جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « ژئومورفولوژی » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

Protecting the borders and establishing security and defense in the border and internal areas of every country has been the concern of the rulers of their time. To some extent, all countries throughout history have faced insecurity, chaos, crisis and war at the borders to stabilize their country. In the past years, many ethnic, racial and religious groups have lived side by side in unstable political and social frameworks and have lived on the borders. Throughout history, the country's border strips have seen the most significant conflicts and confrontations between governments and nations; therefore, the issue of borders has always been one of the basic and important issues of governments, so borders have a special place in every country. One of the most difficult tasks of any government is the control and security of political borders, and if this issue is not paid attention to and there are no appropriate plans and solutions, the country's political sovereignty will be threatened. In order to turn threats into opportunities and benefit from conditions and situations in order to maintain security and secure national interests, we must have a deep and comprehensive understanding of the level of border areas and its surrounding spaces. In the meantime, one of the most important measures is planning according to the geomorphological capabilities of the border areas. One of the measures that increase security in the border strip is to identify areas prone to establishing military bases and surveillance centers. Considering that the border strip of Kurdistan province, including Marivan city, has a sensitive location, therefore, in this research, the areas prone to the construction of military bases and observation centers in this city have been identified.

In this research, according to the subject and objectives, library information, SRTM 30 meters high digital model and digital layers of information have been used as research data. The most important research tools are ArcGIS (for the purpose of preparing necessary maps) and Expert Choice (for the implementation of the AHP model). In this research, in order to identify the vulnerable areas of Marivan city against the enemy's influence, as well as areas susceptible to the construction of military bases and observation centers, the integrated model of fuzzy logic and AHP has been used. This research has been done in several stages. In the first step, the parameters used are identified. In the second step, the used parameters are fuzzification. In the third step, using the Analytical Hierarchy Model (AHP) and based on the opinions of experts, weight has been given to the information layers and then the obtained weight has been applied to the information layers. In the fourth stage, the layers of information are combined and finally, a map of areas prone to enemy infiltration and areas prone to establishing military bases and observation centers is prepared.

In this research, in order to identify vulnerable areas against enemy infiltration, 6 parameters of height, slope, field of view, distance from the river, distance from urban areas and distance from military bases have been used. Also, considering that the study area corresponds to the border strip, therefore monitoring and controlling these areas is very important. One of the ways to control and monitor the border areas is to create military bases and observation centers, which has been addressed in this research using 6 parameters. Investigations have shown that Marivan city has a lot of diversity in terms of geomorphology, and this problem has caused its different parts to have different potentials for creating military objectives. Considering the importance of creating security in the border strip, it is necessary to pay attention to the geomorphological capabilities of this city in order to create security in the region. In this research, based on the geomorphological capabilities of Marivan city, vulnerable areas were identified against the enemy's influence, as well as areas susceptible to the construction of military bases and observation centers.
 

According to the results, due to the geomorphological situation of Marivan city, parts of this city lack sufficient visibility and are far from the monitoring and control of military bases, and this problem has caused these areas, which mainly include the southwestern and southern regions. Is a city, have a high vulnerability potential. Also, the results of this research have shown that parts of Marivan city, which mostly correspond to the central areas of the city, have a high potential for building military bases and observation centers. Due to high altitude, low slope, western directions, wide field of view, proximity to main roads and being far from military bases, these areas have high potential for the desired goals. The total results of this research have shown that in locating military bases in Marivan city, geomorphological factors have not been given much attention and it is necessary to establish security in this region, military bases and observation centers. He built a new building in accordance with the geomorphological strength of the region.

Geomorphology is related to the processes and forms of the earth's surface, and any human activity, including the construction of bridges, leads to quantitative and qualitative changes in the movement and displacement of materials and kinetic energy and affects the geomorphic system, is the concern and involvement of geomorphologists. Geomorphology, as a systematic science can also study and explain the environmental realities that have been objectified in the form of processes and forms in nature, and introduce their results and output spatially in the form of maps and models. The type of research is applied and the research method is descriptive-analytical and based on the results of the Ph.D. Thesis entitled "Geomorphological modeling of the construction of bridges in urban floodways (Case study: Tehran metropolis)". The results indicate the capability and application of geomorphology in modeling and optimal location and construction of bridges, in order to create more security and welfare of citizens, reduce costs and prevent financial and human losses due to the destruction and improper location of such structures in an urban floodway- river valleys and other natural environments. Also, this study, while enriching the literature of the field in question, has studied, explained, and conceptually modeled the role and application of geomorphology in the optimal location and construction of bridges in urban issues. 

