جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « جغرافیا » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

The establishment of two schools, Deobandia and Aligarh in Uttar Pradesh, India, that were affected by geopolitical and cultural factors, brought about many changes in the region. Cultural competitions and the political atmosphere in this state led to the establishment of these two important schools because the state of Uttar Pradesh has always been a region with cultural and religious diversity and influenced by religious discourse, as well as due to the presence of a minority of natives influenced by traditional discourse. The large population of Muslims in this state has led to the establishment of many educational institutions, including these two schools. On the other hand, the cultural and religious element in India plays the role of creating a platform, and this causes the motivations necessary for the formation of political wills and their effect on the level of power to be taken into consideration. Throughout history, the Hindu and Muslim populations have always experienced a peaceful and sometimes violent life alongside each other, and parts of this state are respected by both religious groups. The study of the different scientific achievements of these two schools, along with the creation of Islamic currents and their influence on contemporary intellectual currents and competition between them, raised the important question of what factors caused two distinct schools of thought to exist in this region.

The present research explains the role of religion, politics and power in shaping the intellectual environment of the scientific community of these two schools in a specific geographical space, such as Uttar Pradesh, while examining the historical background of the formation of the two schools of Deobandia and Aligarh with a geoculture approach. Also, the collection of information and data for this research is based on historical, library, archival, and internet sources and documents.

Among the most important consequences of the pandemic rebellion of 1857 AD in the Indian subcontinent was the evolution of Islamic culture into modernism, which was accompanied by the Aligarh movement by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan. After the revolt of 1857 AD, Muslims established an educational institution called Deobandia in 1867 AD, which greatly contributed to the preservation of Muslim culture. However, Ahmad Khan only thought about the past of Islam rather than the contemporary needs of Muslims. After the construction of Deobandi School by Nanotoy, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was one of the Muslim intellectuals who was well aware of the situation of the Ottoman Caliphate, the bad conditions of the Indian Muslims, the foreign and domestic political problems of the subcontinent, as well as the growth and empowerment of the Hindus. He knew very well that this rebellion would be an important turning point in the history of India because Britain had established its military and political power in this country, and on the other hand, it had made fundamental changes in India's control of India. Now, if the British government were to withdraw from India under those circumstances, the Muslim minority community would be condemned to accept the power of the Hindus, and therefore this minority community would quickly disappear. For this reason, he started his movement with the Aligarh Movement. He considered it necessary for the youth to learn new sciences and use rational thinking because otherwise the Indian Muslim community would perish in the face of future events. For this reason, in 1875, he established a college in the form of a new school called "Eastern English Islamic College" for Muslims, where new sciences and techniques and Islamic sciences were taught. Later, this college expanded, and its name was changed to Aligarh Islamic University. The traditionalist scholars did not remain silent against the actions of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan and protested against his and his co-thinkers' rationalism. Consequently, he and his fellow thinkers were nicknamed Nicheri or naturalists. On the other hand, one of the great religious schools named Dar al-Alam was established in India, which promoted old sciences traditionally and paid special attention to the issue of unity, the centrality of the Islamic world, and the Ottoman Caliphate. Deobandiyeh had many fans among the people. Of course, it is also important to mention that the British played an effective role in glorifying the Ottoman Caliphate in the eyes of the Muslims and persuading them because the British policy at that time required the Muslims of this region to focus on issues outside of India, such as the Ottoman Caliphate, and from this to advance their goals inside India. After the rebellion of 1857 AD, tendencies toward separatism were formed. In fact, after the formation of the National Congress, Muslims established the Muslim League whose members emphasized the theory that an independent Islamic state should be established in the Indian subcontinent so that the Muslim government would not be subject to any non-Islamic government. For this reason, pan-Islamist revival movements were created in the independent country of Pakistan.

Several factors, such as geographic location, religion, cultural geopolitical situation, high weight of political geopolitics, power relationship between Muslims and natives, political sovereignty and influence of foreign power (England), and most importantly, the role of Uttar Pradesh state in the rebellion against England, have led to two schools. The research showed that the factors that shaped the construction of these two schools in the state of Uttar Pradesh were also related to the political geography and cultural geopolitics of the region. Therefore, in order to understand why these two schools were built in this state, it was necessary to know the location and geopolitical weight. Therefore, based on the findings of this research, the state of Uttar Pradesh, being located in a strategic region in terms of geopolitics, was very important for Muslims, Hindus and British colonialism. Investigations showed that the three components of cultural power, politics and geography in this state have been effective for the construction of two schools, Aligarh and Deobandia, as geopolitical weight in the state of Uttar Pradesh. Studies show that the majority of the population of Uttar Pradesh were Muslims, both Shia and Sunni, who naturally had significant cultural power. This has caused the formation of these two schools from the point of view of the geopolitical weight of power. On the other hand, the territorial and geographical conditions of this state have created a suitable ground for the presence of Muslims and the formation of Muslim rule which is another reason for the formation of these two schools from the point of view of geopolitical, geographical and cultural weight. The policy of promoting ideas by Muslims, preventing the backwardness of Muslims compared to Hindu society and preventing the deterioration of Islamic ideas, the issue of British colonialism in this region, and on the other hand, the efforts of Muslims to free themselves from colonialism are among the other reasons for the formation of these two schools of thought in terms of geopolitical political weight. Aligarh was established with this goal in mind, in order to protect Muslims against future events and save them from destruction, along with the development of religious and scientific awareness and the need to familiarize Muslims with new techniques and sciences of the West. Along with Aligarh, Darul Alam Deobandia also tried to open the way for the progress of Muslims with the approach of returning to Salaf Saleh and saving the Muslim community from degeneration. The founder of this school was against contact with the West. The result is that among the reasons for the construction of these two schools based on cultural geopolitical foundations despite cultural differences and religious confrontations, fundamental factors such as the influence of the spread of Islam, the active presence of Muslim scholars as organizers of the space for religious discourse, the presence of a minority of natives as brokers of tradition in the space Religious discourse, the influence of England as transregional political actors outside the discourse space were effective.

