جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « hot » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

Dust at different levels in the city can be a good indicator of the presence of these heavy metals in the city, therefore the main goal of the present study is the spatial analysis of heavy metal contamination of surface dust in the northwestern area of Tabriz city. For analyzing, Moran's index, hot spot analysis and ANOVA test were used in Arc Gis10.8 and Spss20 software. The studied heavy metals included; lead, chromium, manganese, zinc, copper and iron. For this purpose, samples were taken from 12 stations in the area. After the initial preparation, the concentration of heavy metals in the samples was obtained using an atomic absorption spectrometer. Based on the findings of the Moran index, the research showed that the spatial distribution of heavy metal pollution follows a cluster pattern, . Moran's index analysis shows the highest z score of 204.24 and 140.12 respectively for zinc and copper metal, which shows the intense spatial concentration of these two polluting elements in the studied area.The results of the ANOVA test also showed that the level of heavy metal pollution changes with the type of use. In fact, it can be said that the spatial distribution of heavy metal pollution differs according to the type of urban use. The most observed pollutions were in commercial-service, administrative and law enforcement uses.

In the past, architects in many parts of Iran had built traditional public buildings to create a community convenience and comfort. Ab Anbars are good example of this facility structures which they were suppose to collect water in rainy condition and keep it cool for use in dry condition of year espacialy in hot and arid climate. To study amount of radiation and heat absorption 2 Domes of Ab Anbar in Yazd (hot and arid climate) and 2 Domes of Ab Anbar in Qazvin (cold climate) were selected. In order to simulate the domes, they were first modeled in Revit software 2017, and then models were transferred to Rhino 5 software, using the honeybee & lady bug, and with the Energy plus Engine analysis of the received solar radiation and shading were done. In the analyzes, uniformity of the dimensions of the Ab Anbars domes were used, so that the optimum dome can be obtained in terms of receiving solar radiation and absorbing heat in the shadowed area. To equalize the domes, the absorption of the sun's radiation of each dome is divided by the amount of shadowing of the same dome.Radiation absorption in hottest day of the year in hat and arid climate and coldest day of year in cold climate were calculated using Energy Plus software Honeybee & ladybug Plugins. Result shows that amount of radiation is dependent to form of domes. During study day (14,16 and 18 o’clock ) 78, 71 and 64 percent of high rise Domes  is facing radiation while 93,81 and 64 percent of  low rise domes is facing radiation. From this results it can be concluded that high rise domes have better function in hot and arid climate and low rise domes have better function in cold climate in relation to radiation absorption.

Today, very important cities such as Yazd, which have cultural richness and distinct traditional architecture, have seen severe damage due to instability in their newly built structures. Therefore, it is very important to pay attention to the aspects that will accelerate the revival of traditional identity and its sustainable development. The results of this study, which was carried out with a descriptive-analytical method, show that the city of Yazd, despite the damage it has seen from the implementation of modern architecture in its new context, fortunately, due to the richness of urban planning and green architecture, is suitable for its hot and dry climate. , still maintains its efficiency and vitality, and the principles and characteristics related to the urban fabric, neighborhoods and buildings of Yazd city are in line with the general principles of sustainable and traditional architectural criteria in sustainable urban development in three environmental, economic and social fields. Therefore, the architectural style, which has been implemented with a green orientation and continuity of sustainability and without pressure on nature and more energy consumption, has played a very important role in creating socio-cultural and economic interactions and ultimately the sustainable development of this city. Of course, the adverse consequences of the spread and prevalence of buildings incompatible with the region's climate should not be neglected, and it is necessary to return to traditional architecture and combine it with modern architecture, take more appropriate steps in the direction of urban development and solve many problems. He came and helped.

