جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "political culture" در نشریات گروه "جغرافیا"

The present study examines the relationship between modernization and political culture among the villagers of Mako. This study is directed to test the theories of the first and second waves of political development. The theoretical framework of the research is based on the theories of Daniel Lerner and Karl Deutsch and uses Gabriel Almond's classification to measure the variable of political culture. The type of research is quantitative and it uses the survey technique to collect data. The data was extracted from 381 cases through a questionnaire. The findings show that there is a relationship between political culture and religiosity, the use of new communication media, and the education of villagers; In this way, the low and high level of religiosity among the villagers will lead to, respectively, the participatory and parochial political culture. Also, the higher the level of education and the use of new communication media among the villagers, the more the tendency towards the participatory type of political culture. In this way, the present research shows that merely being a villager does not mean having a traditional political culture such as a parochial and subjective one, and macro-narratives and essentialist classical theories of political development should be avoided about villagers.

Since the formation of the constitutional revolution until today, many efforts have been made by the governments and the ruling apparatus to achieve the transition to democracy. Therefore, the main question of the article is how was the transition to democracy in the Islamic Republic of Iran? The hypothesis is that due to the prominent role of ideology and the lack of coherent parties, the Islamic Republic of Iran has not been able to transition to democracy. The findings indicate that in Iran, the status of the disorganized elites has happened one after another. But the deadlock of conflicts has not occurred. Rather, a group or faction of elites could impose its power on other political factions, and because of this, the possibility of compromise among elites has disappeared. In different periods in Iran, the legitimacy of democracy has not been at a high level. The type of research method was descriptive-analytical and based on library studies.

Political culture is one important topic in sociology, history, political science. However, the political culture as a human phenomenon, not only influenced by geographical environment and its political geographic position. But also, natural and human Geographical features effects on culture and ideology characteristics in any nation. natural features phenomenon in geographical spatial such political topics basically react from physical and humanity of geographical aspects. In this regard, Iranian political culture studies show the centralized governance has more grass root organization in political culture of Iran. This paper seeks to answer the question: “what factors are of centralize and negative mentality about foreign powers in Iran?” In this paper with rely on descriptive –analytical approaches were studied that geographical basics source of two major traits, inclusive negative mentality to foreign powers and faithfulness to centralization structure. Finding research reveals that Incommensurate distribution of natural resource such as water, productive soil has been caused that only centralized state could be managed this inappropriate situation. From another side, Existence Fossil source in Iran has been caused that foreign powers rivaled for accessing to it. Therefore, Iran's political culture is ruling pro-independence and becoming the undisputed military power has always been pursued in earnest by the various governments. Also, in most oil-rich countries especially in the Middle East, including Iran, more than 50 percent of state revenues directly achieved from the sale of oil and sources of income in the hands of the state as a powerful tool, allows extension of state political power and limits the power of private institutions and social structures. In the cultural geography of Iran, the religion and governance system hs always been a great combination. So, In the Iranian political culture based on the integration of religion with power the distribute political power in space and greater role by private institutions is not possible.

1. Although the relation between urbanization and political culture is one of most challenging subject in the world, especially for developing countries (e.g. Iran), there are not enough researches on this issue. All the events, diverse economic, political, cultural, social and physical interactions and relations are concentrated on cities. However, cities as a modern phenomenon represent the status of governments and their functions in the development process of the relations; then cities are as political agent as they are social, geographical, cultural and economic phenomena. It means although formation of the cities and development of urbanization are mostly affected by political decisions, they influence political culture and national, regional, and even international politics. Some research findings indicate that urbanization is as a motivation to development in general, and over time it can lead to economic development, in especial. But there are fewer researches which show how it can develop political culture. Because of the importance of city and urbanization and their impacts on developing countries especially in Iran in one hand, and the shortage of research on the role of urbanization in political development on the other hand, it is necessary to explain the various theories about this issue. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to reveal the impacts of urban growth and urbanization on developing political culture. This article addresses the following question: Does the growth of city and urbanization lead to development of political culture in a social framework? 2. We have used mixed methodology to determine the criteria, factors and variables of urbanization and political culture, and also to measure the direct and indirect impacts of these as independent variables on development of political culture as a dependent variable. The mixed research method is a way to collect and analyze the quantity and quality of data in one or several survey. The purpose of this method is not the use of one instead of another; it aims to develop the strengths and decrease the weaknesses of both the two methods. In general, this survey is separated into sections. In the first section, a conceptual framework is presented that may be utilized when analyzing the influences in political culture development arising from urbanization. Actually, factors affecting urbanization and development of political culture have been extracted by interviews with specialists. In the second section, our proposed conceptual model has been analyzed relying on quantity research method and using coefficient and path analysis. Our samples are the citizens who live in Tehran and are more than 18 years old. Based on convenience sampling, 260 questionnaires have been given out and finally, 251 filled questionnaires were acceptable. To analyze the data and test our research hypothesizes, Pearson coefficient and multiple regressions have been utilized by using SPSS 13. 3. Extracted results from interviews with specialists indicate that two important factors affect political culture in a geographical space. The first factor is the function of government and state as planners and decision makers. The second is society members that according to their political knowledge, presence of different institutes in the society, having unbiased believes respect to race and tribe, their education level, and their motivation to civil participation, they have diverse requirements from their states. Beside these two factors, geographical place is an important factor that might affect political culture. Then, city and urbanization could be as a geographical place or space to reflect the beginning of political culture development. Quantity findings have been separated into two parts. First of all, inner coefficient of urbanization and political culture indicators and then path analysis have been used to estimate the direct and indirect impacts of urbanization variables on political culture development. In the first part, we have used the Spearman coefficient to measure the correlation coefficients of urbanization variables with each other in one hand and correlation coefficients of political culture development variables on the other. Spearman coefficient results show a direct relation with high significance. Virtual and public spaces variable and then the variable of weakening racial, sexual, and tribal believes have the largest significant relation with other variables. From all the variables for political culture development concept, freedoms of speech and political knowledge have much more significant than other variables. The results of path analysis present that urbanization process is an essential factor to develop political culture in particular and political development in general. Moreover, political participation, political knowledge, freedom of speech and democracy, institution and weakening the racial - tribal and sexual believes have direct and indirect impacts on the dependent variable. Furthermore, the variables of social mobilization and forming virtual/public spaces have indirect impacts on developing political culture. In analysis of our findings, two variables of institution and forming virtual and public spaces with 1.15 and 0.71 rates, have the most influences on development of political culture. 4. We are concluded that urbanization in Iran, especially in two recent decades, have direct and indirect impacts on political development and especially political culture development and it is as a beginning to political development in a social structure. However, it has been affected by different national and international changes. Our model results indicate that urbanization indicators significantly influence political culture development indicators. Furthermore, Spearman coefficient test shows that there is a significant correlation between urbanization and developing political culture. It means if the rate of urbanization increases, the political culture will be developed and subsequently changes in quality of life, a shift from urbanization towards urbanism, and responsive citizens will be expected. It should also be noted that according to three pointed theories related to urbanization in this paper, our findings make it clear that in Iran urbanization and its impacts on political development, in general, and development of political culture, in particular, follow Milbert Doutch and Lerner theory that acclaims urbanization has a significant impact on political behavior.

