جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "poverty line" در نشریات گروه "جغرافیا"

Undoubtedly, poverty and inequality is one of the undesirable phenomena of social life, and all human societies have put the reduction and eventual elimination of it at the top of their goals. The present study measures poverty in urban and rural areas of West Azerbaijan province. To measure and determine the factors affecting poverty in West Azerbaijan province, firstly, the reliability of the model variables was investigated by generalized Fuller dictation test. Then, using the ARDL model, the error correction model (ECM) in two separate models for the city and the village During the course (1993- 2021) has been investigated. Also, by using Johansen Juselius test, convergent vectors were determined and then the effects of shocks and shocks on co-incidence vectors were discussed and analyzed. The results of the study show that at a significant level of 5%, the variables of urban and rural value added, exchange rate, unemployment rate, total income of the province and consumer price index have a significant impact on the urban and rural poverty gap. Macro and national level; By stabilizing inflation, unemployment and exchange rates and at the regional level by planning in line with the province's capacities in the sectors of conversion industries, mining processing and border capacity, to reduce poverty in the study area.

Reducing poverty and inequality are among the most important goals of planners in different societies, such that the first goal of the Millennium Development Goals is to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger. Regarding the necessity and importance of studying poverty, especially food poverty, in various provinces of the country from the planning point of view, this paper aimed to zoning the poverty line and the percentage of food poverty of rural households in Iran from 1997 to 2013.. Based on this, raw data of household income-expenditure provided by Statistics Center of Iran was applied. In this study, the basis for measuring poverty was the absolute poverty line, which was estimated based on the need for calories. In order to zoning, cluster analysis was employed using SPSS software. Findings related to the trend of minimum and maximum poverty line showed that the minimum poverty line has undergone a relatively constant trend, while the maximum poverty line has fluctuated somewhat, such that the years 2003, 2012 and 2013 had the highest value. In general, based on the results of the average percentage of total poverty from 1997 to 2013, South Khorasan province had the lowest and Tehran province had the highest percentage of food poverty. In addition, the average percentage of food poverty of rural households during the years 1997-2013 has ranged approximately between 10 to 70%. Finally, the results of cluster analysis to zoning similar provinces in terms of average percentage of food poverty showed three provinces including Isfahan, Mazandaran and Tehran had the highest percentage of food poverty, seven provinces including East Azerbaijan, Hormozgan, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Fars, Gilan, Alborz and Yazd had relatively high percentage of food poverty, 19 provinces had moderate food poverty and the two provinces of North Khorasan and South Khorasan had the lowest percentage of food poverty. Therefore, planning to reduce poverty and food insecurity requires regional and geographical orientation so that the rural areas of the provinces with high percentage of food poverty be given more consideration.

The activities of economic, social and cultural institutions affect different levels of regional economic development. One of the most important indicators that show the level of welfare of a country or region is the poverty line. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of Makran Beaches development indicators on regional economic development with the emphasis on poverty reduction. For this purpose, the poverty line index calculated in Mohammadi's study (2019) used as an indicator of regional economic development. The Makran coast Development Indicators divided into four categories: socio-economic, educational-cultural, health-related, and industrial. The results showed that except for industrial indices which had no significant effect on the poverty line as an indicator of regional economic development, other variables had a negative and significant effect on the poverty line of Makran coast. In other words, as these indicators improve, the poverty line decreases. Also, considering the coefficients of indicators in the long run, it can be concluded that the improvement of educational-cultural indicators had a greater effect on reducing the poverty line in Makran coast than other indicators.

The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the relative poverty line based on the method of 50 and 66 percent of the average urban and rural household expenditures in province Fourth-halal buccaria with indicators of poverty and severity of poverty during 2011-2016 Research method of "descriptive-analytic" pape. According to the income distribution survey conducted in the last year of the study (2016) Ten percent of the richest population than ten percent of the poorest population In urban and rural areas of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, 6.68 and 8. 24 respectively The figures for the country are 7 and 8.53%, respectively. Figures show that Distribution of income in urban society Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province Towards the urban community of the country and the Provincial rural community is in a better position. For calculating the relative poverty line based on the 50% and 66% median cost methodology by Indicators of poverty and poverty and severity of poverty have been used, By comparing the impact of poverty and the severity of poverty is specifying that if Impact of poverty (percentage of people below the poverty line) had Little change but Due to the increasing severity of poverty for urban areas from 2011 until 2016 By the 66% median cost method fram/1288 to /3523 Ie 2.72 times has been higher and For rural areas from 2011 to 2016 By the 66% median expense method from /1013 to /2788 le 2/75 has been higher. 