Geotourism is one of the branches of sustainable tourism that focuses on geological features and natural landscapes of a region. Tourism has various forms and types that are related to geography and tourism. The purpose of this research is to investigate and analyze the potentials of geomorphosites and geomorphological destinations in West Azarbaijan province using dynamic models and national parks. For this purpose, the geotourist areas of Band, Marmisho and Rajan are identified and the geomorphosite potentials are identified. The geomorphological purposes of those areas were evaluated. In this research, Violet's model has been used And for this purpose, we examine the geotourist areas of Bandh, Rajan, and Marmisho based on four criteria: origin of formation, geographical distribution, tourism, and access status. The results obtained from Fiolet's model showed that the geotourist area of ​​Band village with a score of (8.25) from the total of effective items has various capabilities and compared to the other two areas, it has a high score in terms of development and attraction of tourists. Also, these areas were evaluated with a dynamic model. During this survey, the results showed that the geotourist area of ​​Bandh has a higher score among geotourism values ​​and indicators than other areas. Being an indicator in the destination with a score of (4.8) has the highest value. Based on this, by using the geotourism potentials in the studied area, the results were obtained that Urmia dam area will be very useful for attracting tourists and developing tourism. Therefore, it can be concluded that by identifying and creating facilities in the geotourist areas of Bandh region, we will attract tourists and develop welfare infrastructure. Therefore, it is suggested to provide a fresh and new attitude towards geosites in these areas in future studies in this area.

Gilan province is one of the most populous regions of the country, with a population of 2,530,696, making it the twelfth most populous province of Iran. These areas have become unstable due to factors such as the increase in immigration and the lack of recognition of the effective landforms in the quality and quantity of groundwater, especially in coastal areas, and require proper management and potential. Alluvial fans are an important landform in the plains that start from the mouths of the rivers coming out of the mountains and continue to the lowlands of the plains. In the present research, after identifying the boundaries of alluvial fans in the low-altitude eastern and central plains of Gilan province, the morphometric characteristics of each alluvial cone were calculated independently and quantitative analyzes of the geomorphic features of alluvial fans were provided. Therefore, in this article, we have tried to identify the boundary of the morphometric changes of alluvial fans according to statistical classification, and determine the ratio of changes in underground water parameters, so that the results of this research will help to identify underground water sources according to the morphometric characteristics of alluvial fans. Also, the results of this study show that geomorphic studies before carrying out implementation plans can be the basis for reducing errors in determining the right place to feed an aquifer or dig an underground water well.

The alluvial fans in the east and center of Gilan province are located in the geographical range of 40.50° to 49.00° east longitude and 30.36° to 25.37° north latitude (Figure 1) and are influenced by the Anzali and Darya lagoon catchments. These areas, with an area of 3820 square kilometers, start from the west of the city of Masal and continue to the city of Chabaksar (originally the political border of Mazandaran province) in the east.In this research, first, information on the depth of water table, standard deviation of time changes of water level, well discharge and electrical conductivity of 23559 rings of drinking, agricultural and urban wells were obtained from Iran Water Resources Organization. Also, the border of 28 alluvial cones was drawn using Landsat 8 satellite images, Sentinel 2 satellite and 1:50000 topographic maps in Arc Gis software. The parameters used and how to calculate them in this study for alluvial fans are: area of alluvial cone in kilometers, radius of the cone, sweep angle, height of the top of alluvial cone, height of the base of alluvial cone, degree of roughness of the cone, length of the cone, slope of the alluvial cone, concavity of the cone Alluvium, the length of the base of the cone, the volume of the alluvial coneAfter extracting morphometric data and groundwater data for each alluvial cone, statistical methods and tests were used to make decisions about the impact of morphometry on groundwater parameters. For this purpose, SPSS version 23 software was used to classify the morphometrics of alluvial fans using cluster rank-order cluster analysis and its tree diagram was drawn. In the current cluster analysis, Euclidean geometry was used to determine the distance of members from each other.
Then, each separated cluster was evaluated separately by Pearson's correlation test, and the correlation of the morphometric parameters of each cluster with the changes in the groundwater parameters of that cluster was measured. In the end, RFFLOW software was used to draw the model of the influence of geomorphic parameters.

Due to the fact that the flow rate of the wells in the alluvial cone largely indicates the stable or unstable potential of underground water in the direction of exploiting these resources. Therefore, the results of the correlation test of flow rate with alluvial cone morphometry show that the area, length and total volume of alluvial cone in the study area have a positive correlation of 99% with the groundwater discharge of the area. In fact, with the increase in the area, length and volume of alluvial cones, the amount of water that can be extracted from the wells increases. This point has a positive and strong correlation of 99% with the height of the top and base of the cones, which indicates that in alluvial cones whose morphometry is higher than others, the amount of groundwater flow is also at that time. Alluvial cones are more. The slope of the alluvial cone, as an important factor in the duration and degree of water infiltration in the soil, has a negative and strong correlation of 99% with the flow rate, which indicates that by reducing the slope, the water flow rate has been reduced to a minimum. underground increases.

The results showed that the changes in discharge, electrical conductivity and depth of the sedimentation surface from the total of 11 morphometric parameters of the alluvial cone are affected by the morphometric characteristics with the amount of 82%, 45% and 45% respectively. are considered important for identifying and zoning the appropriate potential of underground water on a larger and local scale. Based on this, the highest amount of discharge can be observed in the alluvial cone of the third cluster. The reason for this issue is the direct relationship between the volume and area of the cone with the changes in the underground water flow. Also, in the third cluster, with the increase in the area of the cone from the average (19.3 km) to the maximum area (71.3), the flow rate of the wells also increases. The depth of the water table is also not significant because of the same conditions in the entire region and the water table depth of all three clusters is close to the total average .In general, the results of this research showed that geomorphological landforms and the difference in their morphometric characteristics can be used as an important indicator in evaluating the potential of underground water and can be used as a model in the studies of underground water in areas with the climatic characteristics of the studied region.