In Iran, nomads are considered the third most important community next to urban and rural communities.Purpose of the research: The review of social studies books for elementary, middle school, geography, and geography, is based on the components of nomadism.

Quantitative and qualitative content analysis, the unit of analysis is the theme.. Geographical area of research: The social studies books for primary and secondary school are geography and geography for secondary school.

In the present study, there are 7 components of nomadism, including family and population, 5 indicators, economy and livelihood component, 4 indicators, policy making component, 8 indicators, geographical distribution component, 2 indicators, settlements component, 3 indicators, ethnicities and clans component, 18 indicators, and style component. Life has 4 indicators. The findings show that in the mentioned books, the migration component, (16.32%) economy and livelihood component, (8.16%) policy making component, (2.04%) geographical distribution component, (53.06%) ) the component of tribes and clans (22.44%) has been paid attention to the component of lifestyle. The components of tribes and clans with the highest frequency (53.06%) are in the first rank and the components of family and population and settlements are in the last rank with the lowest frequency (0). Also, elementary social studies books with the highest frequency (59.2%) have the most and social studies books for the first secondary period with the lowest frequency (8.15%) have paid the least attention to the components of nomadism.

It shows the lack of sufficient and balanced attention of the books in question to the components of nomadism. Nomads have an effective role in the production of the country and are an important part of the society, so education should have a special look at this type of nomadic life.

Although Iran has spent the most material resources on development and planning, but the development record is not proportional to the material resources spent. Researches show that drafting the development plan without taking into account the cultural, social, ethnic, geographical conditions and considerations and the political and security requirements of the country will not lead to much results. In order to get out of the current situation, a vital and extremely reasonable area must be addressed, and that is the issue of linking the development trend with the environmental and geographical conditions, and in considering the environmental conditions, priority is given to the geographical environment for numerous reasons. A very important aspect is the advantage of the institution-oriented approach to socio-economic issues, in this way and with the support of proposals, a meaningful link and relationship between the theory and the environment is established. Institutionalists, including Acemoglu and Robinson, criticized authors such as Sachs and Diamond and introduced the theory of institutions as the missing link in the study of the causes of the development or non-development of societies. Although institutionalists have introduced good institutions as the cause of development, but these same institutionalists consider geography to be the most important factor in the formation of the nature of primary institutions. What caused the institutionalists to place geography in the second order of importance after the institutions was a concept called dependence on the traveled path (following the path dependent on primary institutions).

If the principle of the importance of geography and the need to consider environmental conditions in development planning is accepted, the basic question of this research is the logics and adaptations of including this vital phenomenon in the thought and practice of national development and creating a suitable place for consideration. Geographically, in the process of formulating and implementing national development plans and modifying national resource allocation logics, based on this, what path should be started and followed? In this research, using the analytical and descriptive method based on the library method of data collection (documents), an attempt has been made to explain the role of geography in the concept of development.

It can be stated that many development issues have geographical solutions. Therefore, investigating the location and accessibility, the relationships between residential choices and land use, complete routes for transporting goods, spreading ideas and innovations in geographical frameworks and understanding the relationship between man and the environment and in order to solve development issues are important, and natural and human geographical aspects (cultural, social, economic and political) have an essential role in supporting and ensuring the development and national welfare of the countries of the world. In the continuation of this research, some recommendations for the future development program (the 7th development program of the country) were presented.

Finally, during this research, we have come to the conclusion that although geography and environmental factors may not be among the most determining factors in explaining the causes of development or failure of societies, they are definitely among the most important and determining factors. Globalization does not follow geographical unity. That attitude is living geography and it means accepting the general forces of the world in the pattern of distance. It continues to intensify with globalization, regionalism and localization lead to growth and opposing forces balance the effects. One of these changes is against the growth of localism in globalization. So, with globalization, not only geography will not disappear, but we will also witness the production and reproduction of unbalanced geographies.

