Kolmogorov-Smirnov(KS)test was used to evaluate the normality of data distribution, and a mean test was used to review the status of research variables. The weighting of variables was also done by the shannon entropy model and ranking of neighborhoods using the MABAC technique. The overall results of the test show the mean; Satisfaction of citizens and experts in neighborhoods: padaafnd hvaaeii, syyed khlaf, zrdosht and kiyan shahr in aspect of selection criteria research(construction, service, regulatory and socio-cultural) is lower than the average number (3) limit  which indicates the poor condition of these indicators in the mentioned neighborhoods. Also, the results of MABAC technique show that, amaniyeh neighborhood Si value (final value of the criteria function of options) equal to1/243 is in the first rank and respectively neighborhoods: kiyan abad, eastern kiyan pars, western kiyan Pars, kiyan shahr, zrdosht, padaafnd hvaaeii and syyed khlaf Si value: 0/481, 0/165, 0/027, -0/024, -0/224, -0/241 and -0/987 is ranked second to eighth.

Today, cities are the main place of work and life of most human groups. However, they face many problems in various economic, social, cultural and environmental fields, including problems such as pollution, traffic and transportation issues, and various environmental problems, etc. The quality of life and, consequently, livability in cities is greatly reduced. Therefore, paying attention to the quality of life, conditions and facilities and needs of city residents is a vital issue. Achieving livability is one of the goals of the sustainable urban development strategy that human beings have sought to improve quantitatively and qualitatively throughout their lives. In fact, the term livability refers to the degree of necessity of a society based on the needs and capacities of the people of that society. The purpose of this study is to measure the viability in the neighborhoods of District 6 of Tehran. For this purpose, first effective indicators in measuring livability from different sources have been prepared and then the required data and information have been collected from 18 neighborhoods in the form of a survey and a questionnaire. In the next step, the importance and impact of each indicator on livability is determined based on Shannon entropy method and the studied areas are ranked based on bioavailability using Vicker multi-criteria decision making method. The results show that the indicators of education by weight (0.125), health by weight (0.117) and transportation by weight (0.105) have the most importance and impact on the viability of region 6 and the indicators of visual quality, housing and pollution by weights (0.064), respectively. , 0.065 and 0.064) have the least importance and impact on the viability of region 6. Also, based on the entropy results, Argentina and Amirabad neighborhoods with Vikor index (0.00 and 0.34) have higher livability, respectively, and Iranshahr, Nosrat and Abbasabad neighborhoods with Vikor index (0.95, 0.91 and 089) have the lowest levels, respectively. They have livability at the regional level.

Rapid population growth, lack of resources, and mismanagement have made natural and human hazards more and more a major threat to human societies. This means that neighborhoods and urban areas will become the main source of many potential hazards. The main purpose of this study is to analyze and prioritize the neighborhoods of District 9 of Tehran in terms of residential vulnerability indicators using multi-criteria decision-making techniques. This research is theoretical-applied in terms of descriptive-analytical method and its nature. Therefore, in this study, using Shannon's entropy technique to the indicators (building age, materials used, quality of construction of buildings, floors, block placement status), the study was weighted and using WASPAS models, COPRAS, WSA was used to prioritize the vulnerability indicators of the neighborhoods and finally to achieve a single result in the assessment of the vulnerability of the neighborhoods, the integrated model was used. The results of the consolidated model model show that Fatah Industrial Neighborhoods with a score of 7 and Shahid Dastgheib with a score of (5) in terms of vulnerability in terms of urban housing indicators are at a low level of vulnerability and Imamzadeh Abdullah neighborhoods with Score (3) and Sword with Score (1) are in the average level in terms of housing vulnerability indicators, as well as South Mehrabad, Sar-e-Asiab-e-Mehr and Ostad Moin neighborhoods with a score of (-3) and Dr. Hoshyar neighborhood with a score of (7). -) In terms of housing vulnerability indicators, they are at a high level of vulnerability.

Housing is not just a shelter, but a set of physical elements and human values for life. Housing and shelter are the cornerstone of building human communities because they are the main building blocks of cities. The concept of suitable housing should be sought not only in physical and physical dimensions, but also in terms of its biological, cultural, social, security and economic needs. The issue of housing is one of the challenges and problems that urbanization has long been facing and is not only as a basic human need, or because of its strong link with other aspects of life but also due to its complexity and multifaceted nature, the center of attention is a variety of scientific disciplines. After food and clothing, housing is the third most important need of the community, which is important for the preservation of the individual and society. It is one of the most important human needs in the stage of responding to the basic needs of society and one of the most essential needs of a person and somehow one of the rights The primary is the human being that is planning to meet this basic need of citizens from the tasks that governments have put in place. Housing relative to other goods due to characteristics such as the inalienability of being capital, durable, costly and immovable cannot be a major factor in inequality and yet social solidarity. Housing ownership is a clear indication of the improvement of living standards.