The growth rate of urban population varies in different regions, and the role and position of cities in this area is very influential. Baneh is now considered one of the most important cities in the west of the country, which is very much considered, and due to its commercial location, the urban population and the expansion of its urban settlements are in a steady rising trend. Due to the geomorphologic situation of the area, the development of the settlement areas of this city is confronted, and as a result of the development of this city, many settlements are located in areas that are geomorphologically part of the hazardous areas. Considering the above mentioned cases in this research, the Baneh urban development process from 1992 to 2017 has been evaluated and the aim of this research is to evaluate the Baneh urban development process during the period 1992 to 2017, and then on the basis of it, the development rate the city of Baneh will be projected until 2030. The research data included Landsat satellite imagery of 1992, 2001, 2011, and 2017, as well as information layers including DEM 30m. Data analysis was performed using two ARC GIS and IDRISI software. In this research, using satellite imagery of land use, a study area was developed from 1992 to 2017, and based on these maps, the LCM model predicts the development of residential areas by 2030. The results of the present study indicate that during the period 1992 to 2017 the size of the residential areas increased from 9 km2 to 20 km2, as well as the results of the prediction of the development of residential areas also indicate that the size of the restricted settlement areas until 2030 It will reach about 27.7 square kilometers.

Establishment and development of settlement is in relation to environmental condition and geomorphic condition. . The aim of this study is to identify to limitations and capabilities in this area in conjunction with residential development to the development of residential areas in Tafresh.In order to aim using of combination model AHP-Fuzzy relation with geomorphologic planning. Data analysis in this research is that it is 14 natural parameter geomorphological forms such as elevation, slope, aspect, land use, geology, soil, geomorphology, erosion, distance of road, distance of river, distance of fault and distance of landslide point as effective parameters in study question selected. Eventually after standardization, integration and geomorphological mapping based on fuzzy model and manipulate results showed that 68% of the area of 1861 square kilometers is unsuitable for residential development that This shows the limited nature of the right places according to the geomorphological conditions of the region to develop and create new settlements. Geomorphological units such as mountains, plains, salt plains, dunes, sand dunes, rocky hills and badlands with limits for human settlements and development of alluvial fan and alluvial plains are more suitable for the development of settlements.

Gully erosion is one of the linear and progressive forms of water erosion that has an expanding role in land degradation. A gully is a channel with a steep side slope and head cut that is formed by surface or subsurface soil erosion processes though heavy rains, soil disturbance or landuse changes. Upon once the gully initiation head cut retreating is the main effective erosion process influencing land degradation and soil loess. The development of the head cuts have caused the removal of fertile soil, the aggravation of flooding by wild land and production of sediment from agricultural lands. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the growth and expansion of gullies in order to identify the factors involved in soil loss and effectiv implimentation of soil conservation projects. In the same regard, besides paying attention to the special climatic conditions and the high sensitivity of the soil in the study area, the main aim of this research is to compare the growth of the gullies by aerial photographs and field operations to determaine the most important factors on gully head development over the short and long time spans. Also, other geometric of gullies including length, volume and surface growth were estimated and modelled by regression analysis procedure to find out the most important variables.

The present research was conducted by selecting 30 permanent gullies using a survey based on field sampling, and conducting experiments to extract data and performing statistical analysis in two areas of Ismail Abad and Najm Abad villages in Alborz province. Identification of the gullies’ location and mapping of gullies distribution were performed by using the google earth database, interpretation of aerial orthophotos of the 1980s and 1990s, digital topographic maps (25,000). Also the present location of head cuts were determined by field survay in 2017 with a GPS device. The length, width and depth of gullies, the slope of the upstream channel leading to the gully and the slope of the gully channel bed and the landuse condition were recorded during field surveying. At the end soil samples were taken from the gulleis’ walls to determine the physicochemical attributes of the soil. Using geographic information system (GIS), the longitudinal, surface and volume growth of the gullies over the three time periods of 1988-99, 1999-2017 and 1988-2017 in two study areas estimated directly. By multiplying the surface of each gully by the average depth obtained from the field surviving, the volumetric growth was also determined. Multiple regression analysis was applied into the data to determine the significant factors (soil and topography and upland contribution area and road density).

The growth estimation results showed that the average annual longitudinal growth over the 1988-1999, 1999-2017 and 1988-2017 in Ismailabad and Najmabad were 1.24, 1.18, 1.2 m/Y and 75.03, 30.78, 3.75, respectively. The average surface growths are 4.96, 4.46 and 4.65 m2/Y in Ismailabad region and 464.2, 18.73, and 187.7 m2/Y in Najmabad region. Also, the average volume growths are 4.59, 3.38, and 3.84 m3/Y in Ismailabad region and 513.86, 20.70 and 207.76 m3/Y in Najmabad region. The gully volumetric growths of Ismail Abad and Najmabad during the period of 11 years (88-99) are 45.31% and 93.82%, respectively. Also, the volume growths during the period of 99-2017 (18 years) are 54.69%, 6.18% respectively in the two regions of Ismailabad and Najmabad, and the average gully growth over the 29-year period is more than the 18-year period.

