جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Decentralization » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

Increasing urbanization in the urbanized world has posed major challenges to the sustainability of metropolitan areas, especially in developing countries in various aspects of sustainable development, and has provided them with the prospect of unsustainable development. Excessive land use and its consequent land use changes and land cover are one of the environmental problems caused by the high concentration of population and activity in metropolitan areas. This study is an applied one in order to monitor the environmental changes caused by spatial expansion of Tehran metropolitan area by descriptive-analytical method and by using remote sensing and GIS techniques land use changes and land cover caused by spatial expansion of Tehran metropolis. Has evaluated and analyzed Tehran. The results indicate that the area of ​​land increased from 34316.1 hectares in 1365 to 68252 67.95 in 1595/6117 hectares related to changes in agricultural lands, orchards and water area. Be it. The results of the Markov Chain Model prediction of the probability of land use changes and land cover up to 1405 also indicate that land use and land cover changes will continue in favor of constructed lands. It is concluded that Tehranchr('39')s metropolitan area has expanded beyond the demographic and ecological thresholds and has led to a significant structural disruption to the environment by moving toward the natural environment. Accordingly, the need to pay attention to new approaches to urban development as well as to provide decentralization scenarios can be a major step towards resolving environmental problems caused by over-spatial expansion.

After several decades of public participation becoming one of the important principles of planning discourse, and the emergence of local and popular institutions such as the city council in the political and social structure of the country, the real role and position of this institution in the urban planning system It has not been determined and is facing many questions and ambiguities. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the role and position of this institution in the urban planning system. Using content analysis of current laws and regulations and the results of surveys of citizens, city council members and academics with the method of qualitative and content analysis and interpretation of the findings, the necessary analysis was done and finally showed the results of the research; Despite the definition of the role and position of various and independent of the three powers (decision-making, supervisory, legislative, facilitator, etc.) for the city council institution by current laws, there are not enough legal requirements for the decisions of this institution and also the process of preparation and The approval of the plans has followed a centralist structure and no effective and decisive position has been defined for the local institution of the city council. Factors such as; Limited legal powers, lack of urban planning knowledge of council members, etc. have weakened the position of this institution in the urban planning system.

Local governance is a comprehensive concept and a continuous process in which the government and citizens govern the affairs of a territory through bilateral interactions. Accordingly, given the accelerated global developments and inefficiency of one-sided and hierarchical relations between central and local governments, centralization and monopolism of central governments are no longer efficient in governing the vast territory of a nation; as a result, there is a need for strategies to offer an effective relation between these two levels so as to facilitate service provision to citizens. In addition, considering the country’s objectives in line with assembling all resources and terminating sole dependency on fossil fuel supplies to achieve sustainable developments, the notions of decentralization followed by government improvement can be advantageous. To this end, the purpose of the present inquiry is to present a pathologic study of national-local relations through the identification of potentials, limitations, contextual factors and strategies on the formation of local government within the Iranian administrative system.

Iran’s inclination towards reducing the role of the government in the economy and other vital aspects of the society as well as emphasis on development and the downsizing of the government suggest the influence of global developments on the Iranian bureaucratic system and policymaking. On the other hand, considering rapid environmental changes, the grounds for meeting people’s demands are arranged and the government should modify and update itself accordingly. Therefore, sole reliance on conventional communication mechanisms can no longer meet the needs of today’s society.Organizations such as the World Bank argue that the position of public decision-making should be as close as possible to the citizens under its influence; particularly, the subsidiarity principle should be taken into account according to which, local governance responsibilities ought to occur locally, unless there are reasons not to allocate such powers. Otes believes that all public services should be provided by the authority that controls the minimum geographical region and internalizes the expenses and benefits of these provisions, because local governments have a better understanding of the concerns of local citizens. On the other hand, Miller suggest that local governments and decentralization are closely-connected notions.In traditional definitions, the word “governance” is synonymous with government and implies “the act or the process of governance”. However, Johnson believes that in the new application, governance is defined as the interference of an extensive spectrum of actors in producing policies; additionally, McLolin defines governance as a process that guarantees a coherent system which involve both the government and the society.In Iran, the first local management and city administration act was passed in 1907 as “Baladiyah Law- meaning Urban Law”; it was a pattern intended for decentralization in Iran which was dismissed during the Pahlavi era and its centralization policies. Following the Islamic Revolution, despite the fact that a suitable capacity was foreseen for the management of local affairs and the role-playing of publicly-appointed councils within numerous constitutional principles, it was not realized and national affairs continued to be managed by the central government. Moreover, the discussion on relations between the central and local governments in line with the formation of local governments has resulted in the involvement of constitutional principles regarding national, intergovernmental relations in the subject of central-local coordination. Such a coordination denotes the mutually effective role of the local and central governments to offer better services and democracy improvement; therefore, these elements and relations in local governance require a more comprehensive examination and revision.

The present study was conducted using the Constructing Grounded Theory which follows an interpretive, exploratory approach and places an emphasis on emergent phenomena, the definition of their characteristics, and presentation of participants’ definitions of events and situations whilst attempting to expand its tacit meanings and implied principles (Charms, 2014, 32). The participants in this study included 21 experts with working experience. Data were collected using in-depth interviews, documentation, and continues comparisons. Analysis in the grounded theory was conducted through four coding stages including initial, centralized, axial and theoretical, the results of which provided a demonstration of relations between concepts. The reliability of the study was insured through extensive presence at the location and in-depth interactions. The validity of the study was also guaranteed through transparency of the entire research procedures.