The type of research, applied-development, and according to the research objectives, is the analytical -descriptive nature. The statistical population of the research is Karaj city and its 120 neighborhoods. Data collection is also done by reviewing the available resources and articles and the detailed information of the Population and Housing Census of the Statistics Center, especially the data of the housing sector in 2011. Quantitative and qualitative indicators of housing in Karaj city were extracted from raw data and then comparative comparisons were made with global standard indicators (Hebiate). Integrated indexes were also obtained from the data and analyzed in the process of work. Data analysis and analysis has also been performed using a multi-criteria decision making model to select or prioritize. In this process, the multi-criteria decision making models and SANNA-based system for prioritizing or ranking 120 neighborhoods based on quantitative indices And a qualitative analysis that has been adapted to the status of the study area. A decision with multiple criteria for MCDM is a topic that addresses decision-making processes in the presence of different and sometimes contradictory criteria. Despite the widespread use of those common concepts, there are all issues. Each issue can have multiple goals or multiple criteria. Criteria may conflict with each other. Different goals and criteria may also vary in measuring scales. This method is capable of handling discrete criteria of both quantitative and qualitative in nature and provides complete ordering of the alternatives.

In this part of the study, the findings are presented, as well as their evaluation and evaluation. The findings of the research on housing information in 120 neighborhoods of Karaj with qualitative and quantitative indicators of the global governor and in line with the study area were carried out by survey of population and housing census statistics for 2011 in Karaj. Indicators of the indicators include: household size, population density in residential unit, number of household densities in residential unit, average density of room in residential unit, density in room, average density of room in unit, average room of each household and area. Qualitative indicators such as property type, low housing, leasing, ownership, infrastructure, facilities, facilities, and type of building structure. After selecting the indicators, they are ranked in order of importance and using the opinions of the experts in the field of housing and the importance of each of the following criteria is determined according to the subject of the research. In the following, using a ranking model that has the ability to integrate a large number of criteria with each other, the model used is the ELECTRE III model, one of the MCDM models based on SANNA software.

The analysis and analysis of the findings with the model process and the ranking of 120 neighborhoods finally showed that the neighborhood 4 of the 5th zone is ranked first in terms of quantitative and qualitative indicators. In the next ranking, the neighborhood 5 is from the 5th district and the third rank 2 is the 2nd area. Which ranked first to third. At the end of the ranking, neighborhood 2 is also from area 11. In a general conclusion, it can be said that in the ranking of each neighborhoods and the regional integration of the district 5 in the first place and the first and second regions with a small difference in the next rank in terms of quantitative and qualitative indicators. Also, the findings show that there is a significant difference between neighborhoods of Karaj city and neighborhoods in a region, which indicates that the neighborhoods with appropriate and inappropriate analgesics are in line with each other in terms of the indicators. Since Karaj is a migratory metropolis and is growing every day without planning, we are witnessing the setting up of weedy or weaved textiles of very low quality near the neighborhoods with the principles of engineering construction, which requires serious attention to this area. And balancing between neighborhoods. In this regard, suggestions are made: Residential land supply with respect to urban plans, support for the restoration of worn-out housing, the application of decentralization policies and the prevention of inadequate growth and preparation policies as a fundamental approach and in providing housing for different classes. People, adopting optimal technologies for professional construction, etc., which can be a good way to get out of housing problems.

New approaches have been developed in urban planning and urban planning to examine the child's perception of the city and its needs in the city. The main goal of these efforts is to create child-friendly cities that will create a safe space for living, and an innovative environment for nurturing children's creativity. Therefore, the city needs children to represent their rights, a city that can foster children's educational excellence and excellence and make children better tomorrow and socially healthy. The purpose of the present study was to classify and rank Yazd neighborhoods according to the criteria of a child-friendly city. This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population of the study includes Yazd neighborhoods. Librarian-field method was used for data collection. In the present study, using the Delphi sampling method, a sample size of 20 experts and urban experts is considered; in fact, the Delphi method is a systematic one that relies on the votes of a panel of independent experts and a sample of Does not follow a certain formula. In order to rank and rank Yazd city neighborhoods, 10 indices have been evaluated. The spatial domain of this study is Yazd city and in terms of time domain data can be related to 2016. For the first analysis, the child-friendly city indexes were evaluated for importance using ANP model and then, using Vikor model, the neighborhoods of Yazd city were ranked. The results show that Yazd city is completely different in terms of child-friendly city indicators, with some neighborhoods at high levels and others at very low levels. According to the findings of the research, the Safaieh neighborhood is the most favored neighborhood and the Fahadan, Mehdi Abad, Sajjadieh, Amir Abad neighborhoods, the least slaughtered neighborhood, are ranked 7th.

