جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « اقتصاد » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد »

Banks are economic units that affected by shocks. Because their sources and expenses are affected by the impact of unexpected economic shocks. This study investigates and analyzes the effects of inflation and changes in the stock exchange index on the profitability of three selected banks, Karafin, Eghtesad-e Novin and Saman Banks during the period of 2014-2015 using panel data. The results of the F-Limer indicated that the possibility of estimating the model using the Panel data method is confirmed with 95% confidence. In order to detect the presence of fixed effects or the random effects, Hausman's test was used. The results of the Hausman test showed that the research model is panel data with fixed effects. The results of the model estimation indicate that the economic growth and the growth of the stock exchange index have a positive and significant effect on the profitability of the selected banks. On the other hand, the increase in the general level of prices (inflation) has reduced the profitability of banks. Therefore, it is suggested that the production sectors such as agriculture and industry should be prioritized for financing by banks. So that the economic growth is realized by increasing the supply side of the economy and the profitability of the banks is strengthened by both the economic growth and the reduction of inflation.

Studies and reviews of primary references and also recent studies carried by historians of the dawn of Islam suggest the fact that most of these works is based on describing the matter of Bi'tha and explaining the political and military changes in the Islamic Caliphs' and rulers' era after the prophet's departure. Hence, addressing the economic matters at the dawn of Islam is not in the form of an independent topic in primary references, but it is unfocused and scattered among narrated occurrences in the history of the dawn of Islam. In recent studies most of historians of the dawn of Islam also focus on the generality of economic subjects in this era, such as economics of the peninsula before Islam, basics of Islamic economy, the relationship between religion and economy, the prophet's economic policies, and the economics of Muslims in the prophet's and the Caliphs' era, and they rarely address the matter of agriculture as an independent matter. Agriculture has a significant importance as one of the main components of economic system in every community and plays a remarkable role in providing livelihood and economic independence for such community. Therefore, the current study tries to discuss and review the Islamic rulers' approach towards the matter of agriculture by focusing on this case in the first century of the history of Islam. Regarding the vastness of Islamic lands in the first century after hegira and the remarkable historical background of agriculture in some conquered reigns such as Iran and Egypt it is obvious that reviewing agricultural economic changes in these reigns after the arrival of Arab Muslims is a matter in need of detailed and distinct discussion which is not included in this study. According to this, the main purpose of this study is only to describe the Muslim rulers' policies regarding the matter of agriculture and factors which affect these policies until the end of the first century after hegira.

Considering the historical nature of the study and in order to elucidate it, this study tries to discuss and review the progress of changes in the field of Muslim rulers' policies concerning agricultural economy, using a descriptive-analytical method and by referencing to primary sources and some recent researches.

Studies and reviews of Arabia economics before the advent of Islam suggest that agriculture was not thriving in this area of the world due to climate conditions such as desert nature and lack of rain. Although sedentism and stable lifestyle existed in regions such as Yemen since the third century BC due to appropriate climatic and natural conditions, people did not show interest in agriculture and sedentary lifestyle in most areas and nomadism, primitive lifestyle, and tent-living were common. Following the prophet's Bi'tha and his immigration from Mecca to Medina, Arabian Peninsula faced new circumstances in various economic fields including agriculture. Historical reports confirm that arrival of the prophet to Medina city did not stop agricultural activities, but also religious teachings of Islam concerning the matter of agriculture led these activities to develop and spread. But after the prophet's departure and affected by the conquests in era of the Caliphs, the rural economy and the matter of agriculture faced a new fate. In such era, we witness some kinds of change in Muslim rulers' approach towards the agriculture and rural sedentism. Concerns about decreasing Mujahids' numbers and the possibility of cessation of Jihad duty, led the new authority to keep people from agriculture and to stay in villages by encouraging them to settling down in cities and joining the group of Mujahids. Execution of encouraging policies regarding Arab's residence in cities and avoiding rural life and agriculture continued until the era of Umayyad Caliphs. But the Umayyads endeavored to adopt a new approach towards the agriculture by reconsidering the agricultural policies of the Caliphs' era. In fact, Arabs' miscegenation with local people and expansion of Islam among the inhabitants of conquered lands required a change of view to villages and agriculture and adopting a new approach in this field. This new approach the village should be considered a part of nation not outsiders. Therefore, we witness the advent of villages characterized by Islamic cities as general village. It shows the expansion of Islam, increase in the number of Muslims, inhabitation of many of Arabs in villages, and finally the necessity for changing the approach towards agriculture and villages. Henceforth, agriculture was not considered despicable but even accounted same as Jihad; something necessary and in order to be complementary to it.

 CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS:

 Although agriculture before the advent of Islam was common in some areas of Arabian Peninsula, the prophet's Bi'tha could be considered the origin of a new era of prosperity in this area of the Arabia. The prophet's instructions and divine teachings are of the most important Muslims' drives in paying attention to the matter of agriculture. Following the prophet's departure and the beginning of conquests, we witness a new approach in the field of farming and agriculture. From some of the Caliphs' point of view, Arabs' inhabitation in villages and farming decreased the number of Mujahids and distanced Arabs from their mission to spread Islam. So, encouraging Arabs to participate in conquests and to avoid inhabiting in villages and farming was the major outlook of this era, however with the beginning of the Umayyad rule we witness a change in the Umayyad Caliphs' outlook towards the agricultural economy. It seems such a change in approach was caused by the demands and transitions which happened during the occurrences of fifty years after the prophet's Bi'tha. The spread of Islam along with Arab Muslims associating with other nations and getting influenced by them, the increase in importance of agricultural economy in providing the livelihood of the Islamic community, and formation of general villages can be considered a part of these transitions which were effective in changing the Umayyad rulers' outlook towards the matter of agriculture.

The introduction of new social sciences to Iran commenced prior to the Constitutional Revolution, a period known as the Persian Constitutional Revolution, offering valuable insights into the current state of these disciplines. During this era, the writings of travelogues by certain individuals sparked an interest in the Western world, leading to a subsequent effort by a group of intellectuals to transplant European concepts into Iran. Notably, Mirza Agha Khan emerged as a prominent figure in this second group of intellectuals, actively engaged in the transfer of Western ideas. Among Mirza Agha Khan's notable works, "Takvin va Tashri" stands out, particularly due to the methodology applied when addressing economic subjects. In the realm of social sciences, methodology plays a pivotal role in the exploration of the laws governing human interactions. This study focuses on Mirza Agha Khan's approach to economic relationships, revealing that his method mirrors the perspectives of economists from the 18th and 19th centuries.

 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK:

This research method is rooted in the perspective of Ludwig von Mises ([1949] 1998). According to Mises, economic propositions are deduced through a process of deductive reasoning and fall into the category of a priori propositions. This concept centers on the extraction of knowledge from the actions that "we" as individuals undertake. In essence, every individual is considered an actor and, as such, can derive an a priori understanding of reality through introspection. This process is made feasible through the comprehension of what Mises termed "The axiom of action." This axiom posits that "human action is purposeful behavior." In other words, action represents the manifestation of a desire translated into practical behavior, guided by an intent or objective. Action denotes the meaningful response of an individual's "Ego" to stimuli and the environmental conditions surrounding them. It signifies a conscious adaptation to the state of the world, thereby determining the course of their life.

Adam Smith contends that the comprehension of previously unexplained phenomena can be a gratifying experience when employing certain fundamental principles. He suggests that, much like the Newtonian principles, if such principles and rules can be unearthed in the realm of human relationships, it becomes plausible to offer explanations. Mirza Agha Khan's initial statements in "Takvin va Tashri" resonate with the perspective of Adam Smith, which was a prevailing approach among economists up until the 19th century. In this context, Mirza Agha Khan's method of deciphering phenomena bears a striking resemblance to that generation of economists. This study adopts a similar method to scrutinize his viewpoints, drawing on the approach akin to that employed by Mirza Agha Khan.