One of the important issues of urban sustainability is paying attention to the indicators and contexts of creating social sustainability. Meanwhile, the neighborhood on a physical-social basis can play a very important role in the development of urban sustainability and its dimensions are used as one of the most important and key tools in planning. The aim of this study was to investigate the situation of social stability in District 1 Region 9 of Tehran by the descriptive-analytical method. Based on sample size and spatial sampling, 383 households were selected and questionnaires were distributed among them. For data analysis, McGrannhan's technique was used and spatial analysis was performed using Moran Kelly extensions and hot and cold spot extensions in Arc GIS software. The final results of McGrannhan's technique were calculated based on urban blocks and identified with the final social sustainability map. The final results of McGrannhan's technique were calculated based on urban blocks and identified with the final social sustainability map. the situation of social stability in the western parts of the district, the southern parts of the Ostad Moin neighborhood, and the western part of the Dastgheib neighborhood is favorable, and this rate is unfavorable in the eastern part of the district, the southern part of Hoshyar neighborhood and the eastern part of Dastgheib neighborhood. The highest level of stability is in the Moin Ostad neighborhood and the central and western parts of the Dastgheib neighborhood and the lowest level of stability is in the Hoshyar neighborhood; Therefore, in order to increase the level of social stability in area one of the nine districts of Tehran, the need to create areas to facilitate the flow of renovation and increase participation, increase the areas of security and satisfaction of residents, is necessary.

The quality of urban spaces is affected by the citizens' sense of thermal comfort, in addition to the components of architecture and urban planning. The feeling of thermal comfort is affected by biological, psychological and climatic. To investigate the effect of users' presence in urban spaces, which is the main purpose of this study, we must first identify the variables affecting thermal comfort and then analyze them.

This study examines the thermal comfort in urban open spaces in Bandar Abbas. The analysis and evaluation of quantitative climatic data on the one hand and the evaluation of perception and quantitative climatic data on the other hand, shape the research process and the method. A questionnaire was used to achieve thermal comfort condition of people. Surveys were conducted over a fourteen-day period in summer and winter of 2020. Climatic variables were monitored simultaneously with interviews and questionnaires.

In examining climatic data and their relationship to subjective sensation of high temperature, this study confirms the significant effect of personal variables (age and clothing) and climate variables (thermal sensation, wind and solar radiation). It also showed an acceptable outdoor temperature range using the Ta index with a neutral air temperature of 29.1°C for the warm season and 24.5°C for the cold season.

Wind is the main factor of comfort in urban space. Finally, considering the acceptable outdoor temperature range, this study obtained a neutral air velocity (VA) with a neutral air velocity of 0.5m/s for the warm season and 0.13m/s for the cold season.

The purpose of this study is to achieve design criteria that lead to the revival of indigenous and rich architecture of the past and its revival in contemporary housing.

The research method of the present study is a combination of descriptive-analytical and comparative methods with an applied nature. After recognizing the indigenous architectural features of hot and dry climate and recognizing Plex housing through field studies (observation and interview) and reviewing some library documents, the desired indices in the study samples were evaluated by scoring system and by quantitative comparison (scores obtained in indigenous housing samples and Plex housing (qualitative comparison) (review of criteria obtained from studies) on the adaptability and inference of architectural features of each of these two types of housing.

Results based on library studies and comparative method through conceptual and physical characteristics of indigenous housing and plexus housing in the form of physical, social and climatic indicators and analysis and evaluation of the desired characteristics after classification in the form of relevant components and criteria, interrelationship, relevance and compliance Design features in indigenous housing architecture and Plex housing as a contemporary model in the design of new housing.

The results show that there is a close interaction between Plex housing design criteria and indigenous housing in hot and dry climates, and this type of housing can be used as a new form of climate-related architectural housing and to link with past architecture in responding to the environment and creating housing. Stable useful, followed by the revival of indigenous housing architecture in contemporary architecture.

 Scientific research journals are one of the main and most reputable bases for presenting the scientific achievements of the country. This study aimed to investigate the adequacy of the use of climatic data and the variety of common methods in climate-related architectural studies and to review studies in the field of climate zoning and the diversity of case studies to meet the need for research of climatic architecture.

In this applied research, citation and content analysis methods have been used. The sample population in this article is equal to the target population and includes 101 scientific-research articles in the field of climatic architecture and 51 articles in the field of climatic zoning that was published with the keywords of "climate" and "climatic zoning" in Iran in 2001-2020. Data were collected using the library, review of written documents, and internal publications databases. The tools of this study included a coding sheet. In order to the reliability of the instrument was confirmed using the Scott test. Data were analyzed using SPSS 25 software and descriptive statistics. Meanwhile, the case study of 47% of climatic zoning studies was the northwestern and northern half of Iran with cold temperate, and mild humid temperate.