In this study, 749 key expressions were obtained at initial coding, 297 concepts identified from centralized coding, and 30 secondary and 8 main concepts were attained using axial and theoretical coding, respectively. Titles including “the element of lawfulness at the local level” and “citizens’ access and familiarity of modern communication tools” were identified as the only institutional and social potential secondary concepts, respectively. The five secondary concepts of institutional limitations included policy-performance conflicts, legal issues, informal influences, inadequate local-central financial and functional relations, and impractical outsourcing. The five secondary concepts of social limitations included negative policymaking, multitude of interests, pessimistic outlooks, seeking personal benefits, and the absence of collective participation and a merit-based sysetm. Four secondary concepts of political factors involved the government’s monopolist spirit, ineffective implementation of democracy, the influence of governance background, and the absence of political parties. The secondary concepts of economic factors were comprised of resource limitations and the issue of corrupted economy. The seven secondary concepts of institutional strategies included the decisive exercise of present laws, revision and modification of laws, gradual and development-oriented decentralization, the resolution of structural paradoxes, presence of a functional local income system, purposeful and transparent improvement of organization, and extensive planning and their operationalization. Finally, the five secondary concepts of social strategies included the enhancement of public trust, collective empowerment, localism, media improvement, and the allocation of local affairs through increasing participatory motivations.

Given the global experiences and lack of domestic success in providing adequate services to citizens, the Iranian national government is principally determined to surrender its centralized power and resolve institutional and social limitations against the formation of local governance so as to facilitate service provision. Moreover, considering the time-consuming nature of resolving social issues, the necessity to make urgent decisions accordingly and the participation of all actors in local governance is inevitable. On the other hand, there are a number of underlying political and economic factors in this concept that call for unity, solidarity, and the adoption of legal and inherent responsibilities among the three constitutional powers of the state. While institutional strategies are mostly related to the resolution of legal issues, certain social strategies are recommended as agendas including building trust among citizens, their empowerment, and participations so that the formation of local governance in Iran would not be too far-fetched.

The growth and expansion of the cities of the country, especially the big cities, with the emergence of environmental challenges in the cities, and the loss of vitality and quality of life, will face the challenges of achieving sustainable development goals. What today challenges the municipalities of the country is a disparity in the duties and powers of the city district in different organizations, which sometimes create conflicts in the integrated management of the city. This system has major legal, structural and organizational constraints that require retrieval of related legal resources. The present research seeks to explain the legal relationships between government and municipalities in related legal sources. The research is descriptive-analytical and data collection methodology, library and documentary. According to the studies, the "integrated urban management" system Relying on decentralization and participatory management will integrate urban management, shifting centralized urban management to decentralized and integrated, and reforming the administrative-executive structure is inevitable. These reforms should focus on the orbit of the rule of law, the rule of law, and the obligation to create Legal backing. In addition, after considering the political, cultural and economic structure of the country, it is appropriate to first identify and eliminate the existing legal inconsistencies and loopholes, and then, considering the municipal capacity and identifying the strategic partners, new enterprises will be set up by setting the timetable The use of global experiences, interaction with research centers and the widespread collaboration of NGOs will make this template more successful.

In line with the decentralization of Tehran's urban management structure, through a set of macro-level activities and services at the micro level (neighborhood), the central policy of the municipality of Tehran to change the centralized structure and create a decentralized management process seeking to create The link between neighborhoods and the provision of over-the-counter services to citizens was raised. In relation to the axial area, the 15th district of Tehran, which has not been investigated in this area so far, has been selected as a sample. In fact, this research was conducted to study the dimensions of the central area in four dimensions, social, economic, physical and cultural dimensions in the seven regions of the 15th district of Tehran. The research method was conducted at two levels of library (review of books, study history and documents related to the design) and field (questionnaire (survey) and interview with mayors of the district, councilors and citizens). The results of the research indices were descriptive-analytic and inferential statistics were used. The variable studied in this study is to evaluate the dimensions of the central area design. This research has 2 questionnaires, the first questionnaire in relation to citizens and in the 7 areas of district 15 of Tehran and the second questionnaire about managers working in the municipality and the region.

Administrative political decentralization, the move towards political development and the management of geographic space are one of the main concerns of governmental systems in developing countries in general and in Iran in particular to achieve democracy. Such a decentralization follows a special approach to the geographic (Natural human) characteristics of each country as well as the type of administrative political system that governs it. However, the most important regional geopolitical decentralization in each independent political unit is the local government. Local governments play an effective role in optimizing the management of human habitats with the knowledge of geographical areas and human rights. Therefore, the present research seeks to answer the following questions: What are the effective elements in the formation of an effective local government in Iran? The method of this research was descriptive- analytic, which has been done by studying high-handed documents and rules in Iran, as well as studying the human-natural characteristics of Iran to identify the indices and elements effective in the formation of an efficient local government. Findings of the research indicate that the decentralization and delegated powers to non-central places and the distribution of power at the geographical level are scattered in some of the laws and documents of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Regional Development Strategy is one of the latest achievements of scientific community in achieving regional development and stability. The aim of this study is formulation the pattern of Regional Development Strategy (RDS) for the city of Rasht. Because this city experienced unique conditions in proportion to the surrounding cities and had an increasing tendency to the centralization. Internal and external strengths and weaknesses of Rasht City was identified based on studying the upstream documents and expert opinions with SWAT model also with using Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix(QSPM) and has investigated to the strategic priority for regional development. Research results indicate that Rasht city faces uneven development in the province that effects on competitiveness reduction of other regions and the strategy of “Infrastructure development and enhance the competitiveness of tourism, manufacturing industries and agriculture” has received the highest score. Results showed that using power and capacity of all regions and enhancing their competitiveness can decrease centralization and enforcing regional role of regional mother Rasht city. Promoting national and international role and assignment some roles to the lower levels not only shaping balanced regional development and spatial balance, but also will lead to reduce poverty, inequality and increase the capacity of environs partnership.