In the initial sections of his work, Mirza Agha Khan engages in a discussion regarding the origins of political society. He presents a perspective that contrasts with Hobbes' view, asserting that the state of war, characterized by universal conflict, only arises after the establishment of a political society, effectively eliminating the secondary state of "fear" that results from individual dispersion. This perspective aligns closely with the ideas of John Locke, who posited that reason governs human beings from their very inception. Locke's concept of the law of nature, dictated by reason and binding all individuals equally, resonates with Mirza Agha Khan's views.As Mirza Agha Khan delves into the subject of trade following the formation of human society, he underscores its role in averting conflict. According to his perspective, the disappearance of equality among individuals within a society ushers in a state of war, as previously solitary and fearful individuals now seek to prevail over one another. Thus, trade serves as a crucial instrument in fostering peace and harmony and attracting general blessings. Mirza Agha Khan perceives trade as a significant factor in the formulation of both domestic and international laws. He emphasizes that the sustainability of trade between nations hinges on the stability of legal frameworks, both domestically and internationally. Notably, Mirza Agha Khan's analysis, in contrast to the economic thinking of the 18th and 19th centuries, shifts its focus from the individual to the collective as a whole. His perspective centers on the societal benefits of international trade, a deviation from the individualistic analysis prevalent in modern European thought, marking an important epistemological shift.

 CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS:

The Constitutional Movement in Iran marked a period during which Iranians were introduced to the concepts of the modern world. The movement prompted many individuals, both from the elite and intellectual circles, to seek knowledge about the ongoing transformations in Europe. Initially, this awareness was cultivated through travelogues, and later through the dedicated efforts of figures like Malkom Khan, Mirza Agha Khan Kermani, Mostashar al-Dowleh, and others.This research centers specifically on exploring the economic perspectives of Mirza Agha Khan Kermani. Mirza Agha Khan Kermani was chosen for this study because, among his contemporaries, he made a concerted effort to derive his economic views from fundamental principles and assumptions. This approach mirrors the thinking of European economists during the 18th and 19th centuries.A comparative analysis between his books "Takvin va Tashri" and "Sad Khutabe" reveals a noteworthy distinction in Mirza Agha Khan's standpoint. It is evident that while in the former book, the author sought to deduce conclusions from principles within the realm of social sciences, particularly economics, he adopted a different approach in the latter.This inconsistency highlights a significant aspect of Iranians' encounter with new European thought during the Constitutional era. Iranians had long been acquainted with Greek philosophy and Aristotle's ideas, upon which they had extensively reflected. One crucial aspect that seems to have been inadequately grasped during the encounter between modern Europe and Iran in this era is the transformation that occurred within modern European thought. In Mirza Agha Khan's perspective, the collective context takes precedence over the individual, aligning with Aristotle's ideas, whereas modern European thought prioritizes individualism. Consequently, the potential transition from personal interest to collective welfare, a vital aspect of Adam Smith's thinking, is absent in Mirza Agha Khan's viewpoint.

Sanctions are a component of the dominant diplomacy in the contemporary world. In fact, the different countries employ sanctions as a means to advance their interests in foreign policy. The United States of America has consistently used sanctions as a method of addressing countries that do not align with its interests. The Islamic Republic of Iran and Venezuela are among the countries sanctioned by the US. Since the onset of the Islamic Revolution of Iran in 1979, the United States has sanctioned Tehran, citing various reasons such as the alleged support for terrorism, violation of human rights, and attempts at acquiring weapons of mass destruction. After years of negotiations and diplomacy between Iran and the world powers, the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) was finally signed in 2015. As a result, some US sanctions against Iran were lifted. However, following Donald Trump’s election as the president of the US and his withdrawal from the JCPOA, an order was issued on May 8, 2018 to re-impose sanctions against Iran.Another country under the US sanctions is Venezuela. In fact, the US sanctions against Venezuela began during the presidency of Hugo Chávez and intensified in 2014 with the allegations of corruption and misuse of Venezuelan financial resources. With the election of Nicolás Maduro as the president of Venezuela in 2018 and the beginning of protests against his way of governing the country, the US stepped up its sanctions against this South American country. Donald Trump, who had previously declared his support for Maduro's protesters, attempted to impose restrictions on Maduro’s administration in the political, economic, and social spheres by issuing sanction orders, bills, and laws. The simultaneous imposition of sanctions against Iran and Venezuela raised the following questions: What are the similarities and differences between the sanctions imposed on these two states? Additionally, what impacts have these sanctions had on their economies?