 The climatic attributes were expressed in climatic architecture studies by the descriptive (45.54%) and qualitative/quantitative descriptive methods (88/11%). The frequency of climatic architecture studies in 2001-2020 in hot and dry areas is considered (45%). Climatic zoning using the combination of climatic elements (27.77) and the Coupon Geiger method (16.22) were the methods with the highest frequency used for climatic zoning.

 Climatic zoning in studies published in 2001-2020 is not sufficient to meet the needs of researchers in the field of climatic architecture, especially in hot and dry temperate and in provinces with high building density, including Tehran

The purpose of this study was to locate wind-catcher sites in regions with hot and arid climates in the country (Semnan province).

the current study is empirical in terms of purpose. First, the initial list of indicators affecting the location of the wind-catchers was prepared by reviewing the fundamental theories was approved by the Delphi method. Then, a combined model was used to find the potential areas for wind-catchers establishment. This model includes the Hierarchical Analysis Process (AHP) technique and the Geographic Information System (GIS). The tools used for this purpose were ArcGIS software, version 9.3, and Expert Choice software, version 2004. The pair comparison method was used to weigh the indicators and zones.

Six indicators of sunny hours, wind, altitude, temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation were identified to locate the win-catchers. The relative humidity index with a weight of 0.38 had the highest score and the height index with a weight of 0.154 had the lowest score. The layer for each indicator was prepared and drawn for the eight cities of the province. Eventually, according to the scores estimated by the pairwise comparison of the indicators and the studied areas, the priorities of the cities of Semnan province in terms of the wind-catchers establishment are as follows: Semnan, Garmsar, Aradan, Sorkheh, Damghan, Shahroud, Miami and Mehdishahr.

the optimal locating of wind-catchers requires a combination of several indicators that was possible using the hierarchical analysis method combined with GIS. The final model is practical and generalizable to similar climates.

Throughout the house, it has been very important in Iranian culture, especially after Islam. The house is known as a sacred place to protect the privacy of the family, external access to the inside of the Iranian house has a military space network. This network makes the public and private space of the house in three layers, the first layer; Outdoor, second layer; Covered space and the third layer; Closed space is separated. Because entering the house has a degree of importance and hierarchy, access to all parts of the Iranian house is an inseparable principle of residential architecture. However, in recent years, the spatial rupture of architectural elements from small to large scale has made the body of the settlement of historical cities in Iran unconscious. Therefore, Iranian historical houses are a treasure trove of design concepts and patterns, as well as a source of inspiration for the architecture of contemporary houses. By recognizing and understanding the space system, the conditions of visual comfort and optimal use of space can be put on the agenda of the current architecture. Therefore, the present study is a type of developmental research and in terms of method is a type of historical-descriptive research, specifically the historical house of the Abbasids of Kashan. The study expresses the characteristics of spatial elements with the aim of creating a hierarchy, a spatial continuity that is self-integrating in all spaces in the component system to the whole pattern governing the architecture of the historic house. As intermediate spaces, the spatial factor of the spatial structure of Iranian settlements has been presented.

The climatic conditions in urban spaces with hot and arid regions always make it necessary to organize such spaces in urban planning and work out processes in proportion to the environmental conditions so that the quality of their attendancy can be elevated to an optimal level. This is while most of the studies carried out so far and the executive procedures of the corresponding organs are not efficient for enhancing the attendancy in urban spaces with hot and arid conditions in proportion to the conceptual model. Also, most such spaces do not exhibit an optimal attendancy and liveliness in comparison to other regions. On this basis, the present study seeks to find an answer to the question ‘what are the dimensions and the indices influencing the enhancement of attendancy in the urban spaces of hot and arid regions?’ The aim of the research is to provide a framework for a conceptual model of attendancy for Hakim Street in the city of Isfahan as the subject of this case study. The research is fundamental-applied in terms of its goals, and it uses a mixed qualitative-quantitative approach. The elaboration of the environmental indices influencing the attendancy and the determination of their importance are carried out based on Delphi and Shannon technique and a one-sample t-test in line with the assessment of the status quo of the study case. The study findings indicate that such aspects as ecosystem, function, social, morphology, space, perception and landscape are amongst the important and influential dimensions of attendancy in the urban spaces of hot and arid regions; there are generally 31 different indices in this regard. Assessment of the current status of Hakim Street in Isfahan is carried out with regard to the mentioned aspects and their indices. Based on this assessment, a framework of urban designing and spatial-functional organization is offered for the study area so that attendancy can be enhanced in the three sequences defined for Hakim Street.