Devolution in the Islamic revolution was based on transferring the power of decision-making to people and public institutions. Over this period, the specific conditions of civil and political demands led to the creation of local management based on the hierarchy of councils in several constitutional principles, directly and indirectly, and even before ratification of the constitution. Today, after nearly a half century of the approval of the constitution, the local management of Iran is still a centralized organization that is seriously in conflict with the sustainable development and urban prosperity as well as the constitutional principles as an overarching law. Decentralization is applied as a model for determining the processes and ways of the relationship between the national government and local sovereignties. In other words, the realization of local development will not be possible if the power, supervision, and enforcement do not transfer to local institutions and levels. Therefore, moving toward decentralization is based on belief in the right to self-determination and local community participation in public affairs as well as lack of concentration of decision-making and executive powers at the different spatial scales. Besides, decentralization as a program to regulate the relationship between national sovereignty and local management is applied in four dimensions of urban governance: Policy, Planning, Implementation, and Monitoring. In order to regulate the relationship between national sovereignty and local management and determine the type of legislature's vision to decentralization based on the levels of decentralization and its various dimensions in urban management, the research has focused on analyzing the content of related law by creating index in this area. Hence, by a comparative review of the legal duties of the councils in “The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran” and “Law on the Organization, Duties and Elections of Islamic Councils and the Selection of mayors”, the paper seeks to analyze the mechanisms and position of decentralization.

Devolution as the highest level of decentralization completely implements all four components of its constituent: local policy, local regulation and planning, delegation of local authority in implementation, and direct monitoring of local affairs. The emergence of devolution implicitly refers to participatory democracy. Participatory democracy requires a responsible accountability mechanism, which is the delegation of power and resources to new political entities and which is not limited to decentralization at the intermediate level. Theories of participatory democracy promote the delegation of power that covers local levels and functional cross section.

The content analysis was used as the qualitative method of the research to describe the legal principles through coding and systematic classified procedures. On the other hand, because of specific theoretical framework, directed content analysis approach is chosen as the main method to answer the questions. Therefore, all principles related to the duties of councils and local management in the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran including 7, 12, 100, 101, 102, 103 and 126 as well as 34 sections of Article 71, 5 sections of Article 78, 9 sections of 1 continual Article 78 and 10 sections of 2 continual Article 78 of the “Law on the Organization, Duties and Elections of Islamic Councils and the Selection of mayors” have been scrutinized.

The comparison between the state of decentralization in the constitution and the council’s law show that the rules address relatively to the all four indicators of concentration assessment. Generally, public participation has been emphasized in the councils of the constitution while two principles in the constitution directly provide the required conditions to delegate executive powers to the local level. However, in council law, it is only within the executive power of the councils as representative of local sovereignty. On the other hand, although the legislator in council law considers that the local regulation and planning is one of the duties of councils, the local regulations in city councils, provinces, and supreme council of the provinces is only limited to financial processes. Also, the emphasis in the duties of council is on budget approval and financial processes. Unlike other indicators, the legislator pays attention to the supervisory role of the councils more than others. In the constitution, in addition to the city councils and provinces, the supreme council of the provinces for the monitoring of macro affairs is predicted. Besides, the council law takes into account monitoring function at all levels of the council as it focuses more on financial processes of municipalities and related organizations. Therefore, the constitutional approach is more tended towards "local policy" and "local regulation and planning" that provide “devolution” to local management. In contrast, in the “Law on the Organization, Duties and Elections of Islamic Councils and the Selection of Mayors”, the legal duties of the councils are limited to the two elements of “regulation and local planning” and “direct monitoring of local affairs”.

Due to the adaptation of the constitution with all components of the decentralization index, the relationship between the national sovereignty and local management in the constitution is a kind of "devolution" and it is dependent on the development of local management and councils. However, the silence on supervisory authority and the mode of the mayor election makes a decline in the Council’s power on the decision-making and management of the local affairs. In the legal duties of the councils, decentralization can be found in the form of "delegation". In fact, some local responsibilities have been distributed among central government entities, but there was not any redistribution in decision making power. Besides, management responsibilities were only transferred to lower levels for limited functions. Hence, the lack of adequate consideration of participatory processes in establishing the devolution based on the legislature's vision is neglected between the relationship of the constitution and the council law. In this structure, although the form of power has been defined as decentralized, the mechanism to achieve participatory democracy as a prerequisite for the formation of the process of devolution and delegation of responsibilities and resources has not been foreseen to be able to push the content of power toward decentralization. Finally, what actually happened is the centralization of the structure of power.

Looking at the urban management and administration trends shows that planning is not possible without paying attention to participatory approaches and local scale. In this regard, the local community governance was proposed as a model for effective and efficient administration in the local community. Local community governance has the high potential for local community participation in decision-making. Basically, governance refers to the process of decision making and the process by which decisions are implemented. In this paper we analyze the components of the local community governance such as accountability, responsibility, rule of law, transparency, effectiveness and efficiency and interaction between participation and institutional trust in the Drake neighborhood. It should be added that the local community participation is considered as key to the success of community-based planning and local community governance also, trust has importance in many measures including institution-building and capacity development as well as improving governance. Also, accountability is a key requirement of good governance and can be considered as the key to the success of many initiatives and programs. Indeed, when the established mechanisms of accountability work, corruption is reduced. In this context, the theoretical and library studies and in the field a survey of 100 questionnaires were used. The results showed that the components level of the local community governance in the Drake neighborhood is lower than the average level. Furthermore, it was found that there is a direct correlation between the local community governance components, institutional trust and participation. Therefore, the local community governance and institutional trust rating will be reduced when participation rate is reduced.

