جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "international documents" در نشریات گروه "جغرافیا"

The non-conformity of goods in transactions can always be considered as one of the types of economic, financial and social risks [1], due to which not only the parties in the sale have problems and risks and possible losses, but also judicial institutions and arbitration courts are inevitably involved in solving the problems. It is possible that it will cause material and spiritual damage to the society. Of course, the nature, scope and scope of risk knowledge is very simple, and if a comprehensive definition of risk knowledge is provided, it consists of knowing the event, phenomenon, process, state, situation and thinking and worldview that may cause loss of life for the individual, population, society and environment, spiritual and financial [2]. In general, many transactions are done during the day, some of which are not done correctly. The non-conformity of the goods in transactions, including sales, leads to damages and losses to the parties and imposes certain legal effects on the seller, buyer and even third parties. In Iranian law, there are provisions for material non-conformity and defects and guarantee of executions according to articles 410 to 415, 437 to 422 in the civil law. In economic relations between individuals, when the goods do not match and the seller does not fulfill the obligation, the customer has the right to cancel the transaction and refund the price he paid, and the obligation to fulfill the undertaking along with the demand for damages for delay in delivery according to the text of the written contracts that have such performance guarantees [3]. A high volume of the density of cases entering the judiciary of Iran is caused by the failure of the parties to fulfill their obligations according to the provisions of the contract and at the times agreed upon by the parties. Also, full compensation is discussed in paragraphs 1 and 2 of articles 3, 4 and 5 of international principles and agreements. Based on this, the injured party is entitled to receive full compensation due to suffering injuries caused by non-performance. In this article, in addition to the problems surrounding domestic contracts, the compatibility of international documents and conventions with domestic laws and the expansion and explanation of their differences and commonalities have also been discussed.

The current research, like other researches in humanities, has been done by analytical and descriptive method and its information has been prepared by library method and by means of data collection. Of course, a kind of field method has been used in the current research by referring to judicial authorities and examining cases with similar issues.

Today, legislators are trying to compile a set of regulations or create conditions to reduce the dangerous effects caused by product non-conformity with proper notification. According to the present research, the non-conformity of the goods, both materially and legally, has consequences that affect the parties of the transaction at the time of transfer of the exchange guarantee and after that, and the implementation of the contract according to the provisions of the agreements is faced with difficulties. In Imamiyyah jurisprudence and according to it the civil law of Iran and some other legal systems, the seller is responsible for the loss and he is required to return the price to the buyer, if he has paid. On the surface, this is not compatible with the possession of the sale contract, because the requirement of possession is the transfer of the exchange guarantee to the owner and the lack of responsibility of the seller. In the convention, in order for the customer to be able to use the performance guarantee due to non-conformity, he must inspect the goods in terms of conformity within the shortest period of time. Otherwise, according to articles 38 and 39 of the Vienna Convention, the seller cannot claim responsibility for non-compliance. [4] In Iranian civil law, the difference between the type of goods specified in the contract and what is actually delivered in the contract, especially in the sale of a specific object, causes the contract to be invalid, but if it is a general sale, the seller is required to provide the goods of the promised type. [5] The laws of European countries such as Belgium and France are more similar to the provisions of the Convention on the International Sale of Goods. Regarding performance guarantee, the comparison of Iran's law with the Convention on the International Sale of Goods shows serious differences in the two laws. In Iranian law, failure to determine the amount, type, and description causes the contract to be void or to exercise the option and terminate the contract; While in the Convention on the International Sale of Goods, the mandatory request of the contract, which includes the right of termination, and it is a fundamental breach when it leads to such damage to the other party that basically deprives him of what he is entitled to through the contract. He hopes to deprive it. [6] It should be noted that the effects and risks that arise from the seller's non-compliance with the contract can be considered in several ways: the effects and risks that are imposed on the seller, the effects and risks that arise for the buyer. Effects and risks associated with third parties.

What was obtained from this research shows that both in Iran and in international documents, attention has been paid to the nature and dangerous effects of product non-conformity. In fact, it should be acknowledged that the innovation of this research is that it has examined the issue of risks caused by non-conformity of the goods, which has not been considered in any research so far. In general, the non-conformity of the goods in different transactions can lead to risks that both the seller and the customer and third parties suffer losses and damages. The examination of this issue in the convention indicated that in order to reduce the hardship and prevent the loss of capital due to the termination of the contract, appropriate provisions have been provided for the wrong party, whereby the violator can compensate for the non-compliance in fulfilling his obligations by submitting an alternative or repair goods and documents and compensate. In this regard, Article 34 gives the seller, who has delivered the documents and documents of the goods before the date set for delivery, the possibility to compensate for the non-compliance until the expiration of the contract, provided that the exercise of this right causes unreasonable hardship to the customer or imposing unreasonable costs on him, however, any right to demand damages as stipulated in this convention is reserved for the customer. The same feature can be seen in the principles of European contracts. In Iran's civil law, ambiguity in the amount sold is considered to be the cause of invalidity of the contract of sale, and the delivery of more or less amount is not considered to be a violation of the contract, and it considers different situations. In the general sale, the excess amount belongs to the seller and the seller is responsible for the compensation of the deficit amount. In the sale of an indivisible fixed object, a fraction of the amount gives the buyer the right to cancel, and an excess gives the seller the right to cancel.