The volume growth in both regions is higher in the first phase, the average gully development in the long-term time span (1988-2017) is more than the short-term period (1988-1999), which can be due to the greater growth of the head cuts in the initial phase of formation, landuse changes, and heavy low-frequency rainfalls. Also, due to factors such as slope, type of land use, soil, and humane construction activities, the average gully growth in Najmabad region is higher than Ismailabad one. The growth (longitudinal and surface) of gullies in Najmabad region has been much higher than in Ismailabad region. In Ismailabad region, due to the conditions of hilly rugged land, the contribution upstream area of the head cuts were less than Najmabad region (alluvial plain) and ttherefore, the amount of runoff will be less and consequently the gully head development is more in Najmabad. Comparing the results of this research with other researches shows that the reason for the high growth of headcuts in this research can be related to the sensitivity of the soil, the dry climate and the human developing constarctions such as roads construction.

Achieving environmental sustainability of the geographical area, requires planning principles defense, defensive positioning and enhance the security of sensitive sites and ease of movement. The knowledge and mastery of the capabilities and limitations of the geomorphological a particular area and its defense policies in times of crisis, will have an important role in the stability of a region.The issue of defense planning to reduce the vulnerability and increase the sustainability of the environment and facilitate crisis management and military actions against enemy threats, a process that is essential in the area of a country and its security.

South-East coast of the Islamic Republic of Iran (Makran coast), is one of the strategic areas. This area is only ocean beaches and in terms of defense and strategic planning is extremely important.Due to the sensitivity of the special position of this region, many threats in various areas, including most notably military threats (due to the presence of foreign troops) is expected for this region Therefore, in order to deal with these threats, compliance issues studied in the treatment of central coast region can be guarantee sustainable development and security.

One thing that plays a major role in the preparation of the defense, which is one of the most basic natural features of the natural environment geomorphological features of the area, which is the regional context of various activities in the area include. In this study, the preparation of the defense and security in South East Iran has been emphasizing the geomorphological features.This descriptive - field-based analysis methods and library. First, using GIS software to assess the ecological potential for human development activities, including urban development, rural industries And then to zoning and locating the region to military activities and defense were using AHP model and GIS software and then the complications are detected geomorphological area in preparation of an effective defense and a questionnaire survey of experts, the value and importance of each factor in the preparation of the defense review.

The various stages of the model was to be phased out and all the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats were identified geomorphological region in terms of defense planning. The final factor 3/222 region's strengths, weaknesses final factor 2/859, 3/349 and regional opportunities final coefficient ratio was 3/011 final regional threats. The coefficients obtained from the matrix was placed strategically assess the situation and act according to the result, Strategies study area is close to an aggressive strategy and the authorities should try to advantage of strengths and opportunities, and to take steps towards this strategy.

Investigating and understanding Sand dunes is of great importance in the management of natural resources and the control of risks caused by them. The purpose of this research is to investigate the sand dunes of Darvazeh Quran, in the north of Yazd city, which is of great importance due to its proximity to Yazd city and its use for the development of tourism. In this research, in order to determine the origin of Sand dunes, from the wind data of Yazd synoptic station, during a period of 20 years (2001-2021), topographic maps 1:50000, geological maps 1:100000, TM satellite images of 1993, ETM+ year 2008 and 2017 and field studies have been used for sampling. The research method is also based on the analysis of wind characteristics (direction and speed), the mineralogy of sedimentary grains, and the use of satellite images. The results of the wind survey in the studied area showed that strong winds in the dry seasons along the northwest play an important role in the formation, development, and movement of sand. Mineralogical investigation and XRF analysis indicate that quartz minerals and then carbonates with an average of 45 and 33% are the most abundant among the sediments of the studied area and the classification based on spectral reflection of satellite images of loose sands showed that the band ratios are 4.5, 3.4 and 3.5 in TM images can be used to identify the mentioned minerals. Finally, the results showed that the alluvial and flood plains, along with alluvial deposits located in the northwestern and western part of this reservoir, are the main sources of nutrition for the sandy dunes of Darvazeh Quran.

In urban management, knowing the proper platforms for the physical development of cities can be considered inevitable. Considering the importance of the role of geomorphological components in determining the desirable locations for urban development, in the current research, the appropriate limits of the physical development of Shahreza have been investigated in terms of the influence of geomorphological factors.

In this research, geomorphological factors such as slope, slope direction, height, location of faults, land use, lithology, and distance from waterways and rivers have been identified. Two methods were used to investigate the role of geomorphological factors in the physical development of Shahreza city. Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Multi-Criteria Decision Making Model (TOPSIS) were exerted in the geographic information system (GIS) environment.

 In this research, geomorphological factors, including slope, fault, lithology, height, land use, distance from waterways, and slope direction, were investigated. Development possibilities have been explored across eight geographical directions. In the next step, the importance coefficient and relative weight were compared using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and then ranked and evaluated using the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS).

 Investigating these geomorphological factors in the direction of urban planning is necessary. The results show that among the studied geomorphological factors, slope, and fault position factors have the highest importance coefficients and the directions of northeast, east, southeast, and north, respectively, in AHP with scores of 0.198, 0.186, 0.179, and 0.134. In TOPSIS, ranks 1, 2, 3, and 4 were identified as the priority axis of user development.