Reducing environmental damage and preventing land degradation and reducing biodiversity has become a major concern for agricultural policy makers and environmentalists in recent years. Many scholars in developing countries, including Iran, have the most important reasons for the government's failure to stabilize the environment in terms of control and command and control (standards, bans, permits and quotas), lack of attention to the ability of villagers to discuss Economics ignores the rural population's ability to work for infrastructure. They believe that at present, the AES, which is listed below under the Ecosystem Services Payment Scheme (PES), is in the study of the carbon sequestration project (CSP) It will help improve the economic situation and livelihoods of villagers and small producers, since they will be able to improve the level of production and agricultural productivity and existing livestock by taking advantage of financial support and concessional facilities and so they are less likely to get more land and overgrazing, and in general, the destruction of natural resources and the environment. In recent years, some developing countries have shown the power and participation of local communities to help the government manage and protect their financial and credit incentives to rebuild and apply less environmentally-friendly practices. In this article, we examine the experience of implementation of ecosystem service payment plans in a weak institutional environment and its impact on how rural farmers participate in Galcheshme area of Mahallat County. Where the spread of such schemes involves many problems, such as uncertain rights to uncertain ownership of enterprises, lack of markets and supply and demand systems, weak technical and educational infrastructure, the lack of a strong private body, low risk of exploitation, and the state's inability to supply Capital and financial resources to advance goals. Most importantly, land and natural resources are in the ownership and management of the state, and the right to exploit resources is given to influential and powerful people, and often in industrial and destructive activities (mining and mining operations), organizations Relating to natural resources and the environment at the regional and local level as it should not be supported, The general attitude of the local people towards the state plans has a significant negative orientation. However, various organizations involved in the implementation of agro-environmental programs and the payment of ecosystem services are involved, and rules and guidelines have been designed and registered in this area and activities have been carried out in different areas so that the views of local users get this app. In order to develop standards for identifying and assessing institutional factors that affect the involvement of local utilities and poor households in the payment of ecosystem services (PES), the concept of Mettepenningen et al. (2013) has been used. These factors include belief behavior and beliefs about environmental responsibility, existing participation and past experience, and the attitude towards organization management and the level of trust in established organizations. In this study, the perceptions and views of local and local authorities on the design, actions and partnerships and the risks and potential benefits of it have been investigated.


Method and Material
The research method in this study is a case study and qualitative analysis of data that is used through direct observation through semi-structured and in-depth interviews this strategy allows us to describe and reveal our complex social relationships and relationships between actors and actors. According to Brewer et al. (2002), the selection of 20 to 30 participants is usually sufficient to identify a coherent set of cases in a qualitative way, as was done in this study. A targeted sampling of 30 people was invited for the interview. The data analysis was performed in three stages of open, axial and selective coding using the MAXQDA software to determine the main indicators.
Research findings
347 The initial code derived from the interviewer and observations of the researcher in response to questions related to the factors affecting the participation of rural people in carbon sequestration project, indicates a set of facilitator (84) and inhibitor (263) within the framework of the Mettepenningen institutional Model were. The codes were classified according to common characteristics, and the result of this classification was 16 sub categories, which, in turn, were based on the common themes in the four main categories of facility payment: source / purpose, cost sharing / fair distribution of resources / cost compensation and achievement of logical profit, local advisers / continuous and continuous support, and ultimately the collective structure of activities / communications and social and economic networks. These factors, in nature, would have made it easier or more difficult for the villagers to participate. In summary, it can be said that the carbon dioxide project has two basic weaknesses: (1) inefficiency of institutional arrangements: many management mechanisms adjusted to the realities of the region and the interests of the local population do not match the sustainable use of resources Water and soil, as well as the formation of collective labor (real); (2) increasing the efficiency and profitability of local funds; because of insignificant payments, the utilizers are able to use new equipment and inputs for the transition and promoting alternative employment, and ultimately increasing and increasing the value of productive products, so in this situation, They do not risk and do not risk. In one conclusion, any environmental interventions, such as carbon sequestration project, will be challenging and problematic in weak institutional arrangements. But it should not be forgotten that the payments made in this project and through local microfinance funds reduced to a certain extent the problems of administrative and banking regulations and the high interest rates on facilities and delinquent installments, in other words, The local people have, albeit insignificantly, been given financial resources, which can further contribute to the financial consolidation of the established institutions.