 Theoretical Framework:

Sanctions are classified as limited, moderate, or extensive actions based on their scope and as economic or non-economic decisions in terms of content. Sanction theorists frequently assess the economic impacts of sanctions within the realm of macroeconomic indicators, which encompass factors such as inflation and currency rates, export and import rates, economic growth, unemployment and employment rates, and other significant economic indicators. Furthermore, sanctions can have non-economic impacts on the target country, directly and indirectly affecting its cultural, political, and social values. This study analyzes the economic impacts of the sanctions imposed on Iran and Venezuela with a particular focus on the foregoing categories of sanctions. The key aspect of sanctions is the process by which they can prove effective. In other words, what measures should be taken to enhance the effectiveness of sanctions? In this regard, a conceptual framework was developed in this study to identify several factors that affect the effectiveness of sanctions. These factors include the number of allies of the sanctioning state, the degree of focus on vulnerable areas of the target state, the experience and adaptability of the target state to the applied sanctions, and the type, content, and intensity of sanctions.

This research adopts a comparative approach, which is a scientific inference method that involves systematically juxtaposing similarities and differences among social phenomena, whether for descriptive or causal purposes. Moreover, an analytical-explanatory method was used for data analysis, and a desk method was adopted for data collection. The necessary data including the laws of the US Congress and the executive orders of the US President were extracted from electronic databases. The effects of the sanction laws on the political and economic systems of Iran and Venezuela were then clarified through publications and economic data showcasing the economic situations against these two countries.

According to the results of analyzing the economic statistics of the two countries presented in the above table, Iran encountered a decline of 47.9% in its daily petroleum production, whereas Venezuela witnessed a more substantial decrease of 76.9%. In the realm of exportation and importation, Iran experienced a decline of 47.5% and 15.3%, respectively. Similarly, Venezuela encountered a decrease of 48.5% and 44.7% in these areas, respectively. Regarding foreign investment attraction, Iran experienced a decline of 53.86%, whereas Venezuela suffered a more significant decrease of 60.67%. Additionally, the inflation rate in Iran had a significant surge of 277%, whereas it skyrocketed by an astonishing 114,000% in Venezuela compared with the pre-sanction period. In fact, Venezuela is experiencing the highest inflation rate in the Western Hemisphere. Regarding the unemployment rates of the two nations, the situation is somewhat complex. The unemployment rate in Iran only experienced a minimal change in comparison with the period before sanctions. However, in the case of Venezuela, this rate surged by 22.2% compared with the pre-sanction era. In addition, the Iranian rial's value against the US dollar decreased by nearly 303%, whereas the bolivar's value declined by 149%. Lastly, Iran’s economic growth reduced by 235.1% as a result of the sanctions, whereas Venezuela's economic growth decreased by 47%.  Upon the careful analysis of the legislative measures enacted by US Congress and the executive orders issued by the US President, alongside a comprehensive assessment of the economic conditions prevailing in both nations subsequent to the implementation of sanctions, there are evidently notable resemblances in the nature and substance of the sanctions imposed on Venezuela and Iran. However, the adverse outcomes of these sanctions have had more pronounced impacts on Venezuela than on Iran. In relation to the subjects and substances of sanctions, it has been observed that the sanctions imposed on Venezuela primarily focus on industrial sectors such as petroleum, mining, shipping, government officials, and to a certain extent, the banking industry. Regarding Iran, in addition to these areas, financial, nuclear, and military sanctions have been affected. Furthermore, Venezuela has faced sanctions imposed by the US Congress and the US Treasury as well as several European and American states. In the case of Iran, however, the US Congress has been less involved, and there are no multilateral sanctions in place against Tehran. Regarding the rationale behind imposing sanctions on the two nations, it is evident from the findings that Iran has consistently faced allegations of engaging in destabilizing actions in the Middle East, engaging in perilous military endeavors, and pursuing nuclear activities, among other concerns. Nevertheless, Maduro's administration has faced allegations of corruption, repression, and violations of human rights. Simultaneously, it is important to acknowledge that corruption, mismanagement, censorship, and internal repression have consistently served as justifications for implementing sanctions on both nations.

