جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « نقش » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

Tourism creates significant economic,socio-cultural and environmental benefits for rural and less developed areas through income and infrastructure development,which ultimately contributes to rural development. The main purpose of this study is to explain the role of tourism in rural development southwest of Gilan. The statistical population of this study is the total number of households living in rural areas, from which 378 rural heads of households were selected as the sample size. The present study is an applied research that has been done by descriptive-analytical method.The results indicate that there is a direct relationship between tourism and rural development in the villages of the southwestern region of Gilan.Also, the results of multivariate analysis show independent variables (dimensions of tourism potential) on the rural development variable. The most important variable that explains the greatest variance of rural development in the region is the economic dimension. This variable alone explains 40.3% of the changes in the dependent variable and shows that the components of this dimension have a significant impact on rural development. The second variable is the physical-spatial dimension, which explains 20.2% of the variance changes. In the third and fourth stages, socio-cultural and environmental dimensions entered regression, which explained a significant percentage of the variance of rural development. With the entry of these two variables, the ability to explain the pattern in the last stage has reached 75.4%. In other words, the research model with four variables (dimension) has explained 75.4% of the changes in rural development.(R2 = 0.754)

Since the end of the Cold War and vanishing the bipolar international system, different arguments have been made in order to explain the status of world order, US position in the international system and the US foreign policies and strategies in different regions. Some scholars have tried to explain the structure of the new international system. For example, Wohlfarth has called it unipolar while Huntington recognized it as a unipolar-multipolar system. Some other scholars have tried to explain US grand strategies as the only superpower left in the international system after the collapse of USSR. Selective engagement, off-shore balancing and strategic restraint are among strategies that they have recommended to the US, in order to maintain its position in the new international system. On the one hand, we should notice that new rising powers like China and India have changed international equivalents of contemporary era, so it does not seem wise to simply call the international system a unipolar or multipolar system. On the other hand, understanding US position in this complex system and explaining its strategies and policies is not possible without strictly clarifying the changes of its power after the end of the cold war.

This paper is going to examine US power changes between 1989-2017 by using Power Cycle Theory. The research is based on quantitative method. First, we have distinguished all the major powers of the international system after the Cold War which are as follows: United States, United Kingdom, Germany, France, Russia, China, Japan and India. Then we have collected all of these players data for eight indicators of national power that is introduced by Kumar. These indicators are: Population, energy consumption, energy consumption per capita, GDP, GDP per capita, total trade, military expenditure and military expenditure as a percentage of GDP. In the third phase, we have calculated each countries’ relative power in each indicator for different years as the percent of the total major actor systemic capability on that indicator. At the fourth phase, we compute each countries’ total relative power by calculating the average of its relative power on each of the eight power indicators. At the end, the Power Cycle of US and inevitably other majors have been drawn by using SPSS software..

Research findings showed that the US has experienced its maximum relative power around 1998 and has entered the declining phase of relative power after that, though it seems there are still long distances between its absolute power and other major powers’ absolute power. The findings also showed that the rate of declining US relative power has changed from an increasing phase to a decreasing phase around 2012. This point is called inflection point 2 in Power Cycle Theory.

In conclusion, according to Power Cycle theory and its special definition of relative power, the rate of changes in the relative power is much more important than the exact amount of absolute power and the US power cycle shows that the relative power of the only super power of the international system is decreasing while China’s relative power as the US main rival is increasing, tremendously. In addition to showing the changes of US power, drawing US power cycle can also help us to understand the upcoming changes in the structure of international system in a better way.

Syria is one of the most complex crises in Arab societies which lasts for several years. Iran and Turkey as two regional countries entered the crisis from the outset and with the aim of changing the political map and balance of power in the Middle East, trying to control the situation in Syria. their efforts to control the situation in Syria have led them to unprecedented competition, based on ideological and identity variables. This is while the two countries worked together before the Syrian crisis in various dimensions of trade, transportation, diplomacy, and so on  and according to Turkey's new foreign policy, they demanded "zero problem" with their neighbors. That's why, given the areas of cooperation between the two countries and the policy based on the interaction of Turkey, this question will be created.  is how the competition between Iran and Turkey could The results of this research showed that Iran decided to help sustain the rule of the Bashar al-Assad regime as its sole strategic ally in the Middle East. And Turkey want to deposit the rule of the Bashar al-Assad regime and replace by another state.

In this paper, the descriptive-analytical method has been used and for collecting information, the library method, letters, reports and valid data are used in English and Persian. Also on statistics, the percentage contribution method, indexation, contractual, and the use of its own indexes are used as score. Then with the algebras sum of positive and negative score of variables and the determination of the country's score in each factor, and finally the sum of the score of all factors, the national strength of each country determines.

