جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « اعتبارات بانکی » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد »

The economic experiences of the world, especially in the last two decades, prove this point, that the economic stability of countries owes to the efficiency of banking indicators and their financial stability. The importance of a suitable and efficient financial system is not hidden from both politicians and financial thinkers. Therefore, in the last two decades, the effectiveness of banking indicators and financial stability as one of the main goals of the economic system is of interest to many policymakers and thinkers. The banking industry is considered one of the most important sectors of the country's economy, which can provide grounds for the growth and prosperity of the economy by organizing and properly managing its resources and expenses. Considering the relationship between the functioning of the banking system and the macroeconomic sectors of the countries, any instability and crisis in it can cause fluctuations and disturbances in macroeconomic variables, especially production.

Credit in the field of finance means granting the right to possess or use goods and services without immediate payment for them. No money will be paid on credit. In economies of trade of goods and transactions based on direct exchange of goods and services, the concept of credit is quite evident. In general, credits are divided into three parts; 1) consumer credit, 2) commercial credit and 3) bank credit.The business cycle is a kind of changes and fluctuations in economic indicators, which starts with the spread of prosperity and ends with recession, and in the next period starts with recession and ends with boom. This sequence of fluctuations, repeatability may last a year or more than 10 years. In fact, commercial period refers to different periods of reversibility of positive and negative movements, and this concept is considered in the definition of commercial advertising. The business cycle includes four stages; Improvement, prosperity, recession and crisis. With the growth of production and employment, the stage of recovery begins, and when the economy is operating at its maximum capacity near full employment, the stage of economic prosperity has occurred. With the decrease in the GDP growth and the increase in the unemployment rate, the stage of economic recession occurs and finally; Severe economic recession causes economic crisis in the society.In the literature of sustainable development, the optimal and legal development of financial and monetary markets plays an important role. On the other hand, financial and monetary markets are the most important source of credit for economic enterprises in terms of working capital and new investment for the development of economic enterprises. Credits are the temporary transfer of purchases from one natural or legal person to another natural or legal person. Economic enterprises use credits to cover the cost of providing their required inputs, including; They provide labor, capital inputs, technology and even the purchase of raw materials. Therefore, credits have a significant impact on the growth and development of investment and production activities. Therefore, credits have direct and indirect effects on the production and employment of economic enterprises, and therefore, the effect of credits on production fluctuations in the form of a business cycle can be considered. The optimal use of credits in economic enterprises causes the growth of production and employment, and in the business cycle sector, it fuels economic prosperity. On the contrary, the incorrect use of credits in the economy slows down the growth of production and employment in economic enterprises and the beginning of the period of crisis and economic stagnation in the business cycle.

The research method is of the causal correlation type and based on the analysis of time series data. The purpose of this research is to provide a macroeconomic model according to the literature on the volume of bank loans and the formation of the business cycle, taking into account the conditions of Iraq, using the Granger causality test. Therefore, using the study of Gomez et al. (2015), the research model has been fitted. The spatial scope of the research is the collection of the main variables of the Iraqi macroeconomics and the collection of data required for estimation from the World Bank database during the period of 2008-2021.

Before the regression, in order not to encounter false regression, all the research variables were subjected to the Dickey-Fuller test, and the results of the significance of all the research variables were at the proven level, and this result is the permission to use the VAR method. In the following, Granger causality test was done to test the first hypothesis of the research, and long-term estimation results were used to test the second hypothesis. The results of the hypothesis test show that, according to the Granger causality test, the relationship between bank credits and the business cycle is bidirectional. The mentioned result is in line with the research of Gomez et al. (2015), Qasim Hossein et al. (2022). Also, the results of the long-term estimation of the research model of the relationship between bank loans and the business cycle are positive and significant. The mentioned result is not in line with the research of Gomez et al. (2015), Georgios et al (2020). In the research of Jafari Samimi et al. (2016), the asymmetric effect of monetary policy and bank credit on business cycles in Iran was confirmed, which indicates the existence of severe inflationary effects in the Iranian economy, while in Iraq, the effect of bank credit on the cycle Commercial is positive, which indicates that the Iraqi economy does not experience the same inflationary conditions as in Iran, and the appropriate allocation of bank credits will increase the gross domestic product.