 Conclusion and Suggestion:

According to the analysis of alterations in diverse economic domains including daily petroleum production, export and import activities, foreign investment influx, inflation rates, and other pertinent economic indicators subsequent to the implementation of sanctions, it becomes evident that Venezuela’s economy exhibited a higher degree of vulnerability in comparison with Iran’s. This is due to some factors including Venezuela’s greater reliance on petroleum sources and gold mines as well as the corresponding greater focus of sanction agents on these matters, the country’s severe internal conflicts, the greater scope of Venezuela’s sanctions that of Iran, and Venezuela’s less experience in dealing with sanctions. The foregoing findings do not imply that the adverse economic situations of the two countries since 2017 have been exclusively attributable to the US sanctions, nor do the findings substantiate the complete efficacy of sanctions. Sometimes, incorrect economic policies or the improper implementation of policies, e.g., inadequate budgeting process reforms, failure to decrease dependence on the dollar, lack of diversification in exports (particularly non-petroleum exports), and failure to invest in economic opportunities and platforms, have resulted in dire economic conditions. The overall effects of sanctions on governments are contingent upon a multitude of political, economic, social, and cultural variables as well as domestic, regional, and international circumstances. Hence, despite the implementation of comparable sanctions on two given states, identical outcomes cannot be anticipated. Notably, although sanctions severely weaken the economies of sanctioned nations, the two cases examined in this study (i.e., Iran and Venezuela) demonstrate that the exertion of economic pressure does not change the political conduct of governing bodies. Therefore, it can be argued that, in contrast to the intentions of those who imposed sanctions, the impacts of sanctions will primarily be felt by casual citizens rather than statesmen. In order to have a clearer analysis in this regard, it is suggested to comprehensively compare the experiences of other states under similar sanctions with those of Iran and Venezuela.

According to verse 89 of Surah Nahl, which is an explanation of everything, it is understood that the book of the Qur'an, the immortal miracle of Prophet Muhammad Mustafa, expresses everything in all periods of time, and this explanation includes the plan of life and happiness of all the worlds until the Day of Resurrection. The economy, which has been and is one of the important pillars of human societies since the dawn of time, is not an exception to this rule, the reason being that the basic pillar of society's survival is the issue of economy, of course, this importance has not remained the same in all periods of time and with the passage of time. The time and progress of world science has taken on a huge face. And no one has ever denied the importance of this issue and that it is intertwined with other social issues. The main purpose of this article is to investigate the economic instability in the country and the strategies to deal with it by relying on verses and traditions. We have collected therefore, it is necessary to look for solutions and methods appropriate to the approaches of this important category

One of the most important issues that has a direct connection with internal security and as a result disorder and chaos in governments is the issue of economy in countries. In fact, the economy is one of the strong foundations of any government, and economic instability causes the destruction of this foundation, and as a result, the governments will be weakened. Western governments, and global arrogance at the top of them, have been able to influence the economy of governments through the use of Harp technology and by destabilizing it, spread disorder and chaos in societies. Harp technology is one of the unconventional weapons in the hands of global arrogance, whose criminal applications have helped them. Due to the fact that this weapon is secret and newly emerging, and not only governments but also international organizations have been unable to prove its uses, for this reason, the owners of this technology, without any fear of punishment, to disturb the economies of the governments have not stopped doing anything. The purpose of the current research is to investigate the instability of governments by means of HARP technology. The research method in this article is descriptive, analytical, and data collection is also in the form of phishing. The method of conducting the research is qualitative and the findings of the research indicate that Harp technology has been able to play a major role in destabilizing the economy of governments by destroying the environment, reducing the population, causing earthquakes, floods.

Advanced and innovative manufacturing and industrial companies form the basis and drivers of industrial and economic development of every country in the world. The current research has been carried out with the aim of comprehensively investigating the bottlenecks of industrial development in the balance of power and the new order of the global economy. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of data collection and analysis. Data collection is through reviewing articles related to industry developments and industrial development in Iran using the library study method. The method of data analysis in this research is of the content analysis type, during which thematic analysis documents were searched by referring to scientific documents and internet browsing and searching for related words and their synonyms. In this research, by studying the research literature, the important categories, components and factors of the bottlenecks of industrial development were identified and discussed. According to the results of this research, the bottlenecks of industrial development in Iran are the weakness in governmental and non-governmental management appointments in the sectors of industry, customs, economy, which, according to them, are planning and decision-making, research and development, monitoring and control, and competition in The country will be disrupted. If these bottlenecks are considered and removed from the development process, the country will reach acceptable industrial development.