Contemporary architecture has not been able to fulfill its role due to its disconnection from its indigenous culture and identity. Such a disconnection has brought irreparable consequences since it has made architects get disconnected from their true origin. This has resulted in overlooking the real rules and principles governing the design of buildings, especially cultural buildings that have an identity-maker role in society. Therefore, studying the laws and rules that govern cultural spaces, especially at the international level, due to the extent of their duties in promoting and preserving ethnic culture and teaching science and technology, is important and needs to be considered in the design of such spaces. Therefore, the main goal of the research is to study the rights related to cultural spaces included in the selected international documents of the research to extract principles and components for improving the quality and functionality of these valuable places. Due to the generality of cultural spaces and the fact that the majority of their audience is children, it is necessary to pay attention to and evaluate the cultural rights related to children included in international documents. In this regard, efforts have been made to examine selected international documents, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948, the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, 1966, and the Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989 to see how the rules of cultural rights and a series of requirements and components provide architectural solutions to achieve these requirements. These solutions can improve the quality of cultural spaces and exercise relevant rights. The research method is descriptive-qualitative, and the method of data collection was library type. The result of the research indicates effective components such as sociability, the manifestation of Iranian identity, the responsiveness of spaces to children’s needs, and the efficiency and usefulness of space in cultural places.

One of the new topics that have been addressed in recent decades is the right to a healthy environmen.The environment refers to the whole environment that surrounds man and life,his activities are related to it.Compensation for this right,unlike many other rights,is not personal and can have harmful collective and global effects.As the European Commission has different tendencies in this regard in its documents and in its 2000 bill,two types of of damages can be claimed in advance.Proposed:1.Environmental damage that includes damage to biodiversity,water and polluted areas; 2.Traditional damage that is the same damage to persons and property.Now,what is the characteristic of the concept of damage to the environment that is different from the concept of dmage to other cases in society and individuals?The main topic of the present study was that this issue was addressed in a descriptive –analytical method and the purpose of the damage in environmental damage to any damage to the environment,whether it is present or future,personal or some kind,is direct.Either indirectly,collectively claimable,or individual,compensable or not; Based on the nature and evolution of the concept of damage in environmental damage,it seems that the application of general and traditional rules of environmental compensation methods in the field of environmental law is not very effective, and therefore the development of special environmental compensation system with modern methods approach.It is necessary.

Geographical components play a significant and fundamental role in committing economic crimes, so that factors such as territorial and climatic conditions, climate change, etc. have been considered as one of the prominent factors in committing these crimes. Of course, the fact that these factors continuously play a role in committing these crimes is still not fully considered as a comprehensive and deterrent factor. This research, which has been done using a descriptive-analytical approach, seeks to answer the question: what is the role of geographical components in committing economic crimes according to the standards and standards of Iranian law, Imami jurisprudence and international documents? The result of the present study is that although geographical components such as the civilian population are important in committing some crimes such as international crimes as well as moharebeh and some examples of corruption on earth in jurisprudence and domestic and international law, but in The context of economic crimes Geographical components as independent factors have not been considered in domestic law documents, international law documents or Imami jurisprudence. However, this neglect has been alleviated to some extent, especially in the field of international documents, with the advent of interpretations on the material of these documents, and the role of geographical factors has become somewhat important.

Abstract Environmental law has now received more international attention than ever before, and it is important to understand the role and status of environmental rights in countries' criminal systems, as guaranteeing criminal penalties is the most important response to environmental crimes. The Iranian penal system's approach to environmental crime has always faced many challenges and now requires criticism and reform. What is clear from the review of domestic law is that our country's legislator has not adopted a uniform and consistent approach to environmental crime. On the other hand, in general, environmental laws in Iran are far from global approaches and attention to international documents and conventions is important in the formulation of environmental laws. Therefore, in addition to establishing a coherent and integrated approach to criminal law, attention should be paid to international law and to international law.Environmental law has now received more international attention than ever before, and it is important to understand the role and status of environmental rights in countries' criminal systems, as guaranteeing criminal penalties is the most important response to environmental crimes