Public debt is a government-related variable that links several successive governments. Each government may have different opinions and priorities regarding the application of financial policies in the economy, including the level or composition of public expenditures. The purpose of this article is to investigate the asymmetric effect of public debt on financial development in Iran during the period 1973 to 2021. For this purpose, after performing relevant tests, using the non-linear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model, it was observed that in the long term, there is a negative and significant relationship between positive and negative changes in public debt and financial development index in Iran. At the same time, the coefficient of positive changes in public debt is smaller than its negative changes; This means that the reduction of public debt has a greater effect on the development of the financial sector compared to its increase. Also, the results indicate a negative and significant effect of the interest rate on the financial development index.

In this studyو the effect of bank credit allocation between different economic sectors on the economic growth of Iranian provinces was investigated. For this purpose, the provincial data for the period 2015-2020 based on the maximum available data and the method of estimating quantile regression in panel data were used. In this regard, the results showed that in the initial quantile (0.05) the amount of credits to the agriculture, business, industry and services sector had a positive effect on growth and also credits to the housing sector had a negative effect on the economic growth of the provinces. In the middle quantile (quantile 0.5), lending to the agricultural and business sectors has had a positive effect, and lending to the housing and services sector has had a negative effect, as well as the effect of the industry sector on economic growth. Finally, in the upper quantile (0.95 Credits to the agricultural and business sectors have a positive and significant effect, and credits to the industrial sector have a negative effect, as well as the effect of credits in the housing and services sector no significant effect on provincial economic growth. This indicates the need to redefine credit policies and prevent the diversion of these resources. Regarding the effect of capital, the results showed that the effect of human capital and physical capital on the economic growth of the provinces is positive and significant, and regarding the effect of physical capital in high quantile, this effect is more. Finally,

The relationship between credit and economic growth is one of the issues discussed by economists and recent studies have shown that the relationship between credit and economic growth can be nonlinear. The aim of this study was to investigate the nonlinear Granger causality between the credit variable (which is the most important criterion for financial development) and the economic growth variable. For this purpose, Granger causality in the form of MSVAR model and seasonal data in the period 1383: 1 to 1398: 4 have been used. The results show a nonlinear relationship between economic growth and validity and MSVAR model has better explanatory power than its linear competitor (VAR model). According to this study, in regime one (which corresponds to periods of positive economic growth and high credit growth), causality exists only in terms of economic growth to credit, and in regime two (which corresponds to periods of economic growth and low credit growth) Causality is from credit to economic growth. In other words, in periods of prosperity, an increase in credit cannot significantly boost economic growth, and due to credit constraints in bad economic conditions, an increase in credit can affect economic growth

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of different types of bank loans on income inequality in the economies of 24 selected developing countries using the econometric method of panel data during the period 2000-2019. The results showed that credits to the non-financial sector as well as consumption reduce inequality and credits to the financial and housing sectors increase inequality. Lending to the non-financial sector has also been declining, and lending to the consumer, financial and mortgage sectors has been on the rise. The findings also showed that the employment rate and housing prices, respectively, affect the effect of loans granted to the non-financial and housing sectors on income inequality. Allocate a significant portion of the credit to non-financial and productive businesses.