Examining housing quality issues, among other things, is one of the key issues in housing planning. Housing is a physical place that is considered as a shelter and basic need of the family. The quantity and quality of housing reflects the socio-economic status of the city and many realities of society. Housing is an integrated part of the development of the national economy. Addressing housing indicators as the main planning tool can be considered as one of the most sensitive stages of planning. In order to ensure social growth, the housing sector, in addition to the housing unit itself, also includes the environment around it. Certainly, identifying housing quality levels in different urban areas is an effective step in explaining the quality of life and the sense of satisfaction of city dwellers. The indicators examined in the present study include indicators related to safe housing with sustainability and structural durability and a suitable living space. In the present article, an attempt is made to evaluate the quality of housing in Urmia metropolis based on available statistics. For this purpose, descriptive and analytical methods have been used based on the data available in the Statistics Center of Iran. The raw data in the Excel spreadsheet was converted to 35 indicators and entered into the SPSS software to perform factor analysis on them. To perform factor analysis, eight factors were identified, four of which were primary and the other secondary. The factors were then entered into the GIS environment and analyzed. The results indicate an unequal and inappropriate distribution of quality housing indicators in the city of Urmia. The results showed that 18.21% of the statistical areas are among the most deprived areas, 18.18% are deprived, 53.53% are average, 18.13% and 57.9% are completely deprived. It seems that more attention should be paid to areas 1, 2 and 3 to reduce inequalities to some extent. The results of this study showed that deprived clusters are appeared in regions 3 and 2, and delighted clusters in regions 1 and 4. This situation indicates the existence of class distance and dichotomy in urban space and the difference in having the studied indicators in 2011.

Plex construction is a method in residential design which has been suggested with the aim of a sustainable, secure and consistent with environmental conditions. Plex housing has been selected as an optimal type of social housing for study and analysis due to positive specifications like consistency with the environment, climate and region, reduction of the building energy consumption during cooling and heating, saving in the use of urban land per capita, and in qualitative respect, promotion of social sustainability in this type of housing. In one hand, by attention to vernacular architecture, we may find out that this type of architecture benefits from unique features relating to climate, cultural and social considerations that regarding these patterns in contemporary architecture, could return the housing to the nature of the land in which it has been located. The aim of this study is to show the approaches of designing plex housing relating to vernacular housing of warm and dry climate for reviewing and reviving the rich patterns of past architecture in the contemporary architecture. Research method in this study is descriptive-analytical and comparative and the required information has been collected through field studies (observation and interview) and reviewing some documents. The results obtained from investigating the studied indicators show that in plex housing and vernacular housing, a great interaction is observed in respect of physical position. These two types of housing are in a very close interaction in respect of spatial structure and in climate view, vernacular housing has better responded the environment, but totally all design criteria in two types of housing are interacting with each other. Plex housing may be effective and useful as a new form of contemporary housing in creation of a linkage with the past architecture in responding the environment and creation of sustainable housing and follows revival of rich patterns of vernacular housing architecture in contemporary architecture.       