Today, in urban system with Service dense centralization, Facilities and infrastructures in the big populated cities and dominance of large cities in an region, has been occurrence cause polarized urban system in each of the country's urban zones. this phenomenon of Inharmonious, preserved his advantages and governance on the middle and small cities and so create many problem underhand these towns and their rural hinterland. now in order to solve the problem and exit from the crisis, urgent need for planning at all levels cities, especially small towns. because this group of the town since the, they have the role of linkages and linkage between rural and middle town and then big cities, can be provide level of service for them, provided context up to this group of towns get of the performance and power necessary for services residents of influence area that in provided necessary context for to prevent unwanted movement, control and stabilize population. therefore, the population of until yesterday must to spend a lot of time and costs in the other city for buy their need, now they can spend lesser time and cost buy their need in the small town. also this event will help Up to addition reduce intensity of population movements to the big and middle cities, over time this group of small town will have greater functional strength and will act as a center of attraction spheres of influence population. eventually, this pattern help to the balanced in urban system at the regional level and definitely will decrease if the population difference and a large gap between the big city, middle and small town. In order to pursue and the realization of this important in this study, analysis amount the role of jouybar city among the major city and important and effective Mazandaran province in the spatial and locative distribution of population and influence spread, to analysis population and size cities, analysis regional resources, spatial analysis of regional communications, analysis accesses and also analysis performance gap and the other functional analysis have been discussed. What won over all the graces of this paper gives a new method of implementing the Regional Studies in Iran.
Methodology In this paper, the software Promethee Area for analysis and works with data and indicators to be employed. By examining the four areas studied in this research was collected from all the cities of the province, Results of analytical methods and Promethee Fuzzy reflecting the large inequality in terms of entitlement to facilities, infrastructure and services. As big cities of the province have the highest services and go towards the smaller cities of the Midwest group having reduced the rate of decline will take. As part of the (economic, cultural, physical and infrastructural) city of Surrey, above all, the city is located. Middle and small towns that were seen in each of these cities have to have two of the four indices are relative and other parameters to zero or negative benefit. The results of the detailed manner in this study is shown. the results of the analysis findings indicate that the four first county: sari, amol, babol and ghaemshar keep its position as the top four cities in the urban system structure the province of mazandaran in the past decade. analysis result of Lorenz model and Gini coefficient for the periods 1375, 1385 and 1390 showed the presence of inequality of development. also as regards impact the spatialy - locative result of Fuzzy VIKOR model showed that sari county is in the first place, ghaemshar is in second place, babolsar is in the third place and joubar county was the last. the analytical results of original indicators (cultural, physical, economic and infrastructure) affecting on the functioning of county province, that was used PROMETHEE software show that, babolsar only physical indicators is in good condition, but in cultural and infrastructural indicators there is not appropriate facilities. particularly in the economic sector there is the lowest having compared to other three indicators. however this county compared to sari and ghaemshar at located lower in conditions but is richer than to jouybar. but also jouybar county economic indicator is in good condition, but other three indicator, all of them proportionally is in lowest condition and in general has the lowest resources compared to other three county.
Results and Discussion sari county in four of indicators ( cultural, economic, physically and infrastructure) has a good condition compared to other three county. ultimately ghaemshahr county though have facilities relatively adequate in the cultural sector and development but have not suitable condition in terms of economic and physical factors. however this county is lowerdan from sari and higherdan of babolsar and jouybar. analysis of the questionnaire results from the perspective of citizens show that can be held accountable most of residents ana citizen needs. however, in some cases there is a significant shortage that they should be attention more than before. also output results questionnaire analysis of the rural groups shows that jouybar county is able very effectively and efficient act in the their rural sphere of influence. the main results include is rural areas sphere of influence of the jouybar county for fulfilling their needs in the areas of teaching, service, administration, banking, agriculture, and etc in the most cases, they have interact with jouybar county. this important represents a powerful and positive role that is this county in the their sphere of influence is exhibited. however, findings of analytical shows thatv in the jouybar county during past decades from the percentage amount of employment in agricultural sector has declined and the percentage amount of service jobs was added and this suggests that this county the changing of roles, particularly in the agricultural sector and receptive getting new roles in the service. In fact, jouybar county has a growing and development and attract more population from rural sphere of influence and is increasing of offering Services to them. the changing role from the agriculture to services is evidence for functional development.

The main objective of building new towns in Iran is decentralization of big cities contains a Population overflow. One of the dominant ideas among urban professionals and urban planners is creating new Town with a high quality of life in order to achieve this goal. Because the new Towns had not equal facilities and growth factors and this has caused the creation of significant differences in quality of their life and metropolis.
The purpose of this study is satisfaction measurement from life quality of Mohajeran new city from residents view. The study methods is descriptive-analytical and survey. The population in this study are residents of Mohajeran new town that 317 samples are selected by using of Cochran formula and the questionnaire have been distributed between them. Research indicators are classified with intellectual looking to aspects of life quality in 8 dimensions including of social, security, economic, physical, environmental, access to facilities, aesthetics and management dimension and are analyzed in SPSS software by using one-sample T-test and Kendall’s. As well as in complete of the analysis has been applied Shannon entropy method for weighting studied indices and VIKOR model for rating districts of Mohajeran new town.
The research result show that the citizens are not happy from the life quality in the Mohejeran new town and they have a favorable evaluation only from aesthetic, environmental and social indicators. The highest level of the residents satisfaction belongs to the environmental dimension and the lowest level of satisfaction belongs to the management dimension. The results of the VIKOR model suggest that Farhangian1 and Farhangian2 districts have highest level of life quality and Shahid Sadr and Fazilat districts have the lowest level of life quality.

The present study investigates developing of the services of private telecommunication offices in provinces of Iran. The objectives of this study include identifying the factors affective on developing the services of the studied offices, evaluating the amount of the centralization of the office's services and investigating the levels of developing their services in Iran's provinces. The method of the study is descriptive-analytical and to access the objectives of the study, the models of factor analysis, technique to measure the concentration level, Cluster Analysis and Multivariate regression were employed. The findings of the research indicate that by reducing 55 created indices to 40 selective indices, 6 significant factors which explain 67.2 percent of the variance of the population, are affective on developing the services of private telecommunication offices. The amount of centralizing the studied services indicates the maximum of balance in the factor "telephone conversations" and lack of balance in factor "offices insurance coverage". Based on the studied factors, Tehran Province almost allocates to itself the highest centralization of the factors. In terms of performance development, 4 provinces in the upper-development level, 10 provinces in the upper-intermediate level, 7 provinces in lower-intermediate level and 10 provinces in the lower-development level are located. The interests obtained from the performance of private telecommunication offices to be more balanced; multivariate regression predicts the influence of the factor "functional-institutional" more than those of other factors.

Concern many rural research is now focused on the understanding of this issue That's essentially how rural society structures in general and tourism in particular is associated with that ruling. What is evident in some of the traditional economic concerns (inefficiency) rural community and other current quality of some villages with an idealistic view on the identity of the nation (natural and cultural museum) and want to maintain the stability of its aspects are considered. However, in recognition of the strength of the economy (tourism), and preserved rural developers participants should suffice, but it is necessary discussion led to the discourse: Namely to portray the role of discourse in dealing with rurality and tourism activities associated with it. This article is how to develop tourism in rural settlements related to the discourse of "modernization" knows and, following the example of its follow-break / link policy development authorities and local residents (government relations and public) will be at the level of the rural economy. This underlines the importance of continuing to arrive at the village in the country through a discourse of "alternative" means of modernization found and in dealing with local and regional demand is provided autonomy policies. Eventually, the forces shaping the country in a position of unilateral and unrealistic to expect the results of this rural community (economic growthand higher yields) that the current situation of the local communities (facilities and infrastructure) and outside upon approach to rural tourism are looking for an ambitious plan that has the least participation of local demand (break the loop of decision-making and local residents).