The efficiency of the public sector is expressive of the capability and ability of managing the country by the managers and the society agents leading to the people's satisfaction. The ability of governments in performing their duties provides requirements of peoples in a community. In this paper, the efficiency of the public sector of Iran , after Islamic revolution in the institutional sphere of economics and politics has been extracted, during the 44 years. For this purpose, political stability, economic stability, political development and economic development as the outputs and manpower, years of rule, oil revenues and other revenues, as inputs of the public sector decision-making unit, have been used in the data envelopment analysis method. This paper has used the Mann - Whitney test to confirm the significance of changes in public sector's efficiency. The results of this research show that the efficiency of Iran's public sector has been stable in some periods of time and has decreased in others, and in general, it has a significant distance from the efficiency limit.

Today, the blockchain, Due to its emphasis on security and trust, the demand for blockchain applications in various business sectors has increased. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the economic opportunities and challenges of businesses based on blockchain technology. In this research, the mixed method (qualitative / quantitative) was used. Phenomenology was used in the qualitative part and structural equations were used in the quantitative part. Qualitative participants Twelve technology experts were purposefully selected for in-depth interviews. Data analysis using open and centralized coding. In the quantitative section, 232 IT specialists were selected by simple random sampling. Their opinions were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed by variance-based structural equations. The results show that the emphasis of experts on the economic opportunities of businesses includes: digital transformation (transparency, reduction of errors and fraud, elimination of intermediaries and non-elimination and manipulation of data), innovation (startups, smart tracking and business flexibility) And competitive advantage (participation in decision making, building trust and decentralization). Emerging, acceleration, conflict of interest, GDRP privacy, interoperability, extensive changes, disregard for rules and regulations are also the most important challenges of this technology.

Population aging is a 21st century phenomenon. Decreased fertility, increased life expectancy and life expectancy in old age increase the share of the elderly in the population worldwide. The phenomenon of population aging, which is unprecedented in human history, with large changes in population and capacity, has led to fundamental changes in consumption and savings, economic growth, government spending, the value of assets and the labor market. It has been done. Therefore, there is a need for training and deliberation in the economic field of changes in the age structure of the population. To achieve this goal, the existing experiences regarding the education of geriatric economics in American institutions and universities have been reviewed and collected. Also, in order to localize the experiences and adapt them to the conditions of Iran, using a questionnaire method, a survey on the necessity and method of teaching aging economics in Iran has been conducted by researchers and researchers in the field of aging and economics. In this study, after examining the experience of demographic and aging institutions in the United States and also a survey of researchers in the field of aging and economics in Iranian universities, the lesson plan related to the course of aging economics for education in higher education centers is proposed. The results of this study indicate that it is very necessary to provide 2 or 3 units of geriatric economics courses in the fields of management, economics, insurance and sociology at the undergraduate and graduate levels.

Increasing consumption of fossil fuels due to increasing population and consequent air pollution has drawn attention toward clean renewable energy alternatives. Among renewables, solar energy is potentially considered as the main clean energy source for buildings. In Iran climate with abundant available solar energy throughout the year, harnessing this source could potentially reduce significant levels of fossil fuels and their resultant air pollution in advance. The electricity cost could also be lowered in this approach. In this paper, technical, economical, and environmental aspects of installing photovoltaic system in Tehran municipality innovation centre and technology park are investigated. The modelling is conducted via PVsyst software. A 10 kW photovoltaic system is acquired to have the most efficient capacity regarding the available space and economic viability. The acquired performance ratio and annual electricity generation of the proposed system are 0.861 and 19.3 MWh, respectively. By installing this system, an annual value of 14.8 Ton of CO2 is prevented from emission. Finally, the economic analysis showed that by assuming guaranteed electricity selling price of 1040 Toman/kWh as well as income tax of 30%, the power plant returns its capital investment in 4 operational years.