Innovation:

 The present study is one of the few studies that have been conducted to evaluate the geomorphological effects on the city's physical development. Hopefully, this research will be the starting point for further studies in this field.

Dikes are internal igneous structures that have penetrated their host rocks in the form of sheets. These structures are mostly caused by the ascent of magma in fractures caused by regional tensile stresses or volcanic rifts. Dikes are classified based on different criteria such as origin and formation method. Some of them are known as sheeted dikes in ophiolitic complexes. These dikes are formed in ophiolitic complexes and in the place of magma ascent channel forming pillow lavas. Some dikes in volcanic areas play a role as dikes feeding volcanic zones or dacite and rhyolitic domes. This type of dikes is called feeder dikes. Another group of them penetrated in a relatively wide area inside the fractures that were formed under the influence of a specific tectonic regime and massively in one area, which are called swarm dikes, which are the subject of this discussion. It is an article. In swarm dikes, usually their frequency distribution in the region is more than 2 dikes per square kilometer. The formation of swarm dikes is due to the action of the tensile tectonic regime in the earth's crust, before their replacement. In this case, the abundance of dikes is directly related to the maximum amount of tensile stress. Due to the existence of different ophiolitic and volcanic regions in Iran, as well as the occurrence of different orogenic phases and the application of different tectonic regimes in different geological periods in the land of Iran, different volcanic dikes were formed in its structural land areas. Of course, no comparative research has been done to compare these geomorphological complications. Therefore, in this article, the researcher seeks to introduce more swarm dikes, compare and examine their general characteristics and their formation mechanism, with references from the dikes in the north of Saveh, in the Urmia-Dakhtar zone, and the dykes of Delbar and Zarigan regions in Central Iran.

In this research, firstly, information was collected about the nature and mechanism of swarm dikes, and then a relatively large number of searches were conducted in written sources, especially researches and theses, about swarm dikes in Iran. The statistical population of this research is all the swarm dikes of Iran, which were chosen from among the types of these dikes due to the abundance of dikes in two geo-structural zones, Urmia-Dakhtar and Central Iran. And finally, a comparative study related to the general characteristics, time of formation and comparison of the formation mechanism and geodynamic model of these dikes with the formation mechanism and geodynamic model of other typical swarm dikes of the world has been done.

From the geodynamic point of view, the swarm dikes in the north of Saveh follow a relatively regular and parallel linear arrangement, which is generally in the same direction as the general trend of the faults in the region and has a general trend of northwest, west-southeast, east. According to the studies of Ernst et al. (1999), the swarm dikes in North Saveh, which is a part of the Urmia-Dakhter structural zone dikes, can be considered swarm type IV dikes. which are caused by the creation of regional stress areas. According to Huo's (2012) studies, swarm dikes in Delbar area can be considered similar to parallel dikes, which they call parallel Fuji dykes with a linear pattern in a range They have been formed with a relatively limited extent and under the influence of regional stresses resulting from the primary back-arc caftic tension caused by the subduction of the Neotethys oceanic lithosphere under the continental lithosphere of central Iran. From the geodynamic point of view, swarm Zarigan dikes follow an irregular linear arrangement. shows that there is no significant relationship between the trend of faults in the studied area and the direction of their establishment (northwest, west-southeast, east). According to the studies of Ernst et al. (1999), these swarm dikes, which are part of the swarm dikes of the structural zone of Central Iran, are similar to V-type swarm dikes. which are caused by the creation of regional tension areas.

There are many geomorphological phenomena known as mass dikes in different geological zones of Iran. which are different from each other in terms of age of formation, formation mechanism and type of constituent rocks. Comparative studies of Swarm dikes in two structural zones of Urmia--Dokhtar and Central Iran show that their age ranges from Cambrian to Oligomiocene and their lithological composition varies from basic to acidic rocks. And in the three studied areas, it mainly includes andesite, basaltic, gabbro, gabbro diorite and alkali gabbro rocks. Geological stresses affecting their formation have been different in different regions. According to Ernst's classification, Swarm dikes in North Saveh are classified as type IV dikes and Swarm dikes in Delbar and Zarigan area are classified as type V dikes. And according to Hou's classification, the dikes of all three regions follow a linear pattern. The mechanism of formation of dikes in all three regions is related to subduction and ascent of magma in fractures caused by subduction.

According to the dominant tradition, geomorphology is a field discipline and observation is one of the pillars of fieldwork. In any field of human knowledge, the element or observation may be different. Observing nature and its constituent elements, which is a part of epistemology in geomorphology, requires an active relationship with the observed reality. Seeing and observing landscapes, landforms and watersheds as an ancient tradition in earth sciences and especially geomorphology, in addition to being a sensory process, has a special place and importance in terms of different philosophical attitudes in the process of geomorphic research. In other words, knowledge is multi-generational like landscapes, and in attaining knowledge (cognition, knowledge, awareness) regarding the subjects investigated in each scientific field, the way of thinking has philosophical principles. Observing without a theory in mind (logical positivism) and theory-laden observations (in realism), are two approaches that have been examined in this paper. According to the philosophical approaches, concepts, goals and results will be different. However, in geomorphology, observation plays the main controlling role

The increase in the world's population, the effects of climate change and lifestyle changes have put increasing pressure on water resources and have led to widespread water stress in many countries. An effective way to reduce and control the continuous degradation of groundwater quality is to understand spatial and temporal changes and identify the main sources of pollution. In this research, using the geostatistical method, temporal and spatial changes in the underground water resources of Izadkhasht basin were investigated in a period of 11 years, considering the factors of water quality change. In this regard, different interpolation methods were compared, and the kriging method with exponential variogram showed better results for water quality parameters. The results of these analyzes showed that the most important factors in the salinity of water and soil resources in the region are destructive formations in the basin. So that in the quality maps of water resources, all parameters showed an increase in three points.