  Plex construction is a method in housing design which has been proposed with the aim of providing a sustainable, secure housing consistent with environmental conditions. Considering the wide range of the buildings constructed for residential application and appropriation of a high rate of energy consumption to them, placement of several buildings beside each other may reduce the rate of energy wastage (Ghialvand, 2007). Also, this is necessary regarding the shortage of urban land per capita, using the constructional techniques which reduce the per capita rate of using land. Plex construction is significant as a method which includes energy reduction and respecting the environment and less use of land (Goodarzi et.al, 2013, 67). On one hand, Iran vernacular architecture has unique specifications that besides attention to the environment respond the climatic needs of every region that this issue is abundantly observable in warm and dry climatic regions. By recognition and investigation of the vernacular architecture and the features consistent to the climate, they may be used in improvement of today buildings architecture. In this regard, the vernacular housing of Kerman city is evaluated with the aim of achieving the designing approaches of contemporary housing utilizing the rich patterns of past architecture in the physical and climatic dimensions. The research questions include: what features and criteria may provide adaptability of plex housing as a type of contemporary social housing with past models of vernacular housing in physical and climatic dimensions? And how much the past model of vernacular housing is consistent to warm and dry climate relating to plex housing? The proposed hypothesis is that the plex housing may lead to revival of past vernacular housing and systematic recognition by adaption to past architectural models which is responsive to the needs of contemporary housing relating to the climate and improvement of designing quality in architecture of contemporary architecture.

 The present study is a combination of analytical- descriptive and comparative methods with applied objective. The required data has been used through field and documentary studies. The statistical population of the present study is Kerman city vernacular housing (in respect of features of warm and dry climate vernacular housing). At first, the principles and criteria of plex housing and vernacular housing are identified, then for evaluation of the design specifications, these criteria have been used in study samples of plex housing and vernacular housing and achieving the rate of utilizing each sample from assessed criteria of scoring systems. Since the rate of efficiency of each sample is different from the considered criteria, the scoring system has been used that based on viability world literature1 and the rate of adaptability of these two types of housings are investigated.

  For comparison of the designing criteria in the architecture of vernacular and plex housing, the searchable points in designing studied samples were extracted. The studied criteria have been categorized in the format of two physical and climatic indicators. Then, for making the assessment process more accurate, the considered indicators were classified in the format of component and criterion and the searchable criteria were assessed in the studied samples. So, the rate of distinction of each criterion is investigated in each sample and all study samples in vernacular and plex housing as scoring. For evaluation of the specifications of these two types of housing, comparative comparison of the obtained scores was performed and the rate of adaptability of the considered cases in both housing was obtained. The designing criteria are conformed to each other in climatic respect in plex and vernacular housing in using air flow and relation to the environment. In using native materials, construction of vernacular housing is completely matched with native materials but in plex housing, this trend is descending and almost in most constructions, new materials have been used. Saving in energy consumption in vernacular housing has been more considered. The building orientation in vernacular housing has been applied very carefully but in plex housing some descending trend is observed. In plex housing and vernacular hosing, in respect of the structure commonalities have been in interaction with each other, using central yard as a collective space is seen in both housings. Collective spaces for creating more social interactions and building joint sections are seen in both housings. In respect of situation, adjacency exists in both types of housings but in vernacular housing, adjacency of the residential units has more consistency that this leads to more energy saving. In respect of space independence, both housing types are in interaction with each other. In respect of security, spatial and functional privacy, in vernacular housing is more observed due to the building introversion, but generally in both housing types, the element of security exists in the view of defined relations to joint parts and spaces

The theoretical fundamentals show that in the past planning of vernacular and plex housing, each has been evaluated based on its features and the interaction of these two types of housings have been ignored by planners and designers whose consequence is environmental and urban problems relating to the contemporary architecture. The salient feature of vernacular residential housing is conformation of housing to the environment and climatic and regional conditions and responding the environmental needs affected by climatic conditions. So, revival of vernacular architectural values which include the experiences of past skillful architects in construction of climatic housing and its adaption to contemporary architecture may lead to qualitative housing promotion. For rereading and revival of these models, the present study evaluates the features of plex and vernacular housing. The results obtained from the study show that in plex housing and vernacular housing, much interaction is seen in view of physical position. In respect of the spatial structure, these two types of housings are in close interaction with each other and in climatic view, the vernacular housing better responded the environment, but totally, all designing criteria in two housing types are in interaction with each other. Plex housing as a new form of contemporary housing may be useful and effective in creating a link to past architecture in responding the environment and creating sustainable housing and follow revival of the rich models of vernacular housing architecture in contemporary architecture. The results of the study indicate adaption of features of designing plex housing in relation to vernacular housing.