Basically, people and poverty reduction in the country's economic well-being is one of the main objectives of economic development programs. One way of measuring poverty through economic indicators. The aim of this study was to answer the question that has been trends of poverty and extreme poverty in the urban areas of the province during the period (2008-2011)? The study, based on data from the Statistical Centre of Iran and the price of the food basket through the Central Bank achieved a 4-year period (90-1387). Inspired by the methods of relative poverty, absolute intensity has been investigated. Results show that inflation and average Ascending 6.9 recent and the cost of supplying standard food basket during the mentioned period has increased by about 32 percent. The results show that line relative average monthly urban growth using 35.3 percent had, the intensity of poverty relative to average growth method equivalent to 20.5 percent, the absolute poverty line using monthly average has increased 18 percen

In human history, hunger, unemployment, and poverty have been the concern of human society. Poverty has been always with human being as one of the major issues in human societies and cultures. It seemed along with the Renaissance and the industrialization, the problem have been tried to be resolved. But following the industrial revolution and migration from rural to urban and industrial areas poverty and inequality increased and led to an unprecedented social and political chaos and instability. One way to understand the living conditions of households is survey about their consumption behaviour. There are many studies attempted to explain consumer behaviour and consumption expenditure ability to adapt with the price changes throughout the world. These consider different parameters of the economic-social characteristics of individuals or communities. Division of statistical population in geographic categories can give more specific results about the welfare status of residents in specific geographic areas (The Research Institute of Management and Economy). Due to the complexity and multidimensional nature of poverty in the resources and research, different definitions have been presented. But all of them indicate normative concept of poverty and believes that only with predetermined definitions, poor and non-poor can be separated. This Suggests that poverty is always a comparison between a view and a predetermined condition. These differences can also be the first arising from thinking about the philosophy of human existence, his social role, the concept of social justice, belief in the individual authenticity or the popularly authenticity, condition of ecosystem. Second, the extent and diversity of human needs, by considering each of them, lead to a new definition of poverty. Human needs are different in terms of time, location, stage of progress and civilization, technical condition, and cultural levels In the present study, linear expenditure system is used to estimate the poverty line. Stone- Gary Utility function can be extracted from a linear expenditure system. The error of structural equation is usually confronted with the problem of serial correlation. There are two solutions to this problem. The first is using of generalized method of Hansen that corrects Covariance matrix for the Auto-correlation and facilitate statistically valid deductions. The second method is using estimator of generalized least squares with instrumental variables, which is known as Multi-stage least squares estimator. These solutions are widely used. Linear expenditure system based on utility function of Stone- Geary cases, using generalized method of moment, is employed to assess the behaviour of rural consumers in Khuzestan Province. The estimates made for the minimum subsistence for a rural household in Khozestan Province indicate that the minimum necessary expenditure for a rural household with an average family size of 6.9 people in 1979 was equal to253634.3 RLs and 1634802 RLs in 1989. This minimum subsistence for a rural household reached 9129691 in 1999 and 44164773 RLs in 2009. In other words, a rural household in khozestan province every month spent 21136 RLs on average as the minimum necessary costs in 1979. With increase in the prices, it reached 136233 per month on average in 1989. After a decade, this minimum monthly necessary expenditure reached 760807.6 RLs in 1999 and 3680398 in 2009. The minimum subsistence package for each rural household suggests that the food was the largest and the transportation and communication the smallest groups. Food, clothes, housing, and recreation as the necessary goods, and transportation, communication and health were considered the luxury. Comparing the minimum necessary expenditures of rural households implies that Kuzestan Province has a higher minimum subsistence compared with that of Semnan Province. The minimum necessary expenditure of rural households inthe province is higher than that of Semnan Province. The minimum subsistence package of each rural household shows that food comprises the bulk and transportation and communication the minority. With calculated numbers and β in the equation system, it is noteworthy that rural households in Khuzestan Province spend more costs on food, drinks, tobacco, and furniture and less on housing, fuel, water, electricity, and clothes among others. Food, house, clothes and recreation groups are considered the necessary goods, and furniture, transportation, communication and health the luxury ones among the eight groups of goods in rural households of Khuzestan Province. Rural households Cross Elasticity table indicates that the higher the prices of other goods, the more the reduction in consumption regarding communication and the less in connection with clothes and recreation.