Soil erosion is a phenomenon that is carried out by the wear and tear of soil on the surface of the earth and its transfer to another place by water or wind processes. This process has caused the emergence of many geomorphological forms and landforms in the world (Shayan and Zare, 2011). The extent of the world's reservoirs is large and these areas have active dynamics due to the instability of sands and undergo many geomorphological changes in a short period of time. There are many wind landforms of compression and erosion type in Lut desert. These geomorphological and geological phenomena are one of the most important natural attractions of the Lut plain and desert, which can be said to be rare or unique in the world. Landforms such as huge sand dunes and pyramids, which are unique in their kind in the world, have a very high ability to attract different tourists, including adventure tourists, scientific tourists, educational tourists, and other tourists (Maqsoudi et al. 2004). In this research, the Dayvis erosion cycle has been investigated in the Lut desert geoforms using differential radar interferometric techniques and the collection and deposition points have been revealed.

In order to reveal the harvesting, transportation and sedimentation areas of the Lut desert world heritage, the radar data of Sentinel 1 satellite and the digital model at a height of 30 meters have been used for software processing. The radar technology that has been provided thanks to the rapid development of space technology (Ferretti et al., 2007) has been done with the radar interferometric method (DInSAR). In this research, we also used Landsat 8 satellite images to prepare a map of the study area, ASTER satellite digital elevation model (DEM) with a resolution of 30 meters to prepare a hypsometric map and radar processing, vector layers of geoscience databases, and windfalls of synoptic stations located around the study area. It has wind direction and speed information; it is also prepared from the National Meteorological Organization. Information processing has also been done in SNAP and GIS software.

In order to reveal the harvesting, transportation and sedimentation areas of the Lut desert world heritage area, the differential radar interferometry method was used between 2019 and 2020 and the radar data of the Sentinel 1 satellite, which is of C-Band type and has the penetration of radar waves with a wavelength equal to the frequency of 405 5 GHz is used. According to the outputs, the phase difference between the two data in the Kluts has a negative trend and it is quite noticeable that it shows the erosibility of the Kluts, which is caused by the winds of the region.It should be noted that due to the resistance of Lut block to the internal forces of the earth, the effect of faults in the height changes in the bedrock of Lut block and the area of the Kluts is very small and the observed changes are only due to wind erosion. After the unwrapping process, the unwrapped layer is converted into a displacement layer and then georeferenced. The final map of the vertical displacement of Lute Kluts was drawn in a general and classified manner, which shows many changes during a year. But in general, the northern parts of Klut have more erosion resistance due to high wind speed and high erosion power. The yardangs in the northwest parts of Kluts can be a proof of this statement. Therefore, most of the area of Klots is eroding every year and these sediments have been accumulated in many parts of Rig Yalan. Middle Hamada can be considered as a transition range. In order to investigate the dominant processes in the creation of geomorphological complications in Lut, synoptic data were analyzed at Shahdad, Nehbandan and Nusratabad stations, and the gulbads of the region were drawn. According to the winds of the region, the erosion trend of the Klots from the northwest to the southeast shows a significant trend in wind erosion.

Since Lot is the most important natural work of the country that has been registered globally, investigating its geomorphological complications is also one of the research priorities. These surveys allow for accurate knowledge and information about the conditions and characteristics of the region. Among these, Kluts and Rig Yalan are the most important geomorphological phenomena of Lot, which were investigated in this research. Kluts and Rig Yalan are located in the hydro-eolian region and are always subject to significant geomorphological changes. According to the investigations carried out in this research, it was found that there is an erosion cycle in the area of Klut. Rig Yalan and Middle Hamada. In the area of Kluts, the highest amount of digging was observed in the northern and central parts. In the northern part of the Middle Hamada, which was referred to as the transfer zone, it shows the digging of sediments, but in the southern parts of this region, we have sediment accumulation. In different parts of Lut sand, which is known as the sedimentation area, the accumulation of sediments has been different, so that in the western and western parts, the height of the sand pyramids has decreased, but in the eastern and especially the northern parts. The east shows the increase in height and accumulation of sediments. According to the mentioned contents, the erosion cycle in this range is rotational and in the counterclockwise direction. Among the articles that have been worked in Lut and can be cited as a confirmation of this research, is the article Thermal cyclone of Lut, Yemen, in which he mentions the existence of a thermal cyclone in Lut and the air flow in this cyclone is opposite. The hands of the clock say.