Nowadays, a great need for green space and parks in the cities is felt, since human’s spirit demands such environment after tiresome daily activities in order to relax. Under such circumstances, constructing parks can fulfill a part of these mental needs by bringing a sense of comfort to people. Considering the significance of such spaces, this research aimed to give instructions for designing an urban coastal park by identifying environmental elements, natural and climatic potentials of hot and humid regions, in order to fill the users’ leisure times. Theoretical foundations and case studies were surveyed, before identifying and analyzing the regional effective factors on users’ comfort. The research method is descriptive-analytical aimed to be practiced and eventually view design suggestions for this geographical field were formed according to the studies. The most important results of this research by using simple and applicable methods, we can provide a pleasant environment to fulfill various aspects of life such as modular, social, Climate comfort, emotional and etc. according to emotional and physical needs of people and encourage them to visit such places more regularly.

Khuzestan Province is adjacent with some great deserts that the dust of these deserts are continually entering this province. Understanding the spatial pattern of these dust is of great help when planning to mitigate its effects. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the best inter-discipline of the dust and then to analyze the spatial statistics of the dust in Khuzestan province during the period 1995-2016. The results showed that the method of reverse weighing with a coefficient of 0.75 is the best model for the microscope zonation. Analysis of the spatial statistics of the dust phenomenon in Khuzestan province shows that we have witnessed clustering of days with dust in the province over the years. The clustering maps of spatial autocorrelation of the dust using the Moran statistics show that in general, the northwest and western regions of province during the studied period have high clusters and the southern, eastern, southeastern and the southwest have low clusters in the province. In 1995, the highest Moran coefficient was (Moran Index = 1/008797) and in 2008 the lowest Moran coefficient was (Moran Index = 0/996831), indicating the highest and lowest number of cluster dust days in 1995 and 2008. The results of hot and cold spots in Khuzestan province during the statistical period show that mainly the north and northwest regions contain hot spots, which means more frequent days of dust in these areas of the province during the studied time period.

Hot and mineral springs are one the most beautiful attractions around the world and have a high contribution in tourism industry in some countries. In Iran more than 460 hot springs have been identified and it seems that there are many more to be explored. Different aspects of these springs such as spring rise, pools and water canals, deposits with different chemical compositions and colors, different algae coatings, historical monuments related to hot springs and natural landscapes around them are attracting many tourists. Another more important tourism attraction of hot springs is their therapeutic uses that have had a long history around the world and also in Iran. Hot springs therapeutic uses are deeply related to their water geochemical characteristics. Fortunately Iranian hot springs have vast geochemical variations. Although these springs have high tourism potentials, they have not been introduced appropriately nationally and internationally. They have not enough and appropriate health care and welfare facilities. Scientific introducing and studies of theses springs alongside with providing health care and welfare facilities can make Iran as one of the therapeutic and natural tourism poles in the world.

In this research, the method of extraction and identification of hot and cold water springs using thermal images of TM and ETM+ is investigated. The process is as follows. After taking images from the TM and + ETM sensors on different dates and implementing geometric and radiometric corrections on the images, surface temperature (LST) for the images is extracted using existing relations. Of course, this requires NDVI and emission extraction for the studied areas due to the certain effect of vegetation on surface temperature. This was carried out in TM and + ETM images using bands 3 and 4. After the extraction of surface temperature by using limits and surface profiles in different directions and by using high pass filters, and finally matching vector layers related to the location of the springs on available images prepared by GPS during the fieldwork, the ability of TM and ETM+ images to identify the springs was evaluated. The results show that the use of images of cooler seasons has a higher priority and importance in comparison with the warmer seasons for the identification and extraction of thermal points and thermal anomalies of the surface of the earth on the images. The reverse is true for the identification of cold springs. Furthermore, the size and temperature of springs regarding their geographical location can be effective factors in identifying and separating these resources.