Monetary policy is one way of controlling economic fluctuations, and in recent years, developing countries (including Iran) have been particularly concerned with policymaking. For this reason, it is necessary to consider how these policies will affect the Iranian economy and its variables. It should also be examined whether the existence of inflationary conditions in the Iranian economy can have an impact on the performance of monetary policy. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of monetary policy on bank credit during commercial periods, (seasonal data during 1997-1999) using a smooth transition regression model. According to the results, when economic growth in Iran exceeds 3.62 percent, regime change will occur, and the estimated slope parameter is 8.58, indicating a moderate adjustment rate from the first regime to the second regime. Economic growth as a threshold variable has a positive and significant effect on bank credit. In other words, the results show that in Iran monetary policy will have a different impact on bank lending given different levels of economic growth (stagnation or boom).Results have shown that whenever the economic growth in Iran exceeds 3.62 %, with a moderate adjustment speed of 8.58, a change in the regime will occur and the economic growth will have positive and significant impact on banking credits as a threshold variable. Likewise, according to monetary policy results any recession or prosperity in economic growth will have various effects on granted banking credits, based on its different levels. Also, monetary policy in both regimes has a positive and significant effect on economic growth, but this effect has decreased in the second regime compared to the first regime. The results show that, during the recession the bankschr('39') lending power was low due to the financial crisis and therefore limited access. People on loans will increase the impact of monetary policy during the recession rather than the boom period. It is therefore necessary for monetary policy makers to consider trade cycles when applying monetary policy.

This study discussed the role of oil revenues and banking sector credits with an emphasis on monetary policy in Iranchr('39')s economy in the form of a dynamic dynamic equilibrium model. In this study was used real seasonal per capita data for the period of 1996 to 2017 and the seasonal adjustment utilized by the Hadrik-Proskat filter and Calibration method to extract the parameters of the general equilibrium model.For this purpose, first, the model of justification and the equations of each section were explained based on theoretical foundations and some previous studies. Then optimization of each section was done by solving its equations and the model was simulated based on the economic realities of Iran and subsequently, the simulated model was fitted with the help of variables moments that the results confirm the relative success of the simulated model with the realities of Iranchr('39')s economy. Also, the immediate response to the governmentchr('39')s oil revenue shock on variables was examined, The results showed that any positive shocks to government oil revenues would lead to an expansionary fiscal policy by the government that This increases household incomes and, while stimulating the demand side, increases household consumption by increasing household consumption. An increase in the volume of household deposits also means more funds available to banks, which will result in lower interest rates and an increase in the supply of bank loans to increase investment in enterprises and increase production that the results are in line with the theoretical expectations and economic realities of the country.

In this paper, the effect of government expenditures with the volume of bank credits on economic growth in Iran, considering the role of monetary policy in the form of a dynamic stochastic genral equilibrium model is studied. for this purpose, we first defined a model consisting of households, production sector, government and oil, banks and intermediary financial institutions and the monetary status for the Iranian economy. Then, the model of the study was specified and the equations of each section were explained. After specifying the assumptions, characteristics and relationship of different parts of the model with each other, each section was optimized. After simulating the model, the model was fitted with real and simulated ratios and also using the torque variables and finally, the effects of the impuls response to the shock of government expenditures on the variables of production, consumption, investment, facilities and bank deposits were investigated that in many cases, the results have been consistent with the theoretical expectations and economic realities of the country.

 Today, one of the most important problems facing the banking system of the country is the increase in non-performing loans, consequently reduction of liquidity, disruption in the allocation of resources and ultimately a decline in bank profit. This study examines the factors (such as the economic growth rate, the average interest rate and etc.) affecting lending for 17 Iran commercial banks in 1388-1395. In the study, the ratio of loans to total assets was used as the dependent variable. The independent variables are deposits ratio, capital ratio, the ratio of non-performing loan, The average interest rate on deposit and loan, bank size, inflation rate, required reserve ratio and the rate of economic growth. In addition, the statistical method and software used in this research is panel data and Eviews8 respectively. The results indicate a negative impact of NPL, liquidity ratio and average interest rate on lending and also positive impact of deposits ratio and economic growth rate. 

Increase of GDP in an economic system depends on the amount of investment, for which banks play a major role in providing funds.The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of bank credits on the economic growthof provinces with the level of their income in focus. In order to assess the role of income level in the effectiveness of banking credits in economic growth, the provinces are divided into high-income and low-income groups. The econometric model of this research is determined using the panel data in 31 provinces and the dynamic panelduring 2006-2014. The results show that the credits granted by banks have had positive and significant effects on economic growth in the provinces. Also, the impact of bank credits on economic growth is higher in the low-income provinces than in high-income ones,and the regional level of income has played an important role to promote the economic growth by bank credits. In addition, the effect of explanatory variables such as human capital, urbanization rate and current expenditures has been positive and significant on the growth of the provinces.