Iran is afflicted by frequent natural disasters including floods, earthquakes, droughts, and sandstorms. Unfortunately, geomorphology and its special place in forecasting, evaluating, and Iran is afflicted by frequent natural disasters including floods, earthquakes, droughts, and sandstorms. Unfortunately, geomorphology and its special place in forecasting, evaluating, and vulnerability in areas prone to natural hazards are still not given much importance, and despite warnings, numerous predictions and assessments people and officials are still surprised when faced with hazardous events. This paper addresses the significance of geomorphologists into the strategies of risk assessment and management. digital elevation maps, time series of 30-year data (1361-1331) of maximum daily discharge of Hojatabad station in Kermanshah as a case study in flood return period, earthquake statistics of Tehran province and its surrounding area in terms of vulnerability caused by an Earthquake in Alborz Province. Regional frequency analysis method and fuzzy model were used to analyze natural hazards and natural disasters. The results about the return period of the flood indicate the consequences of a flood are measured using return periods, giving an idea of the characteristics the flood may have (magnitude) and (frequency). The results of zoning map of vulnerability caused by an earthquake showed that about 28% of the study area in the zonation of high and very high vulnerably. A framework should be provided to analyze human vulnerability in the case of floodind and earthquake which is possible only by employing geomorphologists in the organization of geomorphologists in the form of consulting groups in the field of natural disaster prevention and the creation of natural disasters monitoring center in Iran.

Potholes are one of the spectacular landforms of rocks, especially sandstones. In this paper, 48 samples of Agha-Jari Sandstones were prepared and thin sections were obtained from them to investigate the sandstone minerals and porosity by Polarizing microscope and also by Bernard calcium meter. For estimating of rock hardness we use Schmidt Hammer Model N and ISRM (1978) standard. Maps were prepared with 1:25000 topographic map, Arc/GIS software and Jmicrovision software was used to obtain the amount and percentage of thin section minerals. The results showed that Potholes are a function of physical conditions of rocks and mineralogy compounds of rocks with the erosion role of water flow in calcium carbonate of stone. Based on the data and results, it was found that the characteristics of Agha-Jari sandstone compounds play an important role in the generation of Potholes in this formation. It was determined that the abundant presence of Feldspar minerals and high percentage of porosity in the oldest layer (A) of Agha-Jari Formation plays a great role in the looseness and creation of Potholes in that layer. Other layers with Potholes such as (B, D, C, and F Layers) show a significant relationship between increasing quartz percentage and decreasing the percentage of feldspar and calcium carbonate. The results also showed that the mean calcium carbonate of Agha-Jari sandstone is about 50% which is one of the reasons for the existence of Potholes in layers despite the hardness of Schmidt Hammer is high.

With the implementation of any study plan, the first changes will be made in the landforms of the earth's surface, and if a scientific study is not done, it will have dangerous consequences for the natural and human environment of the region. Therefore, considering that the knowledge of geomorphology deals with the study of the forms and processes of the earth's surface, it is necessary to pay attention to the landforms, features and processes affecting the landforms in order to Assessment of the environmental Capacity of urban development. The purpose of the current research is to Assessment the environmental potential in the urban development of Karaj metropolis from the perspective of geomorphology and using the method of scoring the logic of preference. The criteria of geomorphology, geology, soil, hydrology, and vegetation were considered as environmental capability potential, and flood potential and seismicity criteria were considered as environmental hazard potential. By preparing a questionnaire and using the Delphi technique, experts' opinions were obtained about these criteria. After forming the decision tree, the weighting stage and the ability to replace the criteria and features were done. First, a weight was determined for each criterion, and a separate weight was assigned to each subsection that is created by connecting two criteria and to each branch that is created by connecting two subsections. Substitutability or coexistence means determining important features and criteria in decision making. So that their little or big effect on the final decision was determined with a positive and negative numerical interval. By implementing the LSP model, the environmental capability potential map and the environmental risk potential map of Karaj metropolis were prepared, and by combining these two, the environmental capability map of the urban development of Karaj metropolis was prepared.

The aim of the current research is to evaluate the environmental potential in the urban development of Karaj metropolis from the perspective of geomorphology and using the method logic scoring of preference. logic scoring of preference method is one of the improved methods of multi-criteria evaluation in the preparation of land use capability maps. This method includes three main components of attribute tree, preliminary criteria and LSP cumulative structure. The criteria of geomorphology, geology, soil, hydrology, and vegetation were considered as environmental capability potential, and flood potential and seismicity criteria were considered as environmental hazard potential. By preparing a questionnaire and using the Delphi technique, experts' opinions were obtained about these criteria. After forming the decision tree, the weighting stage and the ability to replace the criteria and features were done. First, a weight was determined for each criterion, and a separate weight was assigned to each subsection that is created by connecting two criteria and to each branch that is created by connecting two subsections. Substitutability or coexistence means determining important features and criteria in decision making. So that their little or big effect on the final decision was determined with a positive and negative numerical interval. By implementing the LSP model, the environmental capability potential map and the environmental risk potential map of Karaj metropolis were prepared, and by combining these two, the environmental capability map of the urban development of Karaj metropolis was prepared.

Based on the evaluation map of the environmental capability of urban development, it was found that 16.13 percent (equivalent to 112.68 km2) of the studied area has very low environmental capability for urban development, 23.36 percent (equivalent to 163.18 km2) has low environmental capability for urban development, 24.5 percent (equivalent to 171. 17 km2) has medium urban development environmental capability, 18.51% (equivalent to 129.35 km2) has high urban development environmental capability, 17.47% (122.05 km2) has very high urban development environmental capability.