Cities, after the industrial revolution, changed the pattern of peripheral role to the center, attracting huge investments, and this created a huge movement of migrations from village to city, which subsequently transformed many social, cultural, economic, physical dimensions , Had an environmental impact. These developments can be positive or negative. Considering the city's potential for urban migration and challenges (including pollution, social anomalies, etc.), urban planning planners should have urban habitat, which is one of the indicators of development Sustainable city is considered to be the priority of their programs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the urban viability indicators in Sardasht. In this research, 18 indicators have been used which are used to evaluate the anp and for the analysis and leveling in the city of the Coopers model and to map the map from the GIS. The results of the research indicate that the urban biomass indicators are not properly distributed at the Sardasht neighborhoods. The cultural groups, Ashan and Sarchava have the highest levels of enjoyment, and the Margina neighborhood and doltanchk in the last rank Biodegradability

Reducing environmental damage and preventing land degradation and reducing biodiversity has become a major concern for agricultural policy makers and environmentalists in recent years. Many scholars in developing countries, including Iran, have the most important reasons for the government's failure to stabilize the environment in terms of control and command and control (standards, bans, permits and quotas), lack of attention to the ability of villagers to discuss Economics ignores the rural population's ability to work for infrastructure. They believe that at present, the AES, which is listed below under the Ecosystem Services Payment Scheme (PES), is in the study of the carbon sequestration project (CSP) It will help improve the economic situation and livelihoods of villagers and small producers, since they will be able to improve the level of production and agricultural productivity and existing livestock by taking advantage of financial support and concessional facilities and so they are less likely to get more land and overgrazing, and in general, the destruction of natural resources and the environment. In recent years, some developing countries have shown the power and participation of local communities to help the government manage and protect their financial and credit incentives to rebuild and apply less environmentally-friendly practices. In this article, we examine the experience of implementation of ecosystem service payment plans in a weak institutional environment and its impact on how rural farmers participate in Galcheshme area of Mahallat County. Where the spread of such schemes involves many problems, such as uncertain rights to uncertain ownership of enterprises, lack of markets and supply and demand systems, weak technical and educational infrastructure, the lack of a strong private body, low risk of exploitation, and the state's inability to supply Capital and financial resources to advance goals. Most importantly, land and natural resources are in the ownership and management of the state, and the right to exploit resources is given to influential and powerful people, and often in industrial and destructive activities (mining and mining operations), organizations Relating to natural resources and the environment at the regional and local level as it should not be supported, The general attitude of the local people towards the state plans has a significant negative orientation. However, various organizations involved in the implementation of agro-environmental programs and the payment of ecosystem services are involved, and rules and guidelines have been designed and registered in this area and activities have been carried out in different areas so that the views of local users get this app. In order to develop standards for identifying and assessing institutional factors that affect the involvement of local utilities and poor households in the payment of ecosystem services (PES), the concept of Mettepenningen et al. (2013) has been used. These factors include belief behavior and beliefs about environmental responsibility, existing participation and past experience, and the attitude towards organization management and the level of trust in established organizations. In this study, the perceptions and views of local and local authorities on the design, actions and partnerships and the risks and potential benefits of it have been investigated.