Although the importance of the financial sector in economic growth and development has been shown by numerous studies, but which financial structure can lead to economic growth, different results have been achieved from previous studies. This difference, on the one hand, is rooted in the structure and conditions of each country, and on the other hand, the impact of financial structure on economic growth can be different at different times (such as the period of boom and stagnation). Therefore, considering the necessity of conducting such a study for the Iranian economy using the appropriate techniques that achieve this goal, in the present study, with the introduction of bank-oriented and market-oriented financial structure, the effect of each one on Iran's economic growth has been studied using the Markov-Switching nonlinear technique for seasonal data during the 2001:4-2014:4 period. The results showed that there is a statistically significant relationship between the financial structure of the country and economic growth, so that in a recession, the bank-oriented financial structure has a more effective effect than the market-oriented financial structure on GDP growth of Iran. Therefore, it can be recommended that economic policy makers and economic planners in the periods of recession can shift the firms financing needed towards banks and, in the periods of expansion, get help from the capital market as an arm of financing of firms. In addition, in all economic conditions, it is necessary to pay attention to the improvement of the financial sector of the economy.

Banks due to their ownership structure have specific objective in granting credits. Hence, Ownership structure can be impact on economic growth by Influencing banks' lending behavior. Purposes of this study are investigating the role of bank ownership in the impact of bank credit on economic growthwith considering income level of provinces. This research is divided banks into state and private also divided provinces into two groups of high and low income. Econometric model of this research is estimated using panel data in 31 provinces during of 2006-2015. Descriptive analysis results showed that average of total credits each year, 21 percent by private banks and 79 percent by state-owned banks is paid. The findings of the model estimation indicate that the impact of both types of banks credit on provinces' economic growth was higher in low income levels compared to provinces with high income levels. The results of the tests conducted to measure the difference in the impact of two types of banks in each region indicated that state banks, with a significant difference compared to private banks, had a greater effect on economic growth in lower-income provinces. But the difference in the effectiveness of two types of bank credit on economic growth in provinces with high income level is not significant. Therefore, structure of bank ownership has effective role on the impact of credits on economic growth due to the income level of the regions.

This paper using a threshold vector autoregressive examines the asymmetric impacts of monetary policy and banking credits on business cycles in Iran. In this paper the output gap is defined as transmission variable between two regimes and the Hodric-Prescott is estimated and its stationary is confirmed by Dickey-Fuller test. Using the likelihood ratio test the nonlinearity of the model is tested and using grid search method the threshold variable is determined. Base on threshold value (-0.000922) two regimes including upper and low regime are considered. Using R software the threshold vector autoregressive model is estimated and generalized impulse response function are extracted. Results indicate that the impact of monetary policy and banking credits on economic activity in low and upper regimes is completely different and depending on business cycle condition, In other words the paper findings support the asymmetric impact of monetary policy and banking credits in Iran.

Empirical studies have shown that financial development triggers economic growth through various ways, hence it is of primary importance to understand factors enhancing financial sector development. Based on economic literature, government plays a key role in financial sector development through his financial policies and budget structure. This study aims to investigate Iranian government role in financial sector development through 1973-2010, using time series data and ARDL co-integration approach. The data analysis revealed that public debt might exert a negative effects on financial sector development in Iran .empirical results also show that of the four past Iranian government regimes after Islamic revolution, all of them have had significant and supportive policies towards financial sector development although these policies had been stronger during the second and the forth ones.

Since 1980s, credit policy has been promoted as an important mechanism in job creation, especially for women. However, some researchers have showed that although microfinance programs have significant potential for contributing to women’s wellbeing, yet, many women borrowers have limited control over loans and/or resulted income. In such cases credit policy may not change women status. Women’s Cooperatives are one of the institutional set up for mitigating female unemployment and promoting women’s position in the society and household. However, in most cases, cooperatives that established by the help of state subsidies may not realize the expected goals. Our field research about Women’s Cooperatives in Mazandaran province (Iran) confirms that there is no automatic benefit of micro-finance for women; as many registered Women’s Cooperatives have not been able to create long lasting economic activity, despite of receiving loans.