Suitability maps of LSP method are useful and justifiable results. The analysis and reliability of the LSP method is theoretically calculated. But in the field of working with spatial data, it should be investigated more. This method with excellent quality in land for various applications of land development and evaluators can have different programs from small aspects to form and quality in achieving possible outputs in land suitability.The aim of the present study is to present a new method in land evaluation. In evaluating environmental capability, the role of geomorphological factors, environmental dynamics, and landforms on the earth's surface is obvious and clear, and the knowledge of geomorphology has a practical and important role in evaluating environmental power. While in most methods of evaluating ecological capability, the criteria of slope and direction of slope and height are used as geomorphological criteria, and the role of form and process in these evaluations is very weak.The most sensitive areas of urban environmental capability around the river in the Karaj alluvial landform are mountainous areas with high slopes and shallow soil. LSP is a suitable tool for discussing and reviewing the opinions of stakeholders, decision makers, planners and other experts in land planning.Due to the change in the direction of the Braided river on the surface of the alluvial fan, its dynamic level is more and noticeable in the short term compared to the plain and alluvial plain landforms. This function of Braided river on the surface of the alluvial fan shows the activeness of the eastern part of the Karaj alluvial fan, and therefore it is necessary to consider this dynamic in environmental planning. Failure to pay attention to the activeness of this part of the fan cone causes irreparable risks to human constructions and facilities.

The 7/3 Richter earthquake of November 2016 in Sarpol Zahab, in addition to the loss of life and property, left many geomorphic effects. In this research, an attempt is made to identify the complications and evaluate the volume of these changes. First, based on the topography, the study area was divided into two parts: mountains and plains, and then the geomorphic effects caused by the earthquake were identified and investigated using aerial photos and satellite images and field visits. Then, the map of the Geological and Mineral Exploration Organization of the country was digitized using the ARC GIS software, and the slope map was prepared from the digital elevation model in the ARC GIS software. These data were used to better display the effect of faults, terrain, formations, domain instabilities and the cause of geomorphic effects caused by earthquakes. The results showed that the presence of resistant layers of Asmari limestone on the Aghajari, Marni and Gachsaran sandstone formations and the weakness and erodibility of these formations cause many geomorphological effects caused by earthquakes such as slope instabilities (Landslides, rockfalls, Deposit flows), ruptures, liquefaction, fluctuations of the underground water level. In addition to the identification of geomorphological effects caused by earthquakes, their location and location in relation to other geological factors were mapped and the role of geomorphological effects in creating secondary hazards and the comparison of these effects in two topographical units of mountains and plains were investigated.

The location of the borders of Kurdistan province has caused these borders to face many challenges in recent years. Considering the important role of the border security in the security of the country, in this research, the vulnerable areas of the border zone of Kurdistan province have been identified against the enemy's infiltration and also the ambush by the enemy. In this research, SRTM 30-meter height digital model, 1:100,000 geological maps of the area, as well as digital information layers are used as the most important research data. The most important tools used in the research were ArcGIS and Super Decisions. According to the intended goals, this research has been done in two stages, in the first stage, the areas prone to enemy penetration have been identified, and in the second stage, the areas vulnerable to the enemy's ambush have been identified.. Also, the results of identifying areas prone to ambushes by the enemy have shown that a large part of the area has a high vulnerability potential against enemy ambushes, which mainly includes the border areas of the cities of Marivan and Baneh. The total results have shown that parts of the border strip of Kurdistan province are susceptible to enemy infiltration and ambush by the enemy, and it is necessary to identify these areas and provide the necessary solutions to reduce their vulnerability.

Geotourism is a nascent phenomenon that has recently entered the tourism literature and gained global acceptance. Tourism is also a social, cultural, and commercial phenomenon, which requires people to move to a place other than their place of residence and work. Tourism is becoming one of the main pillars of economic development. Many development policymakers also cite the tourism industry as a key element of sustainable development. Given this role and position, tourism in a place can not only be effective in the development of that place, but also affect the development of some indicators in the environment. Obviously, the expansion of geotourism activities can generate income and employment for residents of areas with these attractions. Taleghan area is located in the middle of a valley in the southern part of central Alborz. Due to its geological and climatic characteristics, landscapes and geomorphological and geological sites, this area is an attractive center for tourists in Alborz and Tehran provinces. In this research, after library and documentary studies and field studies and natural studies, the attractions and geosites of the region have been identified and mapped. Then, using Kubalikova method, the potential of geotourism was evaluated in 18 sites of the region. These attractions and sites include caves, waterfalls, lakes and villages with special landscapes and tourism destinations. The results showed that at least 6 geosites are valuable. They are high and the rest of the sites are of moderate value. The sites of Taleghan Dam Lake, Orazan village, Kirkboud waterfall, Orazan waterfall, Dizan village and Ghamish lake have the highest geotourism potentials. At present, the studied sites have more scientific-intrinsic and educational value, but with proper planning, management and investment, the economic and acquired potential values of these geosites can be used to the maximum. Therefore, proper planning of services and infrastructure in this field can help the local and regional economy