Basic question: “How have the dynamism and scientific development of geography been influenced by the dominant approach adopted by Iranian geographers for diversity in the main elements of the published interdisciplinary geography-entrepreneurship papers?” The abstracts of the papers, which had summarized their main contents, were reviewed in order to report their level of diversity in terms of objective, result, topic, area, participants and the entrepreneurship variable type, as the greater diversity in these categories in original scientific works shows the researchers' profundity and efforts to cover more issues and respond to more efficient approaches in society. From the points about the development and dynamism of geography, the following seven concepts are obtained as the signs of its dynamism and development:Removal of specialization-caused limitations,
Contribution to content extension and researchers' profundity,
Diversification of problem solving methods,
Solving new scientific problems,
Diversification of scientific subjects,
Changing the researchers' perspectives towards issues, and
Expanding the area of science.
Geography considers entrepreneurship as a phenomenon that underlies the development of society, especially in deprived areas. It tries to plan its development process in Iran by identifying its factors, capacities and obstacles, as well as the quality of the factors in terms of being natural or human and internal or external, and presenting a development model for it.

This study is based on the meta-analysis method, and its data were collected through the documentary method.
A total of 27 active journals were identified in the first step, and then the relevant terms were searched in the website of each journal. More detailed information was obtained through the advanced search of the websites about the use of the word entrepreneurship among the keywords of papers and they were sorted by chronological order. At this stage, a total of 108 science research papers which had used the word entrepreneurship as one of their keywords were identified. Since this study focuses on the works of geographers, the authors' expertise in geography was also checked. Of the initial number of the papers, 91 papers (84.25%) had been written by Iranian authors and published in geographical journals. The number of research samples was determined 73 papers (over 80%) based on the Morgan table. Titles and abstracts of the papers were selected and studied in order to collect statistical data, as the abstract of any scientific paper has to be written within clear frameworks that researchers and journals are required to observe, and it must sum up the whole content of the paper, although it had not been observed in some cases. The content analysis method was used in this study for data analysis purpose. The sampling unit was the abstracts of the papers prepared by the author(s), and the registration unit consisted of the research objectives, research methods, analysis methods, findings, results (achievements), suggestions extracted from the research abstracts, as well as the topics of the studies, which could be extracted from the titles in the most cases. Research codes were exploratory, and each and every new codeword was written down, and if a single word or a synonym of it was replicated, it was added to the code number.

An Overview of All Categories
According to )T7(, the difference between the actual situation (85 scores) and the desired situation (370 scores) is 285 scores, which means the loss of a 77% score of diversity approach in the papers. Another notable result is that if we subtract the total actual scores (58.77, Column 5 of T7) from 370 (only 15.9% of the total capacity scores of the codes in all categories), the resulting figure will be 311.226.
Assessing the total codes and scores obtained from the papers shows two noticeable points. First, 370 new and diverse codes could have been obtained in the 73 geography-entrepreneurship interdisciplinary papers of Iranian geographers to achieve the essential diversity for the scientific development of geography; however, a total of 85 codes (23%) were actually obtained. Second, many of these codes were replicate codes, and replication was not a sign of the importance of the topic and even the existence of a difference in attitude in the dimensions of the topic. Although this was not discussed in this paper, it is confirmed by the initial reviews. The reasons for the replication of some codes need to be explored even in such a limited community in order for the society, publishers and researchers to benefit from it. However, the current study shows that the replication of some codes brought the authors only nearly 59 scores in terms of diversity, and they have lost a larger part of it, approximately equal to 311.5 scores. This indicates a lack of diversity approach in the papers.

The findings of this study show that Iranian geographers have achieved part of the desired success through the geography-entrepreneurship inter-discipline; however, more changes are needed for them to achieve the deserving position and provide appropriate and timely responses and solutions to the current problems and needs of society.

Rural areas are important in many respects and rural planning is one of the educational trends in geography that focuses on rural-related studies in particular. In connection with this issue and due to the importance of research, the purposeful choice of the subjects of study in this field can meet part of the needs of our rural community and on the other hand, help with policy-making factors and related decisions in formulating solutions to existing problems and issues. The research applied rural planning studies to the challenges and problems of development in rural areas. The analysis unit consisted of 150 master's theses in the Faculty of Geography of Kharazmi University. Ravar Matrix was used to prepare the self-interaction matrix and lattice density, degree centrality, inter-mediate centrality, eigenvector and clustering coefficient were used for network analysis. Ucinet was used for keyword integration and Gephi was used for graphs and grids. Afrakhteh and Riahi have been key and important professors in the group's scientific network, who also have more sci-entific connections with the group professors. The topic of sustainable development has been the main topic in the dissertations, which has received more attention, but the topic under discussion has received less attention to some of the main topics in its dimensions. Rural revitalization in the economic dimension; Sustainable conservation of resources, especially water, in the environmental dimension and the issue of rural migration in the social dimension are among the most important issues that rural studies should study more on a case-by-case basis.