Method and Material
The research method in this study is a case study and qualitative analysis of data that is used through direct observation through semi-structured and in-depth interviews this strategy allows us to describe and reveal our complex social relationships and relationships between actors and actors. According to Brewer et al. (2002), the selection of 20 to 30 participants is usually sufficient to identify a coherent set of cases in a qualitative way, as was done in this study. A targeted sampling of 30 people was invited for the interview. The data analysis was performed in three stages of open, axial and selective coding using the MAXQDA software to determine the main indicators.
Research findings
347 The initial code derived from the interviewer and observations of the researcher in response to questions related to the factors affecting the participation of rural people in carbon sequestration project, indicates a set of facilitator (84) and inhibitor (263) within the framework of the Mettepenningen institutional Model were. The codes were classified according to common characteristics, and the result of this classification was 16 sub categories, which, in turn, were based on the common themes in the four main categories of facility payment: source / purpose, cost sharing / fair distribution of resources / cost compensation and achievement of logical profit, local advisers / continuous and continuous support, and ultimately the collective structure of activities / communications and social and economic networks. These factors, in nature, would have made it easier or more difficult for the villagers to participate. In summary, it can be said that the carbon dioxide project has two basic weaknesses: (1) inefficiency of institutional arrangements: many management mechanisms adjusted to the realities of the region and the interests of the local population do not match the sustainable use of resources Water and soil, as well as the formation of collective labor (real); (2) increasing the efficiency and profitability of local funds; because of insignificant payments, the utilizers are able to use new equipment and inputs for the transition and promoting alternative employment, and ultimately increasing and increasing the value of productive products, so in this situation, They do not risk and do not risk. In one conclusion, any environmental interventions, such as carbon sequestration project, will be challenging and problematic in weak institutional arrangements. But it should not be forgotten that the payments made in this project and through local microfinance funds reduced to a certain extent the problems of administrative and banking regulations and the high interest rates on facilities and delinquent installments, in other words, The local people have, albeit insignificantly, been given financial resources, which can further contribute to the financial consolidation of the established institutions.

This research trying to analyze the quality of reconstructed urban services and visage in Bam city after 1382 earthquake. At present, more than 10years have passed from the earthquake occurrence and Bam city is reconstructed for inhabitants living. So the research main questions are presented here: 1) Do the prospect quality and constructed districts services of Bam city have differences with each other? 2) Is there any relation between the prospect quality and Bam city districts services after the earthquake with social-economic condition? The research method is descriptive-analytic. In this research the prospect quality concept and district services were defined based on 6 indices and 39 sub indices. The weights of each index were obtained through the group AHP method. Needed data gathered by households, experts and field questionnaires. For testing hypotheses used causal-comparative and correlation methods. Sample size calculated by Cochran's method (311 households). Sampling has done by cluster and random methods. Gathered data were analyzed by: One-way ANOVA and Tukey-test at first hypotheses; and correlations methods at second hypotheses. The results showed that the quality of reconstructed residential environment in Bam is different between various neighborhoods. Also, the results of correlation test showed that general quality have significant relation with literacy, income, occupation and socio-economic status at 99 percent of confidence. According to the findings, physical quality at society scale has socio-economical aspects. So, we must pay attention to this point seriously.