Despite the recent attention to the potential impact of monetary policy on bank risk taking incentives, large research typically concentrated on the relationship between monetary policy instance and availability of bank credit and didn’t provide a model that import the bank risk taking incentives. This paper attempts to fill this gap in existing studies. For this purpose, we considered the bank risk taking index along with other indicators (such as size, liquidity and capitalization) that traditionally has been applied in the bank lending channel studies to assess the ability and willingness of banks to supply new loans. Thus, bank lending channel examination of Iran`s banking network through banking risk is the aim of this paper, For this purpose, the index of bank risk taking instance will be used in the common monetary transmission mechanism and the generalized method of moments (GMM) will be used to estimate the model. The results show that bank risks have negative effects on their lending and also the interaction between bank risk index and monetary policy, as expected, is negative.

Since 1980s, credit policy has been promoted as an important mechanism in job creation, especially for women. However, some researchers have showed that although microfinance programs have significant potential for contributing to women’s wellbeing, yet, many women borrowers have limited control over loans and/or resulted income. In such cases credit policy may not change women status. Women’s Cooperatives are one of the institutional set up for mitigating female unemployment and promoting women’s position in the society and household. However, in most cases, cooperatives that established by the help of state subsidies may not realize the expected goals. Our field research about Women’s Cooperatives in Mazandaran province (Iran) confirms that there is no automatic benefit of micro-finance for women; as many registered Women’s Cooperatives have not been able to create long lasting economic activity, despite of receiving loans.

Development of financial markets in economic growth is always a key issue in developing economies. In this regard, one of the important factors affecting economic growth, is bank credits through creation of investment opportunities for producers, provides growth and development background. Therefore, the goal of the present study is to survey the effect of bank credits to various sectors of the economy, with other macro predictors on economic growth in 74 selected developing countries during the period 1990-2009. Accordingly, a growth model was specified and estimated by using Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). The results indicate that credits grant did not have a positive effect on economic growth but it has a negative and significant one on developing countries. Also, the indexes of physical capital, economic openness, human capital and foreign direct investment show a positive and significant effect, and government spending and inflation show a negative and significant effect on growth. The variable related to the great financial crisis of 2008, is also reflects the negative impact of the crisis on economic growth in all developing countries.

The main purpose of this article is to study the impact of banking credits on employment in Golestan province. The type of this research method is applied and it is used of two Procedures descriptive- survey. Regression analysis and panel data model are used for data analysis. The statistical subject of this investigation is credited of all active banks during 1998- 2005 including 11 commercial and specialized banks. To collect information, the survey of documents consolidated financial statements of commercial and specialized banking was extracted and used. Data analysis has indicated that human forces had the most significant effect on the economic growth in the province and is in line with our expectations. The findings also show that the duty credits are of little influence an the province employment whereas non duty credts have been of higher positive role in the province employment.

Regarding to agricultural sector importance and many managers efforts in order to mechanization and increasing of efficiency and productivity this sector in Iran, lead to necessity of banking credits allocation in order to protection of its producers. This study intends to assist economic managers by a Multiple Attribute Mathematical Programming model that is based on Fuzzy Logic for optimum allocation of banking credits to borrowers in agricultural different sections, as constraints of bank insert in decision making model and bank management gain most desirability. Present study done for agricultural bank ofIran. The results of study indicated that optimum model in allocation of banking credits should change and consist of 13.24% tillage, 5.01% husbandry, 11.62% animal husbandry, 5.01% birds, 6.62% fishery, 5.01% natural resources, 5.01% agricultural machines, 18.24% agricultural services, 23.25% agricultural industries and 7.01% Non agriculture sectors. Consequently, current allocation of credits is not optimum in bank agricultural of Iran and this bank need to reform and adjustment in percents and credits quantity.