Old trees are important and key elements of forest sites and are of great value in terms of forest management, reforestation, silviculture and ecology. Although old trees constitute a small percentage of forest trees, they account for a large share of forest carbon reserve and play a vital role in carbon storage. Understanding the how geographical and site distribution of these trees across the forest is essential to obtain information for forest restoration management. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the geographical and site characteristics of old trees of Wing nut, Ash, Hackberry, Sycamore, Elm, Olive, Cypress and Fig in Ilam province.

After querying the villagers and local people and conducting numerous forest surveys, the old trees were identified and selected on the basis of the diameter of the breast. Then their geographical characteristics including city, district, village, geographical coordinates and site conditions including slope, aspect, altitude, soil depth, climate and proximity to water source were measured or recorded.

The results showed that in terms of geographically distribution, the identified old trees have located in Ilam, Mehran, Malekshahi, Badreh and Dehloran cities. Topographically, the old trees of Wing nut, Elm, Ash and Fig were located in the 0-10% slope class, Hackberry and sycamore in the 0-10% and 10-30% slope classes, olive in the 10-30% slope class and Cypress in the 40-70% slope class. The old trees of Wing nut, elm, Ash and Hackberry were located in the north aspect, fig, sycamore and Cypress in the south aspect and olive in the west and south aspects. The old trees of Wing nut, elm, Ash, Hackberry, Sycamore and Cypress were dispersed at altitude class of 1100–1250 m and olive and fig old trees were at altitude class of 1250–1400 m above sea level. Climatically, the old trees of Wing nut, elm, Ash and Hackberry were located in the very cold Mediterranean climate, Cypress trees and some sycamore trees in the cold Mediterranean climate, and fig, olive and some plantain trees were in the semiarid cold climate. In terms of access to water resources, old trees of Wing nut, elm, Ash, Sycamore, Hackberry and Fig were located on the bed or margin of river, old Cypress trees had no access to water resources and some olive trees were close to water resources. In terms of soil subsidence, old trees of Wing nut, elm, Hackberry, olive, and fig were mostly in soils with medium depths. Old ash and sycamore trees were present in shallow to medium depths and old cypress trees were present in shallower soils. Although the identified old trees were present in limited sites, their long-term and sustained presence in these sites indicates that sites conditions are favorable for their survival.

Therefore, it can be concluded that the presence of low slopes, suitable soil bed and access to water resources were desirable characteristics for stability and survival of the studied old trees in these sites. Due to the above-mentioned characteristics, ecologically similar sites can be found in the forests of the province and can be restored by seed of old and resistant trees.

The relation between society and environment has gone through different phases. During the years before the World War II, the environmental determinism controlled this relation. However, after the 1950’s the anthropocentrism replaced the environmental determinism and humans began to overuse the nature in such a way that nature lost its sustainability and many hazards and crises occurred. These destructions were so intense and widespread that some researchers compared with the episodes of geologic time and named the era beginning from 1970’s the Anthropocene epoch. During this period, the planetary boundaries were crossed in some areas such climate change, nitrogen cycle and biodiversity. Climate change has created most of other hazards. To overcome these problems in 1978 the Brandtland report   announced the sustainable development as not to spend resources more than the nature’s production capacity and not to pollute the nature more than it can assimilate. In other words, the nature should remain in its sustainable state so that the future generations can live with no limitations. The principles of the sustainable development were defined in the earth summit of Rio in 1992 such as social equity, economic viability, and environmental sustainability. These principles were broken down in 17 goals. The Rio conference asked all countries to achieve the sustainable development goals by 2030.  Methodologically the sustainable development requires integrated multidisciplinary approach to investigate the complex system of human- environment in different temporal and spatial scales to achieve the social equity, economic viability, and environmental sustainability. For this reason, many disciplines such as natural resources, environmental sciences, ecology and geography have contributed to the field. Different data from natural resources, human needs and drivers and environmental changes are required to process in very complicated models. In addition to different variables, the hazards are very important component of the sustainable development research, which also requires multi-aspect complicated approach and models. Spatial dependency is another aspect of sustainable development as it differs from place to place in many characteristics. In brief, from the spatial perspective the sustainable development is an integrated multi-approach research about the human-environment system to establish the sustainability on the earth. All of the related fields should study the sustainable development in collaboration with each other. However, the geography due to its long history of studying the relation between human and environment and its spatial dependency is the best single scientific field which can afford studying the sustainable development. Since the earliest times geography has developed quantitative methods, spatial techniques such as geostatistics, and environmental ethics to conserve the nature and human prosperity. The multi approach and systematic works are the main characteristics of Geography. On the other hand, Geography’s vision of defining the location for human’s activities while saving the nature’s sustainability covers the sustainable development completely. Therefore, geography is the overarching field for the sustainable development and it is the main intention of geographers to research and implement the sustainable development to reduce the environmental hazards and develop the sustainable environment for all the human beings at present and in the future. Geography studies the sustainable development through three steps including spatial analysis, spatial planning, and spatial management. In addition, geographers should learn different skills such remote sensing, multivariate statistics and above all develop a common language between different branches of geography.