The findings of the article are as follows:1-Iran and Turkey, as long as they are at the same level of power, are placed in the form  of two rivals or partners in different issues and levels. 2- Iran and Turkey on issues whose vital interests are threatened, compete with each other and one of these issues is the Syrian crisis. the Syrian crisis has clearly captured the vital interests of the two countries and according to this, two countries are in conflict with each other in the form of rival – rival. 3- Iran and Turkey on issues that related to their secondary interests, establish a cooperative relationship in the form of two partner and allies. It should be noted that the secondary interests are interests that do not harm the security and power of these two. The result of the study shows that the interference of Iran and Turkey's role in the Syrian crisis,bring them into conflict patterns because each country sees another role as an obstacle to its role and try to reduce or even prevent another role. so, this effort and competition leads their raltions to conflict and the more these efforts, the greater these conflicts.

In the Syrian crisis, what has caused Iran-Turkey rivalry and what exacerbates this competition is the efforts of the two countries to play their intended role. according to this, given the importance of Syria, Iran and Turkey have drawn their goals based on this importance. victory in the Syrian crisis for Iran is very important for some reason, including maintaining strategic position and increasng regional influence, maintaining strength of resistance, confronting the hostilities of neighboring Arab countries, especially Saudi Arabia, confronting ISIL and Takfiri groups and etc and in order to achieve these goals, iran needs to maintain Assad as its strategic partner. for this reason, Iran plays a protective role in Syria seeking to preserve the rule of Assad. on the other hand, success in the Syrian crisis is important for Turkey and this includes the regional containment of Iran, the presentation of the pattern of the Brotherhood order against the resistance axis pattern, preventing kurds Incitement and their separatist demands. given that Turkey considers Assad as an obstacle to achieving these goals, it seeks to change the rule of Assad and replace it with a puppet's Sunni government. accordingly, Turkey's role in the Syrian crisis is a revisionist role, which is in contrast to Iran. and each country, while trying to play its role, seeks to prevent the role of the other side. in the Syrian crisis, the rivalry between the two countries over the balance of role and the zero sum game within the scope of roles.

The results of this research showed that Iran decided to help sustain the rule of the Bashar al-Assad regime as its sole strategic ally in the Middle East. And Turkey want to deposit the rule of the Bashar al-Assad regime and replace by another state. So that with two antithetical roles, the pattern of behavior leads to conflict and competition. Indeed, the interference of their role leads to competition.

Abstract Rural women have always had a very important and fundamental role in rural societies’ and the agricultural sector of gilan province’s development. But these efforts have not been reflected separate from men’s jobs and their role has not been observed with adequate seriousness. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate rural women’s role in sustainable development of agriculture with emphasis on effectivity of educational-promotional activities in promoting healthy product production in Gilan province. that this study is applicable from the manner of purpose and is based on the descriptive-survey method. The required information in this research has been collected through questionnaire and library method and the people under study are the rural women of langerood and roodsar townships. The statistical sample volume using the Cochrane formula has been determined as 193 individuals and the rate for Cronbach’s alpha for all of the questionnaire was equal to 0.89. the results of this study showed that amongst the educational-promotional programs designated for women and annual income from production of rice and their role in promoting the health production of products in villages is equal to 99% which indicates the very high meaningful relation of the foretold. Also the results from regression analysis indicated the matter that only the educational-promotional visits have entered in the analysis and singly could explain 26 percent of dependent variable of rate of women’s acknowledgment from vegetation pesticides’ disadvantages and chemical fertilizers.

One of the factors of tourist attractions in each country can be the valuable building in respect with architecture. Old houses are important for one of tourist attraction and affect on tourist attraction and developing tourist attraction. In our country there are plenty of old houses that are interesting places for attracting the people who are interested in this places in which Sari has few old houses with different architecture that are important. Therefore the purpose of this study is analysis of old houses role in tourist attraction and analysis of position of this old houses in respect to others. The method of this study is descriptive –analytic and with respect to subject and purposes that are anticipated are practical studies. In analysis of data, the SPSS soft ware and statistic T test with one variable and square and Friedman are used. The result of study shows that if old houses old Sari are mending and rebuilding and changing the correct use of them and introducing them with their history of houses for tourist and creating infrastructures that are appropriate for tourist in them can cause developing the tourist and attraction of tourist in Sari.

Today, in many cities, excessive concentration in central district of the city has created several problems for citizens.Accumulation and population crowd, heavy traffics, high costs to establish facilities and modern services, event of accidents, bodily and financial casualties, environmental pollutions, and etc, are examples of these problems. Langeroud, having two weekly markets on Saturday and Wednesday has undertaken most value of transaction of types of products and goods in east region of Guilan. Since, dispersion of these markets in pathways and sectors of city center has made several problems for citizens, in recent years, weekly markets has transferred from central department of the city to special local department located in the city margin (Fajr Park). In addition to weekly markets, a special market as Park-Bazaar has established near-by weekly market which addition to daily activities of stores and commercial units within it, a weekly market has also established with single properties as "Friday Park-Bazaar" inside it. Study method is as kind of descriptive- analytical studies and based on both library and field studies methods. Results of this study indicate that however, marginal markets of Langeroud have not been effective on reduction of traffic flow (motor traffic) of central district of the city, but has act successful in organizing urban vendors.