The process of proposing solutions to solve the problems of the capital, after undergoing different stages has reached to the law of feasibility study of transmission of the political center of the country and reorganization and decentralization of Tehran. The aim of this study is to address Article one of this law, and offering reorganization and decentralization pattern. The research method is descriptive and analytical and it is an applied research. Data collection was conducted by documents, and survey research. The results suggest that we should discard the first part of this law and replace it with the reorganization and decentralization solutions. Also the results indicate that items including lack of strict enforcement of existing laws, point-wise look to Tehran and not considering the urban area as a whole, lack of attention to the problematic aspects of centralization (economic aspects), lack of simultaneous development of organization and decentralization policies have all weakened the organization and decentralization policies to some extent. In this regard, the list of strategies were derived from literature review extracted and were screened using the Delphi method. Finally, 30 key strategies in the template of reorganization and decentralization pattern of Tehran was approved by Delphi panel members.

1. Failure of policies and centralized approach forced planners and policy makers to using the decentralized methods to can lead according to regions and thus overcome the negative consequences of centralized policies (yasouri, 2011). So administrative division is necessity in order to decentralize the country and this is the cause of using the local ability in regional economic development, strengthen socio-cultural identity and improve infrastructure and services can be expected, finally this process led to the Development and regional balancing and in this regard, spatial organization and administrative division of territories in to geographical units in order to better governance that is compatible whit the new condition gained by governments (Etaat, Mousavi, 2010: pp. 1-3).
In other words, spatial planning of countrie's political system, implemented in the frame work of administrative division and management without smaller units is not possible (Alimohammadi et al, 2009, p. 177).
In Khorasan region as case study, before administrative division, Mashhad city as the capital province, has a very high share of infrastructure and services compared to the other city of the region. Administrative division with the aim to reduce the centralization of infrastructure facilities and services and creating regional balance and development in 2004 took place and after it, the region divided to three provinces of provinces of North Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi and South Khorasan.
It seems that after the administrative division of country and to achieve the province's relative development, regional iniquity during 2006-2011 has reduced and with respect to decentralization in the region, is expected to increasing level of development in new provinces. So the present study investigates the role of decentralization in the framework of administrative division in development Khorasan region.
2. Theoretical basis: In definition of political divisions, could be said to facilitate the administration of each political unit, the divisions occur to all sectors to manage better (Mirheydar, 2001, pp. 10-11). The aim of the governments of divisions and changes in the political situation, is improving the management of regions and making sustainable development and allowing the provision of services and basic need of people (Hafznya, 2002, p. 159). In other hand, division of land and administrative division with the local government system can be cause of decentralization and distribution of power and in general, all effects of divisions is decentralization (Karimipour, 2002, p. 1).
In other word, if the decision made in more divided geographical areas, the degree of decentralization will enhance (Ahmadypoor, 2014, p.8).
Surveying the global viewpoint about decentralization, Egziabher (1988) said the process of decentralization is the step to empowerment of local people and is cause of regional development and balance (Egziabher, 1988). Henderson (2002) believes that all dimension of economic, marketing and political/ institutional will be affected by decentralization (Henderson, 2002). Bahl and Linn (1992) also believe that decentralization is associated whit the higher level of economic development and is an important part of development strategy (Bahl, Linn, 1992). In the other side, the reason of multiple part of governments is providing public infrastructure and different levels of service according to the priorities of local units (Hennel, 2012, Kaiser, Biela and Tanzi, 1995). Also Hayek (1993) says that central government has no enough time and information about all of the country (Hayek, 1993). Therefore if decentralization occurred appropriate, it the way to promoting efficiency of allocated resources (Jütting et al., 2004). Steiner also says that if the power of decision making transfer to the local level, we can expect the positive effect on social services and infrastructures (Steiner, 2005). Also we can say that decentralized planning, facilitates equitable distribution of human and material resources (Semboja and Therkildsen, 1994). Maro (1980) has said that decentralization is main cause of promoting the accessibility to school, pure water and health services (Maro, 1990). Weimer also said that local governments can provide public services (Weimer, 2009). Parker presented the effective factors of decentralization in rural scale (Parker, 1995).
Studies at the department of international development show that the outcomes and output of decentralization can be multiple. In the first phase, the services provided at regional and local level and continue to reduce poverty and improve living condition for residents. In the second phase is expected to improve transparency and accountability in local government and consequently also reduce administrative and financial corruption and further present technical training in order to provide better services (Local Development International, 2013).
Related Global experiences also show that decentralization process in the framework of administrative division, has positive effect in many dimension of development. For example decentralization process in Croatia, Bolivia, Ghana, India (West Bengal), Paraguay, Sri Lanka, and Vietnam was cause of power distribution and promoting the infrastructure and services (Bird and Rodriguez 1999, Timberman, 1988; Local Development International, 2013; Alibegović et al, 2013; Egziabher, 1988; Altman and Lalander, 2003; Von Braun and Grote, 2002; Mathew, 2003; Ciesin, 2003; Semidei et al., 1996; Turner; 1997, Vijetunge, 2001).
Some of failure experience is like china that decentralization occurred with an emphasis on the financial and economic and its consequences was increasing economic disparities between the cities and villages of country (Von Braun and Grote, 2002).
3. According to the model outputs of FANP, observed that in both period of 1385-1390, the city of Mashhad located in the highest level of developing and the point is promoting the level of development of new province's center of north Khorasan and south Khorasan. Also the consequences of cluster analysis also shows that the number of city located in the deprived cluster has decreased along five years and increases the number of cities that located in developed cluster. Also along 1385-1390, the differences of development score has been reduced between Mashhad and Birjand and bojnurd (New provinces) and it means that the intra-regional differences are reduced. In conclusion we can say that the region of Khorasan has been experienced the equity and balance after the administrative divisions.
In 1385, the Importance coefficient of economic and health index was 0.263 and in 1390, the numerical value of this index divided to economic and financial index with 0.246 and health value was 0.249.
4. In this study, after surveying the theoretical basis and global experiences about administrative development and regional equity and balance, variables in different dimension was selected. With de model of FANP, the number values of development index determined and this index shows with the map and clustered by cluster. The consequences shows that In 1385, the Importance coefficient of economic and health index was 0.263 and in 1390, the numerical value of this index divided to economic and financial index with 0.246 and health value was 0.249. In other word decentralization in frame work of administrative division in Khorasan region, cause of shaping the relative balance in this region and the infrastructures of economic and health dimension were promoted.
Also the new provincial centers (Bojnourd and Birjand) promote development level and reduce disparities between them. Also in the period under review, number of counties which are in the deprived cluster, are promoted to the upper cluster and this is the reason of development of region’s counties. It means that the intra-regional differences are reduced. In conclusion we can say that the region of Khorasan has been experienced the equity and balance after the administrative divisions.