Development can be considered as one of the main concern of Iranian society in contemporary history. The development, especially economic development, is subjected to the numerous and intertwined factors. In this study, the relationship between the geographical aspects of political power construct and economic development has come into focus. This research is based on quantitative approach and descriptive -analytical method. Data are collected using library and filed findings. The co-occurrence analysis is used to analyze the data. Sampling was performed by snowball sampling. The sample size is 30 people and the Minitab software is used to analyze the data. Although various dimensions and components in political power construct are complex in Iran, in this study, the components and indicators of the geographical dimensions in political power construct are considered and its indicators in relation to economic development is studied, measured, and analyzed. Five components of development indicators which are related to the geographical dimension of political power construct affect Iran’s economic development. Five evaluation components of geo-economy, geopolitics political geography, the environment and human geography (culture and society) have high priority in relation to the geographical dimension of political power constrict and economic development.

Despite the significant development of geography filed in Iran in terms of the number of educational centers, methodologies, research and educational approaches, it has not been able to participate in solving the problems of society in line with international development. However, there are a lot of problems in the society that can be potentially solved by geographers. These problems are divided into two groups: The first group is projects that have been approved for decades and for some reasons, their implementation has been postponed. The second group is updated topics, and here, too, new geography curricula make it difficult to demonstrate its practical aspects in geographical understanding of the subject and identify the possible types of participation to solve the problem within interdisciplinary studies. In this context, understanding of the concept of interdisciplinary studies appears in the form of non-professional intervention in other sciences and overlapping tasks instead of solving the problem with each other. Therefore, in the absence of control and involvement of collective thought in explaining and limiting scientific boundaries, entrants in quantitative and engineering sciences may take over the geographical subjects. There are various reasons for the lack of unity and intellectual cohesion among geographers, of which the absence of serious support from geographical executives of this knowledge, poor involvement of geographical associations and powerless performance of journals to focus on research are important factors. Lack of purposeful educational planning on the basis of solving society problems that originates from these weaknesses, creates mental confusion in undergraduates, and prevents them from solving simple problems.  Added to this, the lack of decisive educational planning on the basis of solving the problems of the society that originates from these weaknesses by creating mental confusion in the undergraduates, prevents them from solving even simple problems while in higher education levels, it deprives them of choosing the appropriate subject and producing significant scientific findings. Hence, the activation of scientific associations, the serious cooperation of geographers with the associations, the administrative assistance of educated geography politicians in accordance with the requests of the associations and the serious performance of the journals in guiding and publishing the original researches are the first step to get out of this impasse.

Given that space has different political, social, economic and cultural dimensions, addressing the political dimension of urban space and examining how urban space policymaking is one of the issues discussed in political geography. If, however, policies are taken without regard to the spatial context and geographical scope of the city; the mismatch between the policies and the urban space creates problems that can cause a great deal of damage. Therefore, one of the areas that today obliges political geographers to deal with is the discussion of how to politicize and manage the political space of a city with a geographical infrastructure. In Tehran, as the political capital of Iran, the geopolitical views of geographers, especially political geographers, need to be used to organize operations in the city's political space. Any kind of project and project for the political development and management of Tehran's space is impossible without the cooperation of geography. Because all projects and projects in the form of space and space come from potential to actual state of experience and experience; any project that has been formulated and implemented without the presence of geography has many problems, especially tectonic problems. Climatology and spatial inefficiency are encountered. The present article, in a descriptive-analytical way, seeks to address the issue that, in order to organize and develop Tehran, policies must be made in terms of geographical conditions and facilities, especially spatial potentials. In this context, the local government as a geographical symbol and the creation of security as a political element in Tehran's urban space has been emphasized.

This article is a fundamental and theoretical research. The sources used include documentary and library texts and inferential analyzes and are organized in a descriptive-analytical method.