IntroductionToday, improving and increasing the inhabitant environment quality is the main purpose of the civil planner policies. In this study, the improper location of the physical elements and the urban land uses, the inefficient street network, the compact urban fabric, the high urban density, the improper condition of infrastructures, and the lack of civil open spaces and some other items are such matters which have the main role in increasing the vulnerability of cities to earthquake. In this study, in December 26, 2003, Bam was shaking with the intensity of 6.3 Richter during which 30000 people were killed while 30000 people were injured. Most of the city sections were destroyed completely and other parts also were destroyed up to 30 to 70 percent. The reconstruction quality of Bam is discussed according to the harsh earthquake in 2003 in Bam and the construction of a new city afterwards, so, we should have the deep look to the reconstruction after the earthquake as an opportunity for removing development obstacles. In this relation, the evaluation of reconstruction quality of Bam city is very important. So, the research is trying to analyze the differences of the reconstruction quality of Bam neighborhoods after 2003 earthquake with emphasis on household’s socio-economic status.
Theoretical FrameworkDisasters themselves are devastating, but they do provide the opportunity for governments and communities to implement strategies and frameworks that not only recover and reconstruct but also mitigate against the consequences of further disasters. There are a number of different post-disaster reconstruction approaches adopted by the governments after the disasters. The different approaches primarily relate to the amount of control a household possesses over the reconstruction of their homes. The different approaches principally fall into two different reconstruction philosophies the owner-driven reconstruction and donor-driven reconstruction.
The selection of a specific Post-disaster reconstruction approach should be decided on the basis of the results of a damage and the loss assessment conducted after the disaster along with the consultation with the affected communities and the leading disaster agency. However, the main purpose of the reconstruction is sustainable and equal development, the emphasis on low income and weak households and groups, and the minimum differences of reconstruction quality. So, the selection of the suitable planning and management model and continued evaluation of the reconstruction quality and process is necessary to achievement this purposes.
MethodologyIn this study, the research method is analytical-descriptive. The operational definition of reconstruction quality offered in 7 indices and 9 sub-indices, by AHP and SAW methods. The required data are gathered by households, experts, and field questionnaires. The sample is 319 households calculatedTo test the hypothes causal-comparative method is used. The collecteddata are analyzed by One-Way ANOVAs and Tukey test.
Results & DiscussionThe results of One-Way ANOVAs showed that there is a significant difference between Bam neighborhoods in the quality of reconstruction. Also, there is a significant difference in 5 dimensions of quality of reconstruction between neighborhoods. The results also showed that the physical quality of reconstruction is different between various neighborhoods and is not suitable. The considerable point in this research is the meaningful differences of services accessibility in Bam after the reconstruction. The results show lack of attention to the proper accessibility to all families and neighborhoods. This reveals the regeneration of unequal condition that has been before the earthquake.
Results showed that the degree of prospect quality and services is 63, 58, and 53 for high, middle, and low neighborhoods according to the defined scales of 1 to 100, the degrees lower 40 show the low quality, and the degrees between 40 and 60 show the medium quality. Also, the, result showed that the degree of composed index of reconstruction quality is 56/38, 48/54, and 40/99 for the high, middle, and low neighborhoods. Also, in relation to the general I ndex of quality of reconstruction, the results showed that neighborhoods have significant differences at 99% confidence level. So, the quality of reconstruction of bam city is medium and its degree differs between different neighborhoods.
Conclusions & SuggestionsThe result of research shows that the opportunity of reconstruction is not used properly. According to the findings, reconstruction quality at the society scale has socio-economic aspects. So, we must pay attention to this point seriously. Finally, the results are in agreement with this scientific rule that access to reconstruction opportunities is not equal and depends on the socio-economic status of households and the status of other factors of greater and macro scales, such as: government policies, pattern and ability of planning system, government worldview and definition of equity, and the amount of success to implement the equity and sustainable policies.

Urban design is the art of creating places for people. So، included issues such as function of places and security local community (basiri&danesh، 1999،8). The design of streets and buildings should be maintained with easy access and open spaces for safe urban areas. The location of anomic behavior and crime cuses، has a special role on factors. Through the identify and modification of spatial and physical factors can be reduced hot spot conditions (salehi،2008،72). Good design and proper use of the environment can also prevent crime، improve the quality of life and reduce the fear of crime (crowe، 2000، p64). Theoretical Bases: The purpose of this study is to provide an analytical model for evaluating neighborhoods texture with identify hotspot in urban spaces to increas quality of security in the neighborhoods، through the design of safe public spaces in insecure environments. So، this research highlighting the role of neighborhoods and the relationships between the fundamental principles of creating a secure environment to prevent crimes. In other words، creating defensible spaces in neighborhoods and spaces that attract people and maintain it. 3-Discussion According to the results of the study، was achieved the environmental factors to improve the security of public spaces in neighborhoods. Consist of; physical، functional، mobility and access، perceptual-semantic and urban management factors that prioritized by analytic network process (ANP). accordingly، the factors relating to «surveillance» in urban areas are the priority. Therefore، to identify hot spots،the site selection and space syntax method is used. finally، to determine the neighborhood texture، offering SWOT method for combining the results of the assessment. Presented in the form of public spaces safe environmental cuses. On this basis، guidelines and suggestions are offered to improve safety in the neighborhoods. 4-Conclusion Results of overlapping the user type and Variety layers showed unsafe locations. So that، the intersection of Imam Hussein and Valiasr and the area around this node، reduced Ability to surveillance. also، reduced level of supervision in isolated residential areas on the edge. However، there are greater surveillance by active and retail users in the central part of texture، the intersection of the Vardavrd and Imam Hussein Streets. Therefore، based on the urban management factor، observed imbalance in the distribution of land uses and services at the neighborhood scale. Due to the difference between the highest and lowest integration And mean depth of nodes in the neighborhood of Vardavrd، It was concluded that texture is not monolithic neighborhoods which indicates because of maintaining urban landscape. this type of connection lead to not created public realm as neighborhood centers. thus، the lack of spatial integration and disconnection of pedestrians movement leading to decrease absorbent and commercial functions، so، follow to lack of «natural surveillance» and due to the interdependence between the critenria، reduces the quality of security in the neighborhoods. By main street; respectively، intersection of Vardavrd boulevard and Imam Hussein avenue and intersection of Imam Hussain and valiasr street، have highest integration value. since with configuration can designated movement patterns for pedestrian، increased surveillance in places by guiding behavior and movement into unsafe places. That's feasible way for locating public spaces in unsafe areas. Suggestions: According to the results، the following suggestions provided for the purpose of research: - Based on the predicted movement by space syntax method، the nodes with high integration value and also as insecure space without surveillance or eyes of street along- with undermining activities، can be used as the main activity centers of neighborhoods. so، space attractions are located in movement patterns. - From the viewpoint of urban design، the mixing uses model must be done with consideration of security and surveillance in urban areas. spatial justice and proper distribution of urban users and adapted to locally scale to improve surveillance in edge of neighborhoods should be a priority in urban planning management. - Filling the gaps، especially in visible places and activity centers to improve pedestrian activities and movements. - Creating integrated structure developed by regular street pattern، with small and shallow blocks and multiple entrance، open spaces in adequate location to create visual and functional connection. - Represeuting visual symbols and legible signs. - Creating sense of closure with integration and sequence in physical planning in future developments.