Space political organizing is realized in the frame of administrative divisions. Efficient and optimal division is the important factor in order to increase efficacy of political management system of space throughout the country. Because political management of space is performed through political-administrative divisions, administrative divisions are one of the most important factors to decrease in inequalities and asymmetrical development of all regions and administrative division efficacy is obtained when it provides an appropriate setting to develop and improve all regions, symmetrically.
Research Data gathering procedure is based on library and field finding. In library procedure, using existing references in libraries, formal and valid statistic information are considered. The field study is a questionnaire type. Data analysis will be done using qualitative and quantitative analysis methods, and conclusion will be done using the two methods.
Promotion in the administrative division is among the most critical functions of the administrative division which plays crucial role in transferring responsibilities and decision authority to the administrative political units. Development in the form of political level promotion is realized when the region has the required potentials and capacities for promotion in one hand and promotion of the political levels is based on the regional requirements and also is in line with the decentralization policy. In this research, we have studied the role of the administrative division in the form of promotion in the political level in development of khorrambid and Bavanat counties. The results showed that regarding growth in development indices in social and economic dimensions in the two counties, administrative division has led to development of Bavanat and khorrambid counties. The library findings are also confirmed by the field findings.
Administrative divisions play significant roles in development of different parts of a country through promotion in unit’s political level and in the form of decentralization strategy in various aspects due to instinct potentials. Results of this research showed that even though political level promotion are more in the form of decentralization than in the political and financial forms, but this issue has resulted in positive results and has increased in the counties development. It is important to note that, political level promotion is not the only way of development. The region potentials and capabilities to promotion, and considering the needs of the region are among prerequisites.

There is no doubt that centralization of Tehran City is due to the several factors originated from different reasons. The main reason for the concentration of affairsin Tehran is that from 1921 a centralized government model was formed in Iran. The main economic and political aim of the government was set to establish the security and making a market in order to integrate into a global market. To achieve these two goals، decision-making authority was focused and targeted decision was issued from the political center of the country. Initially، the amount of duties and public services were low، this systems work well، but their problems are gradually revealed. Focused approach is a large portion of government workers in Tehran and its outcome was political، administrative، and economic centralization and the emergence of an urban concentration. As Tehran is the place of everything، it can easily attract more private and public investments. Tehran emerged centralization is affected by several factors and these factors caused considerable gap between this city and other cities and regions of this country. Political and administrative concentration in Tehran led to recruitment of specialists. This makes the headquarters of all the institutions which control the whole or part of the social and economic affairs of the country to be placed in Tehran. The process of economic focus in Tehran is the process of fund accumulation. Concentration of more dominant forms of economic activities in Tehran was dependent upon the governmental and administrative success of this city relative to the rest of the country. This centralization has some side effects. On the one hand، these problems prevent other areas of the country from achieving the desired development and on the other hand cause major problems in Tehran. Solution of these problems depends greatly on the understanding of the predisposition and the reduction factors of the centralization. To this end، this paper seeks to answer this question that what factors direct Tehran to be centralized and how these factors turned it into a major part of the country. The Research Methodology in view of functional aims and the way of conduction is descriptive - analytical. Thus، the library studies will be used to investigate the formation process of centralization in Iran، with the focus on Tehran and، then، by using discordant index of Morris to investigate none parallel and the space which created between different areas of country as a kind of centralization output. The regions of the country were ranked in terms of development indicators to determine Tehran''s position in the country. Finally، statistical yearbook was utilized to understand the centralization and the data were statistically analyzed to determine how Tehran is in this situation. The results of this study show that the main factors that led to Tehran centralization are political، economic، infrastructural reasons، population and workforce. These main factors have made considerable gap between Tehran and other parts of the country. The major cause of centralization is political and administrative focus in Tehran. At the beginning of the century، Tehran was only the political capital but it also became the economic capital quickly. In many countries، particularly those countries whose economy is largely dependent upon the resources possessed by the government، focus and centralization of economic activities and infrastructure has happened in the headquarters of the government، i. e. political capital. This phenomenon has not only increased population in capital but also caused establishment of a wide range of social and cultural activities in it، which fed mainly by governmental budgets. Tehran has been centralized for about a century ago. During this period، Iran is focused in Tehran in almost all aspects. This centralization began with political reasons and resulted in all-encompassing focus. The focus was continued in such a way that leaded to more inequality and spatial and sectoral polarization. Tehran also encountered with some problems need to be resolved. To reduce centralization of Tehran and eliminate inequality from which other parts of the country are suffering، it depends on the decentralization of political – administrative power and government decision-making of local and provincial (regional) development management. With the aid of the main way to deal with decentralization (i. e. transfer of the power not just the devolution of it) and following the approach to the reform in the governance structure، Tehran centralization would be decreased and hence this provide the balanced and harmonious development of the country.