Tehran's environment as a metropolis has opportunities and challenges that if planned and managed properly and efficiently, many disadvantages will be eliminated and a high percentage of potentials and opportunities will find their way to the practical space and make the capital They become an important political point in the world. The increasing complexity of people's relationships in modern societies has led to problems and problems in the social environment, especially in the capitals of countries. On the other hand, changes in the structure and social framework and the way it is formulated in the implementation and the new social order have multiplied the solution of problems and problems. Based on this situation and depending on the political and social framework and the available facilities, the relevant policymakers and agents have adopted various strategies and measures to create and maintain security (political, social, cultural and environmental) as well as to prevent the occurrence of injuries. . Here, it is important to provide information about the establishment of an efficient local government in the city of Tehran, as well as explanations about ways to create security in the city of Tehran for the peace of citizens. In fact, the management of the political space of the city means to create material and spiritual security with the help of local organizations in a place (region, district, a geographical area) and with the cooperation of citizens. That is, without the presence of geography and geographical features, policies do not act in accordance with the space and in harmony with the spatial situation, and as a result, how to make policies in space requires the application of geography. Both in the natural field and in the human field. As mentioned in the abstract, this article seeks to express the issue that, in order to organize and develop the city of Tehran, policies should be made in line with geographical conditions and facilities, especially spatial potentials. Today, the administration of urban affairs has undergone or should have undergone fundamental changes compared to the past. Because the possibility of public administration, with a traditional attitude, does not exist at all. At the forefront of these changes is a shift in the way public management (urban and neighborhood) is organized. Given the breadth, complexity, and diversity of government functions, the concentration of authority in ministries and senior government management agents makes it difficult to achieve development goals. Decentralization and transfer of power refers to the transfer of authority in the geographical dimension and means the transfer of authority from the central branches to the sub-branches. The purpose of creating environmental security is to create good conditions for achieving the physical and mental health of the citizens of Tehran. Unfortunately, in Tehran, many aspects of health that are very easily accessible have been neglected, and this endangers people's health and endangers social health if it is contagious. In this regard, officials should pay attention to three key points. 1- Health services throughout the city 2. Trash cans 3- Air pollution and the environment of the city

According to the material presented in the article, we conclude that: There is a connection between politics and geography in general and politics and urban space in particular. The knowledge of geography has long been considered and used by city rulers. In the last century, the establishment of associations, institutes of geographical and strategic studies in the capitals of the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, Russia and France, etc., all show the importance and role of geographical knowledge for governments and governments in advancing their goals. Therefore, geographical worldview, in analyzing issues and also recognizing the values and importance of situations, spaces, places, capabilities and in general the secrets of their nation and other nations, gives a deep insight and comprehensive view to the rulers.Among the mentioned factors, the share of vehicle traffic in environmental pollution is more than other factors. Of course, all the pollution caused by cars is not related to the movement of vehicles in the city, and sometimes the type of vehicle, its wear and tear and the breakdown of vehicle components cause environmental pollution.

The term "geopolitics" was first coined in 1899 by a Swedish political scientist named Rudolf Kellen. There are many definitions of geopolitics, sometimes it is considered as a science and sometimes it is presented in the form of knowledge and discourse. The Larousse Dictionary mentions geopolitics as a science. While critical geopolitics thinkers believe that geopolitics does not have a separate and pervasive meaning and identity, but is a different cultural and political discourse and way of describing, writing and representing geography and international politics. They believe that geopolitics is a type of power / knowledge that at the beginning of the twentieth century was concerned with the expansion of nations and the security of empires.The World Geography Dictionary believes that geopolitics are policies that Territorial relations and the aspirations of political institutions are taking place. Geopolitical theories with the nature of predicting the events of the future world system, have generally been proposed with the centrality of different geographical locations in the field of global power competition. Our main goal in this research is to study 15 geopolitical theories that have been neglected in the specialized literature of this field in Iran.

The present study is of a fundamental and theoretical type that tries to expand the boundaries of general knowledge of this science in Iran by examining the neglected theories of geopolitics. The method of data collection in this research is documentary and library and the method of data analysis is descriptive-analytical.