Extended abstract 1-Introduction Analysis of poverty determinants in order to study welfare by household traits is effort to study how a particular variable would affect on poverty situation، ceteris paribus. Poverty is a social phenomenon with which human society has been inflicted in all eras and is well known as a universal phenomenon causing the poor not to have a correct perception from their abilities and capacities. The resultant empirical model of the determinants of poverty provides insights as to how a particular household characteristic affects its poverty status conditional on the level of other household characteristics that are also potential determinants of poverty. On the other hand، different provinces are different by total governing economical conditions so compiling programs of combating with poverty requires close recognition of detail properties of poor groups and taking poverty eradication policies along with regional or provincial directions. Among provinces of Iran، northern Khorasan having 863 villages is one of provinces its rural population has been more than urban one in recent years based on censuses of Iran bureaus of census however based on comparative report of Iran provinces in 2010 issued in Mars 2012 by census and data office، 400،000 from 839،000 of its total population reside in rural and non-residential areas indicating emigration growth of villagers to urban areas. So، recognizing poverty correctly، its aspects and identifying its determinants in this province can be a good guide for compiling poverty programs and using resources optimally throughout the province. With this purpose in mind، this research aims at studying the properties of household which are identified as important and effective factors in household welfare and poverty situation. The results of the study can be used by policymakers in order to promote society welfare. 2-Theoretical bases Sen (1981) considers poverty as deprivation from basic capabilities rather than only low income. It is of note that privation is a relative concept having different definitions in different times and places. Atkinson (1989) considers two concepts for poverty. In the first concept، poverty means lack of availability of certain subsistence facilities according to which if total expenditure of consuming particular goods by a person is lower than a particular limit، he is considered poor. The second one is the right of having socio-economic facilities and if one’s income is lower than a known level، they aren’t available for him. 3-Discussion In this research poverty determinants in urban areas of Northern Khorasan province were studied. First absolute poverty line was estimated based on cost data of 162 goods extracted from data of 717 families of sample of cost and income of urban families plan in 2010. The effect of variables of support load، sex and age of family supporter، educational and sanitary costs of family were studied using estimated poverty line and Tobit model in order to study poverty determinants in detail. Having calculated poverty line، effective factors on poverty line have been studied by using Tobit model. Dependent variable، household income (expenditure)، is zero for household being under poverty line and more than zero for those above of poverty line. Regression equation of this model is: Where variables are following: POV: poverty line، DEP: pure dependency ratio. GEN: gender of guardian، AGE: age of household guardian، EDU: household educational expenses، HEL: household health expenses، HAP: the place in which household reside which is one for rural and two for urban. Tobit model has been used to study the effect of respective variables on absolute poverty line. Using of Tobit model is the most important differences of this study from other studies in Iran. Tobit model was developed by Tobin in 1958 and has been used widely by economists for measuring the effect of changing explanatory variable on poverty (McDonald and Moffitt، 1980). Considering annual poverty line for a typical household in the urban in 2010 was calculated 14491151 Rial، so 559 household of total sample household are under poverty line. As seen، 24% of population urban area of Northern Khorasan is considered poor. The value of statistic LR is -10874. 418 ruling out null hypothesis that all variable coefficients studied are zero. Indeed it can be said that at least one of explanatory variables has significant effect on probability of poverty creation. Square correlation coefficient (r2) is 0. 404 indicating good performance of model. 4-Conclusion To find development obstacles، in this research absolute poverty line has been estimated based on calorie need in 2010 to provide a required ground for poverty eradication in the urban area in province of Northern Khorasan. To study in detail the factors affecting on poverty، poverty is defined as a censored dependent variable. If household expenditures are under poverty line (being poor)، the value is zero and if household expenditures are above poverty line this variable takes real values of expenditures. To measure poverty determinants، Tobit model has been used. 5-Suggestions Due to inequality of employment system، women are more vulnerable to unemployment and poverty than men. So poverty affects on female guardians more severely and they experience poverty more than their male counterparts because of limited availability to education، employment and health. training plans on rural jobs such as farming and animal husbandry to increase efficiency and productivity of female guardians of rural household and plans to insurance cover of female guardian should be prioritized of supporting female guardians. Since pure dependency ratio has direct effect on household poverty and pressure of dependency ratio in the household is sensible and heavy for employed members and guardian، it is suggested that employment system of the country should design a variety of models of dividing household labor considering proficiency and ability level according to Iranian culture as a solution to balance this problem in household and considering that employment is one of big economic subject. Health expenses are considered an investment affecting on household welfare by increased efficiency and productivity. This reflects the importance of government health support shelter and especially state health insurance covering low income people. Public education has positive effect on income from job by increasing productivity of low income people leading to their improved position in labor market.