جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « barberry » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

Climate change is a global issue that has attracted the attention of many researchers in recent years. Climate change causes changes in temperature and precipitation patterns, and these changes affect plant performance. As far as can be said, the agricultural sector is the most affected by the climate and its changes. Climate changes in the long term lead to changes in the pattern of cultivation and distribution of plants. Knowledge of how agricultural and horticultural plants react to global warming and climate change and predicting its effects on the performance and area of cultivation of agricultural and horticultural plants in the future requires knowledge of the effects of climate change on plant phenology. The effects of climate change on agricultural production have attracted the attention of many researchers. Severe droughts and temperature increase affect the development of plants and this can be one of the reasons for the reduction of agricultural products (Ridsma, 2007 and Saklaskin, 2008).

To conduct this research, the monthly average temperature data of Ghaen, Gonabad, Ferdous, Birjand, Khorbirjand, Kashmar and Torbat Heydarieh stations during the period of 1989-2021 have been used. In order to check the trends of the studied data, first, the normality of the data was measured using the Anderson-Darling test. Then, parametric t test was used for normal data and non-parametric Mann-Kendall test was used for non-normal data. Next, temperature zoning maps of the basin were drawn using the topographic layer in Arc Gis software.

The average temperature trend of the studied stations showed that in April, only Kashmer station had no trend and other stations had an increasing trend. In May, Birjand and Khorbirjand were without, and other stations showed an increasing trend. In June Khorbirjand and in July Khorbirjand and Birjand were without trend. Other stations have shown an increasing trend. In August, Birjand and Khorbirjand had no trends. In September, only Ghaen station had an increasing trend, and other stations had no trend. In October, Ferdous, Birjand, Ghaen and Torbat Heydarieh stations have shown an increasing trend. Other stations have also been without trends. In February, Birjand and Khorbirjand stations had no trend and other stations had an increasing trend. According to the altitude factor, isothermal maps showed that in April, the south to southwest and the northern half of the basin from the northwest to the east of the basin have the appropriate temperature, height and slope for barberry germination. In May, areas of the basin in the form of a strip from the northwest to the east of the basin and the southern half of the basin have a temperature of 19 to 23 degrees Celsius and are suitable for barberry flowering. During the months of May to October, temperatures between 19 and 23 degrees Celsius have been observed in areas of the Qaenat basin. In identifying suitable areas for barberry growth, in addition to temperature, the factor of height and slope should also be considered. Because there are areas that have a temperature of 19 to 23 degrees Celsius, but they are in low altitude areas or areas with high slopes and are not suitable for barberry cultivation. Examining the topography, slope and isothermal maps of the basin shows that in Khordad month, the areas from the west to the southeast of the basin, which are suitable for barberry growth in terms of height and slope, also have favorable conditions for barberry in terms of temperature. In the months of July and August, the size of suitable areas for barberry growth, which was observed in June, has decreased. In September, areas in the center and south of the basin have a temperature of 19 to 23 degrees, but in terms of altitude, the areas in the center of the basin have more suitable conditions for barberry growth than the southern areas of the basin. In October, areas in the north, south, and northwest of the basin have a temperature of 19 to 23 degrees Celsius, but the northern areas of the basin do not have suitable conditions for growing barberry in terms of altitude, and the areas to the south of the basin are suitable for growing barberry. In the months of Shahrivar and Mehr, the most suitable area is the busiest area of the basin. From the middle of November, barberry growth ends. In the months of November, December, January, February and March, the temperature of the entire area of the Qaenat basin is below 12 degrees Celsius and the period of winter stagnation is barren.

In this research, the trend of average temperature changes in the Qaenat basin was investigated and its effects on barberry yield were investigated. Examining the temperature trend in the studied basin showed that the temperature is increasing and in the months of April to August and also in the month of February, the temperature inside the basin has been increasing. Examining the isothermal maps of the basin indicates that the areas of the basin that have a height of over 1000 meters and are stretched from the west to the southeast of the basin have suitable temperature conditions for germination, flowering and fruiting of barberry. Correspondence of the time series of May temperature with the temperature range of 19 to 23 °C showed that since 1999, when the average temperature of May in the basin was between 19 and 23 °C, the production and yield of barberry has also increased. Considering that the temperature in the study basin has an increasing trend and the growing period of barberry has different temperature conditions in each stage, the increase in the temperature of the basin can lead to the displacement of the months of the growing period of barberry. Barberry is a product that grows better in cold and mountainous areas, if the temperature increases in the study area, it affects the yield of the product and causes a quantitative and qualitative decrease of this product.

Understanding the climatic potentials of the regions is very important for the diversity and talent of agricultural products. Barberry, one of the products of Iran, suffers from climate change and anomalies. In the present study, the phonological stages of barberry tree without any basis of field observations in Ghaen synoptic meteorological station were determined. To measure the accumulation of cooling needs based on the cold clock model and the Utah unit, the statistics of 18 valid meteorological stations from 1987 to 2017 on an hourly and daily time scale were used. The results showed that barberry needs six phonological stages to complete the growth period from early April to late November. The highest temperature requirement occurs in the ripening stage until fruit development. The cooling requirement of barberry tree in different stations varies from 1050 to 1960 hours depending on climatic conditions. Field observations showed that seedless barberry does not take on a full and commercial color if it does not meet the need for sufficient cooling. The study area was zoned according to the models of the cold clock and the Utah unit, based on which Ghaen and Zahedan stations have the highest cooling needs. Based on the validation indices of different models estimating the need for cooling, the root mean square criterion was used and the results show that the cold hour (CH) model has a higher performance due to the fact that the root mean square (RMSE) is less than the other model.