So far, many theories have been studied and analyzed in the specialized geopolitical literature in Iran. However, there are some theories that have not been examined for various reasons, such as the breadth of the global geopolitical literature or the novelty of the theories. Therefore, in the present study, we reviewed and analyzed 12 important theories that were neglected in the Iranian geopolitical literature, and also in the end, we briefly introduced 3 other less cited geopolitical theories. These theories start with Charles Doran's theory in 1971 and continue to Verbowski's theory in 2020. They include: 1. The power cycle (Doran): This theory explains the changing structure of the world power system and reflects the change in structure The system and the rise and fall of a country as a great power. 2. Linkage (Kissinger): This theory connects all the sensitive and troublesome parts of the world to the Soviet Union, and considers the involvement of the United States in any conflict to examine its impact on the superpower balance. 3. The Fall of the Russian Empire (Collins): He proposed a geopolitical theory based on the conditions that determined the emergence and geopolitical collapse of territorial power and correctly predicted the fall of the Soviet Union. 4. Eurasian Chessboard (Brzezinski): This theory likens the land of Eurasia to a chessboard with a major player for the first time in US history. 5. The Last Map (Kaplan): The Kaplan map is divided into rich north and poor south, where the south, especially Africa, is doomed to chaos. In fact, this map will be an immutable display of chaos. 6. Death of Heartland (Trenin): This theory states that the new Russia has lost its former quality as the center of world power (Heartland). So by the end of the heartland, the country must join the West. 7. Systematic geopolitical configuration (Dussouy) In this attractive model, Dussouy introduces 5 spaces, which include three central levels: demographic space, diplomatic-strategic space and economic space. 8. The Maritime Ring (Cohen): He believes that the growth of population, economy and political power along the coast and ports is the main reason for the geographical change (continentalism towards navigation) that creates a Maritime ring. Cohen tests this theory in the United States and says that the maritome ring is the center of gravity of American commerce. 9. Role Realignment Theory (Lahneman): This theory, which is influenced by the Charles's cycle of power, states that with the rise or fall of nations in power cycles, power gaps in maps appear due to an inherent stagnation in the planning of roles and responsibilities. For Lahneman, role-power gaps are defined using four roles: structural, declarative, operational, and attributive. 10. The end of geopolitics and the beginning of geopolinomics (Kazi): This theory is based on the work of Demco and Wood and believes that in the 21st century, power rivalry is based on geopolnomical components such as energy corridors, modern Silk Roads and ports, Thus we are witnessing the end of traditional geopolitical patterns that have been replaced by global geopolinomics. 11. Heartland Fascination (Ristick and Malinson): This theory takes an unscientific and unrealistic view of geopolitics and argues that geopolitics and heartland fascination are very dangerous to international relations because of the instrumental approach in the actors' think tank. In addition to being unscientific, this theory ignores the pacifist geopolitical dimension (geopacific) and its applied dimension based on humanistic geopolitics. 12. The framework of network geopolitical metaphors (Verbovszky): The purpose of using metaphor in this theory is to provide a framework and vocabulary for understanding some political changes. It is a metaphorical framework, the geopolitics of a network based on a new balance of power, with the play of strategic actors, strategic disruptors, digital militants and strategic citizens. Three other lesser-cited geopolitical theories include: 1. Hierarchical regional grouping (Chrone): This theory presented ten regional groupings and believed that the Pacific would become the arena of future confrontation for the Soviet Union, the United States, and China. 2. Key regions (Silak): Silak 25 centuries ago believed that any country that dominates the three key and strategic regions, namely Bahrain, Oman and Yemen, will rule the world. 3. The Arabian Peninsula, the axis of world power (Schreiber): The focus of this theory was the Arabian Peninsula, which believed that any country that dominates the peninsula would dominate the entire continent of Europe, and that any country that dominates the continent of Europe would rule the world.

Undoubtedly, travelogues do not only have a literary and fictional dimension, but also contain some valuable scientific information about the geography, culture, politics, economy and geography of the regions. Nasser Khosrow's travelogue should undoubtedly be considered one of the most brilliant travelogues of Persian literature, because a masterly sage like Nasser Khosrow, relying on science and knowledge, as well as with complete truthfulness and only by recording his objective observations, away from the interference of emotions. And personal emotions have taken over the pen and created such an effect. The purpose of this article is to identify and analyze the components of urban geography in Naser Khosrow's travelogue. The main question of the article is how the components of urban geography in Nasser Khosrow's travelogue have been identified and studied? The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical. The results of this article show that Naser Khosrow's travelogue is a multidimensional and complete set of information that is significant for any person with different tastes and is one of the most basic sources of research and research in the political, social, anthropological, environmental and historical fields. And are geographical. In this research, after stating the introduction and several definitions, we intend to identify the components of urban geography in Naser Khosrow's travelogue and its various dimensions in Naser Khosrow's travelogue.

The closeness of the law and regulations to the ethical requirements considered to be a powerful support for their acceptability and efficiency. On the other hand , the inefficiency of the criminal law in response to the economic crimes and considering the necessity of maintaining the public interest and security in the present era (Economic war) has led to the formation of an approach in the form of “The Executive regulation by-law on how to deal with crimes of the corrupters in the country’s economic system and the establishment of the special economic crimes courts, approved on Nov. 14,2018” which despite its ability to adopt to the ethical theories of utilitarian it has shown sign of ethical retreats. In this article by using the descriptive and analytical methods as well as the computerized and library resources, we have studied some factors such as the equality of arms,ignorance of the principles of innocence, acceleration of the legal actions, and so we have suggested the solution that in order to keep pace with the ethics, religious teachings and certain principles of the criminal law the regulations and law should be revised and for the justice system to be more efficient and have better judgments this revision seems to be necessary.

The global geopolitical order became fluid after the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union, and we witnessed a shift in dimensions from geostrategy to economic and cultural dimensions in the last decades of the twentieth century. Meanwhile, Wallerstein's theory of geoculture and Huntington's theory of the clash of civilizations did not work out well, so we are witnessing the formation of a "geopolinomics" order in the 21st century that was previously conceptualized by "Demko and Wood" and "kazi". Using their terminology, the authors present a new theory called the "geopolinomical structure of the world system" for the 21st century, which is based on the components of economics, politics and geography. The present article is of the type of fundamental and theoretical research and the information and raw materials of the analysis are obtained by the library method and by using scientific books and articles, as well as valid or reference websites.The results show that in the modern geopolinomical order, a fragile multipolar equilibrium has been formed with the axis of the four powers of the United States, China, Russia and India, and energy and ports, along with corridors and geotransit routes are geopolinomical components. These factors have given rise to the "geographical gravity of power rivalry" in Central Asian-Eurasia as the "ecumene" of the structure.