Balancing in territories settlements، especially in the urban systems، is important for spatial planning. According to studies carried out in a non-equilibrium state of the urban system and the primacy phenomenon is evident at national and regional levels in Iran. The purpose of this paper is to explore the urban hierarchy of Qom province، especially in the course of time. This study، is descriptive and analytical method and developmental research by purpose. Documentary methods have been used for data collection. In order to analyze the urban system has been used many indicators (primacy، two city، Mehta، Moomaw&Alwosabi، Kinsburg، scattering coefficient، Herfindahl، Shannon entropy، size- rank and improved size-rank). The results show province of Qom has 6 city that all cities don’t have record high urbanization except the city of Qom. Also، all indicators show that the city of Qom has the strongest urban prime rate، concentration and imbalance. Even become the province of Qom and the formation of new urban areas couldn''t reduce imbalances.

Cities, as dynamic and at the same time complex systems which control most of the economic-social affairs of every region, play a decisive role in the economic, social, and cultural development process and optimal spatial structure of a territory. Different patterns adopted by urban systems are the consequence of interaction and interplay of effective social institutions and forces. Among the most important of these factors in the current conditions government, market, social movements, developments in communication technology, exterior incentives, the present structure of the spatial organization and etc. can be mentioned. Nowadays, governments and governmental decisions are among the most influential factors in forming the hierarchical model and residential relations. In this regard, among the powerful governmental tools, political organization of space and state divisions can be mentioned. Political divisions of space are changed by various methods, such as abstraction, interpolation, integration and improvement in different levels of the political zoning of a country’s space. When promoting the political level, the lower political-administrative unit is transferred to the higher level. Naturally, simultaneous with promotion of the political level in a state, the whole internal affairs of the country would be accompanied with some transformations. Political organization of space is closely related to growth patterns and economic development on one hand, and physical-spatial patterns on the other hand. This organization is performed based on two objectives including the optimization of places, and optimization of functions and activities. The state divisional system can entail some methods for revision in rules and procedures through which the conditions for actualization of the economic and social development and particularly sustainable development can be provided. During the recent decades in Iran, the issue of enhancing the administrative-political levels of geographic spaces through formation of new provinces has been considered. After the Islamic revolution in Iran, number of the existing provinces in the country from 24 has reached to 31 provinces. Obviously, in the meantime, several cities have adopted new roles as provincial centers, many cities have promoted to the centers of newly established towns and many villages have become urban areas, while at the same time, direction and intensity of many administrative, political, economic, and cultural processes among the urban areas have been changed. Naturally, by making such decisions and enhancing the position of these cities, the residential network system at the regional and national levels would be affected and changed. The vast Khorasan province is among the provinces where these spatial divisions have occurred and the functions of many of its settlements have been promoted. This province was divided into three provinces including the northern, Razavi, and Southern Khorasan provinces in 2004; and since the main function of the state divisions is decentralization in governing the territory and facilitation in exerting the national will, the main question in the present research is whether with the administrative- political decentralization performed in the great province of Khorasan, the regional urban system has been affected by it and whether its spatial manifestation has been crystallized in decreasing the urban primacy index of Mashhad metropolis, fortifying the medium size cities and small towns, and also providing a more balanced population distribution. The present study is a practical one and its study method is descriptive and analytical and the subject entails a comparative and procedural study. The investigated geographical area is the vast province of Khorasan and the research period has been the time before and after the divisions. To achieve the intended goal, the required information and data were collected through study of library sources and documents which included research reviews and the studies performed on the related issue and application of the needed statistics and data during various periods. Also, in order to analyze and process the data, regional techniques and indexes were used including the urban primacy indexes, elastic ability index, entropy index and Gini coefficient. The urban network in Khorasan province like most of the country’s regions that are affected by center-oriented political. Administrative structure is experiencing an unbalanced situation that the population gap and spatial dissociation of its hierarchy is obvious. Following the governmental decisions in political divisions of the provinces during the last decade in the country, the vast Khorasan province was also divided into three separate provinces in 2004. According to the performed decentralization and enhance of the status and administrative-political function of many of the residential areas, it is expected that these evolutions would lead to population decentralization. Also, it is expected that while decreasing the urban primacy index of Mashhad, medium size cities and small towns would be fortified and population distribution become more balanced. Findings of the present study indicated that division of Khorasan province and formation of newly-established provinces have led into the formation of new urban areas. This means the transformation of many villages to towns and promotion of their roles and functions. Also, changes in contribution of demographic classes demonstrate that division of this province has resulted in decentralization of urban population and especially those urban areas which have adopted new centrality roles attracted more population. Among the other evolutions which are expected from the provincial division is the decrease of the province’s urban primacy index. The performed study indicates that despite the division of the province, the difference between the first populated city with other subsequent cities of the province has not reduced but rather it had been intensified (which is due to the powerful role of Mashhad in the region and also because the new provincial centers are not considered among the first three cities). However, the models in which the population of Mashhad is calculated compared to the total urban population of the province suggest that the urban primacy index has been a little reduced. Additionally, investigating the situation of balance in spatial distribution of Khorasan’s population demonstrates a lack of balance, though this situation has become a little more balanced after the provincial division based on the entropy coefficient, however, according to Gini coefficient, imbalance has been increased and this can be observed in small towns and medium size cities. An increase in the transformation of villages into small towns has played a crucial role in this regard. In sum, it must be stated that imbalance in the residential system of the region is the consequence of a variety of natural and human factors which are formed in the context of a series of historical evolutions in a region and efforts for decreasing its heterogeneity cannot be achieved simply and merely by one or several factors. Decentralization in decision-making, assigning new roles to cities, and political promotion of small towns and medium size cities are among the measures which can in turn change the economic, service and population processes in a region. As a result, they can affect the residential system of the region. Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that decentralization through political promotion of space is merely a single factor with limited affecting level and in order to balance the residential system of the region, appropriate planning and solutions should be performed to strengthen the small towns and medium size cities for population control and population stabilization of the region; therefore, by a planning approach and considering the potentials of cities and areas sustainable development can be achieved that would not only decrease the existing population imbalance, but also it would reduce the intra-regional economic and service gaps.