Every city and every area the properties of the natural environment and the socio-cultural environment, throughput will open their identity that distinguishes it from other cities and areas stems. The study population consisted of 22375 persons, all residents of the city arranged to form by taking samples from the formula and the samples were 260 people. For this purpose, a questionnaire was prepared and arranged city's urban identity with conventional statistical methods was standardized. Data were analyzed using factor analysis, T and correlations were analyzed using the statistical software Spss. 43 primary indicators, including quality of service, operating 6 - update neighborhood physical identity, security, participation and solidarity inner neighborhood residents, neighborhood aesthetic risks and commitment in maintaining the fabric of the neighborhood has been reduced. According to the results of factor analysis, the first factor in the quality of service varies updates with eigenvalues (120/23) is the smallest element of a variable commitment in maintaining the fabric of the neighborhood with eigenvalues (974 /.) Is T-test results for the respondents belong positioned lower than their location is. Also, the test results show a correlation between two variables tendency to participate and how attached they are there somewhere.

Reduced inequality in utilization of community resources and facilities is one of the essential standards of sustainable development. In this regard، regional and local inequalities are of special importance. This paper emphasizes district differences in Meybod city level in addition to specifying the position of Meybod city among our country. It was done using a descriptive-analytic method. Statistical models such as Wilkaksun test were also applied to compare sustainability between Meybod city indices with our country and in the second stage، it was analyzed and evaluated by functional analysis technique، HDI، standardized score technique and dispersion coefficient (C. V) using 23 economical-social indices. Studies carried out show that the position of Meybod city is desirable among other cities. However، results from functional analysis show that only on sixth of localities have desirable situation and the gap between the most sustainable and the least stable district is 1. 4 in HDI index. Even in analyzing a series of sustainability factors، the sustainable difference is 0. 87%، representing dispersal and high gap within regions in having sustainability indices. In total، spatial dispersion of localities in sustainability is such that، districts with strong and ideal sustainability are located in the south and western south and the unsustainable districts are in central and eastern parts. Sustainable districts in accessibility to services and facilities are in better condition and the unsustainable districts in center due to compact texture and the difficulty of surface expansion and some parts in the edge became unstable because of adjoining to the city and horizontal expansion. Therefore، accessibility to sustainable development in the localities is possible with applying strategies consistent with strengths and enhancement of weak index.

Quality of life today is a complex concept and many social scientists since are not able to present a comprehensive definition. Because، the concept of life quality for different urban citizens، has a different meaning. The survey method of this paper is descriptive - analytical methods. And the method of data collection is a documentary- survey method. The value of studied samples in this research has been calculated as probability and based on Cochran’s formula with a confidence level of 95. 5،320. The questionnaires has been distributed based on the 16 city divisions، And in each of the districts 20 questionnaires has been distributed. Distribution of options for each question has been set in the form of five Likert. In this the techniques of observation، questionnaires، field research، library resources and Internet use have been used. Review the status of the city''s quality of life has been done based on economical، social and physical indicators. And also in the review process of selecting criteria for this study، Delphi method (Soroush) has been used to raise the level of its validity. Based on the presented model، the quality of life in each district is ranked according to the points earned in the following table. According to the table، one of the most critical districts in Babolsar city، based on the indicators of life quality is district No. 13 (Bi bi seh-roozeh). In fact there is a spatial discontinuity between eastern and western districts، particularly among districts 13، 14، 15، and 16 with 2، 3، 4، 5، 6، 7 districts.