Political power’s structure and its spatial distribution is one of the most important issues in political geography. Iran, with thousand years of civilization, has a centralized state and its causes must be seek in ancient Iran and the roots of the formation of the first Iranian government (Medes) and the trend to centralizethe power. This paper deals with the exploration of reasons that influenced the power structure in ancient Iran by investigating the structure and spatial distribution of power in ancient Iran in the Median, Achaemenid, Parthian and Sassanid eras. Researchers claim Iran's geographical location and the existence of a powerful foreign enemy named Assyria were the reason of formation of the first centralized government of Iran named Medes. In the beginning, the power structure was not centralized, but was more like an Oligarchy and this structure gradually and in particular in the Sassanid era turned into a centralized and unitary system, and one of the most important reasons was the influence of missionaries in the power structure. It is also necessary to mention that other factors like geographic area and ripples have been effective in the pattern of spatial distribution of political power in Iran.

The present paper tries to investigate conspiracy theory in the Arabic Middle East political culture. The Middle East is the significant and effective region in the world. It is the first birthplaces of primary human civilizations and great religions. The Arabic Middle East political culture has different variants like conspiracy theory. The present paper is an attempt to provide answers to three questions about the Middle East conspiracy theory. Conspiracy theory is a method to analyze the role of conspiracy in events and incidents. According to this definition, the only cause of events is conspiracy, and the role of other reasons in events is ignored. Conspiracy theory is a part of political culture of Arab world and this analysis method has had strong impact on the thoughts and lives of people of this region. This theory has its components, elements that it can be provided some instances and evidences for each of them. This paper seeks an answer to this primary question: “what is the significance, principles and evidences of conspiracy theory in the Arabic Middle East political culture?” This paper also has three secondary questions: “what do the political culture and conspiracy theory mean?”, “where is the status of conspiracy theory in the Arabic Middle East political culture?”, and “what are the principles of conspiracy theory in the Arabic Middle East?” The research methodology adopted is documentary method, and data gathering procedure is library findings. Research findings show that this type of analysis along with other variants is one of the most important and influential principles of the political culture of these communities. This matter is resulted from different political and social causes. According to the importance of this issue, experts have tried to investigate the causes of growing and developing of this phenomenon in the Middle East. Some people like Marvin Zonis, Josef Craig, Daniel Pipes, and Matthew Gray have worked about this matter. They have tried to show the role of this matter in analysis of events. Finally, this article tried to explain three principles of conspiracy theory that includes conspirators, believers who believe in conspiracy, and principles of assumptions and analysis. Research findings show that conspiracy theory is one of the main variants of the Arabic Middle East political culture. This type of analysis is a pattern to analyze region events. This type of analysis is known in this region and affects relations of government and society, human and political groups in the internal and external facets. Critical conditions, intervention of foreign powers and political despotism are the main factors creating these types analysis in the Arabic Middle Easte political culture.

Local government is considered as a political-bureaucratic structure, which is formed by the central government as a result of spatial distribution of the political power. As of forming the civilizations, a special type of society and culture has been formed in Iran due to a particular geographic position and getting involved in the path of the mankind movements as well. The political culture, which takes into account as presuppositions of the Iranian society, resulted in specific actions in the community especially in the political arena. Political participation of the citizens in the local government and influencing on the processes and mechanisms of the political culture considered as one of the consequents of such phenomenon. The present research aims to study the roots of citizens’ low participation in a local level, as the citizens have not participated in the local government in a meaningful manner since the formation of the local government in Iran. In this research, thus, we are looking for answering this question: “what is the effect of political culture on citizens’ collaboration in the local government is in Tehran?”The hypothesis of research includes: taking part in Tehran local government is affected by the impact of political culture in a national level, which some factors play a significant role in this regard such as: family, beliefs, symbols, values, dominant structure, tribal roots, and historical, geographical, social, and cultural developments. The results confirmed the claim regarding the study of political culture variables in a political participation in Tehran city. The present research investigated the relations between the political culture and citizens’ cooperation in the local government as a mechanism for participation of the citizens in the political-social destiny through descriptive method using documented resources.