The performance of Kish Island as a free zone and tourist destination has attracted the attention of experts so far, and most of them, by comparing the performance of Kish Island with tourist destinations and successful free trade zones in other parts of the world, believe that the free zone Kish has been able to achieve its goals. In this regard, the present study tries to examine the success or failure of Kish Free Zone development projects with emphasis on geographical components. Planning for pathology of free zone development plans with emphasis on geographical components depends on careful study and knowledge of the study area and requires access to outstanding models for planning analysis. In this study, the SWOT approach has been used to determine the most appropriate strategy for the pathology of free zone development plans with emphasis on geographical components. . The approach of this research is a survey using the interview process and questions from experts and technicians. Based on the research results, the most appropriate strategy for pathology of free zone development plans with emphasis on geographical components, strategy (WO), use of political and managerial power to coordinate organizations related to free zones, development of potential re-export to Persian Gulf regions And the center of goods transit, creating security and a stable political atmosphere in the free zones; Strengthen and make more efficient the management system of the Secretariat of Free Zones for the administration of the Free Zones of Iran and prevent the parallel activities of other departments in the administration of these zones; Clarification and transparency of laws and the formulation of laws in the long run and in a sustainable manner, in accordance with international standards and investment in free zones of transport and tourism development to earn foreign exchange and use investment power to provide appropriate amenities.

The performance of Kish Island as a free zone and tourist destination has attracted the attention of experts so far, and most of them, by comparing the performance of Kish Island with tourist destinations and successful free trade zones in other parts of the world, believe that the free zone Kish has been able to achieve its goals. In this regard, the present study tries to examine the success or failure of Kish Free Zone development projects with emphasis on geographical components. Planning for pathology of free zone development plans with emphasis on geographical components depends on careful study and knowledge of the study area and requires access to outstanding models for planning analysis. In this study, the SWOT approach has been used to determine the most appropriate strategy for the pathology of free zone development plans with emphasis on geographical components. . The approach of this research is a survey using the interview process and questions from experts and technicians. Based on the research results, the most appropriate strategy for pathology of free zone development plans with emphasis on geographical components, strategy (WO), use of political and managerial power to coordinate organizations related to free zones, development of potential re-export to Persian Gulf regions And the center of goods transit, creating security and a stable political atmosphere in the free zones; Strengthen and make more efficient the management system of the Secretariat of Free Zones for the administration of the Free Zones of Iran and prevent the parallel activities of other departments in the administration of these zones; Clarification and transparency of laws and the formulation of laws in the long run and in a sustainable manner, in accordance with international standards and investment in free zones of transport and tourism development to earn foreign exchange and use investment power to provide appropriate amenities.

Today, it is one of the applied disciplines in forensic science and geography. Geography is referred to as a fundamental scientific discipline, because of the phenomena and processes that we go through we have to talk about the place where it was created and expanded and eventually left or disappeared and its location conditions. To identify. One of these phenomena is "crime or crime". The existence and manner of crime in different places varies. So that the "conditions of place" are of great importance in the presence and absence, expansion or non-spread of mass. However, we must bear in mind that every place in different economic, cultural, political, and environmental dimensions has various components and variables that directly or indirectly influence the amount of spatial weight or location power. Therefore, the greater the power of the place, the less likely the crime will be. This fundamental article, with a descriptive-analytical approach, seeks to express the relationship between crime and geography, especially in the big cities of the present age. The importance of the research is that by explaining the relevant theories and perspectives it seeks to answer the question why crime is increasing in some places and in others it is decreasing. In fact, we seek to prove the hypothesis that there is a strong relationship between geographic space and crime that criminals screen their first thoughts in the context of the subject before considering committing the crime, taking into account the location conditions.

Despite more than three decades of early research on resilience, this concept is still lacking in inclusive and operational in various scientific fields, including disaster management. Many of the contradictions in the meaning of resilience arise from cognitive tendencies, methodological approaches, fundamental conceptual differences, as well as views that focus on research into ecological, social, or a combination of both. A resilient city is a city that has the capacity to withstand and accept danger before the collapse of the system. The system of this city is dynamic and changeable. When danger occurs, it absorbs change and returns to equilibrium, the city has the ability to go back and accept the threat. In recent years, research in the field of urban resilience in Iran in scientific and geographical research journals has been increasing and the academic community has become familiar with the need for research in this field. Therefore, this research has been written by meta-analysis method (a systematic method to achieve these goals by statistical analysis of quantitative findings from studies related to a research problem) and with the aim of identifying and categorizing research articles written in the field of urban resilience in geographical journals; After searching and identifying the articles that have dealt directly with the subject in recent years, understanding the approaches and their nature, we examined the structure of the articles including methodology, indicators, sampling, data collection and analysis methods and the results obtained to positive and negative aspects. The results of the research indicate that all articles are a kind of theorizing and have not led to theorizing. Although some researches have provided very good and new models and suggestions, due to the nature of the researches, they cannot be classified as fundamental researches and theorists.