Currently, agriculture is one of the most important economic sectors of any country. One of the basic ways to develop and promote agricultural activities in any country is the optimal use of land, according to ecological conditions. Such a development requires to know the various factors that are involved in it. Therefore, researchers pay special attention to land use and based on ecological-agricultural models, identify, evaluate, and assess the ecological resources of land with appropriate methods for specific purposes. Weather is one of the basic environmental factors that control all aspects of life. Among the climate elements, temperature and precipitation play a decisive role. Temperature, as an indicator of the intensity of heat, is one of the basic elements of knowing the weather, and due to receiving the sun's energy from the earth, it undergoes many changes, which in turn causes extensive changes in other meteorological elements. Investigating the impact of weather factors on the performance of agricultural products is extremely important and the production efficiency of agricultural products is largely related to climatic conditions Climatic features in the long term have led to determining the cultivation pattern and justifying the distribution of different plant species. The present study was conducted to evaluate the trend of climatic parameters on the initiation of barberry tree germination in Iran

The research area, the areas prone to barberry tree cultivation in Iran amount to 1.356858 square kilometers, equivalent to 22.1%, and the eastern regions of the country include the provinces of South Khorasan (Qain, Birjand), Fars (Shiraz, and Abadeh), Hamadan, Markazi, Isfahan, Chaharmahal, Bakhtiari and Kerman are the best places to grow this crop. Also, some of the northwestern provinces of Iran, along with Zahedan and the southern provinces of Razavi and Western Khorasan provinces (Saqez, Sanandaj, Kermanshah, and Khorram Abad) are relatively suitable for barberry cultivation. In this research, using the non-parametric Mann-Kendall method and the Slope Sense test, the trend of changes in the elements of sunshine hours, average humidity, average temperature, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, the number of freezing days, and total rainfall in 19 stations of the country in 30 years. 1990-2020) was done on the growth of barberry and its output was drawn in the form of tables, graphs, and trend maps in the Arc GIS environment. The results showed that six main phenological stages occur in the BBCH scale in barberry trees. According to the location, the south of Razavi Khorasan and the center towards the northwest of the country are the best areas for barberry cultivation. The growth period according to climatic conditions and topography lasts from the beginning of April to the end of November.

To analyze the trend of climatic parameters in the barberry cultivation areas in Iran, the statistics of Mann-Kendall tests and age slope estimator were used, and the significance of these statistics was examined at the confidence level of 99% and 95%. Estimating the slope of the trend line with the age estimator showed that the slope of the trend line of the total hours of sunshine in the germination phenology stage has the most changes in the station of Yazd (0.33 hours) and Tabriz (0.1 hours). The trend analysis of the average relative humidity parameter showed that a significant decreasing trend can be seen at the 95% confidence level in the stations of Shahrekord, Khorramabad, Abadeh, Zanjan, Fasa, Birjand, and Torbat Heydarieh. In the stations of Qain, Arak, Zahedan, Yazd, Kerman, and Kermanshah, there is a significant decreasing trend in the confidence level of 99%. The number of changes in the average temperature during the germination period of the barberry tree was obtained based on the SEN's slope. Have had. The analysis of the trend of minimum temperature showed that all the stations except the cities of Shiraz, Saqqez, and Sanandaj have an increasing trend at a significant level of 5%, the rest of the studied stations have an increasing trend at a significant level of 1%. Estimating the slope of the trend line with the age estimator of the maximum temperature parameter showed that the slope of the maximum temperature trend line in the germination phenology stage, in Zahedan station (0.37°C) and Saqez (0.06°C), respectively, has the highest and The least changes. The analysis of the time series trend of the total rainfall showed that except for the stations of Tabriz, Khorram Abad, and Shahr Kurd, there is a significant decreasing trend at the level of 5%, and no special trend was observed in the rest of the stations. Examining the number of frost days by estimating the slope of the trend line with the age estimator showed that the slope of the trend line of the average number of frost days in the germination phenology stage has the most changes in Tabriz station (0.03 days per year). The results and achievements of this are important for raising awareness about the role and importance of climatic conditions in choosing species compatible with the climate of each region, as well as providing a model for correct management and risk of horticultural products.

Iran is a country with an average rainfall of about one third of the world's average rainfall, and is severely under water due to water resources. Therefore, improvement of water use efficiency based on production in agricultural sector is very important. In this regard, the simulation of plant growth stages and, as a result of the need for forecasting, will result in better planning and more efficient management in the production process.Nowadays, tools are needed to help irrigation system designers to optimize irrigation water management in agriculture; Therefore, the FAO, with the development of the Aqua Crop model, provides these essential management tools for the various agricultural sectors necessary; In this research, Aqua Crop plant model was used for water requirement of barberry cultivars. For this purpose, inputs to the model include meteorological, vegetation data, irrigation management, farm management, soil characteristics, simulation time period, and initial conditions in the field. The survey of water requirement zonation map indicates that, considering the climatic conditions, the climate of the northern regions of the country, despite the fact that it is not recommended for the cultivation of barberry, is the least water requirement in comparison with other regions of the country. The provinces of Khorasan Razavi, North and South, which are the best places to grow barberry at the moment, and the major production of barberry in these areas, are higher than other areas in need of water. The northern parts of the country also have a moderate water requirement.