جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « سرمایه ی انسانی » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد »

This article aims to investigate the effect of trade openness, human capital and exchange relation on total efficiency of production factors in Iran. Using time series data during 32 Years, the effect of trade openness, human capital, and exchange relation on total efficiency of production factor has been estimated through the application of auto regressive distributed lag model (ARDL). The results of the research indicate that the variables of trade openness, human capital, and exchange relation have positive effects on total efficiency of production factors. On the other hand, inflation and exchange rate have negative effects on total efficiency of production factors.

There are numerous and conflicting views on the impact of corruption on economic growth. A number of humanities scholars have described corruption as a good phenomenon and called it the grease wheel of the economy, and they believe that financial corruption improves the weak economic institutions, and by that means , The growth rate of the economy will increase. On the other hand, some scholars have emphasized the undesirable nature of corruption and considered financial corruption as the economy's sand and argued that corruption is costly and costly, and the ineffectiveness of the administrative process and the transfer of resources to non-productive activities is eroding economic growth.This paper studies the impact of corruption on the growth of the Iranian economy from 1983 to 2014 by using the talent allocation approach and by applying the econometric method of equation system. The divergence in talent allocation has slowed the growth of the Iranian economy in of these years.

Tax avoidance has an ambiguous impact on economic growth, and the direction of the impact depends on the economic conditions of various countries. On the one hand, an increase in tax avoidance, through the decrease in the government revenues and its investments can negatively influence on the economic growth. On the other hand, it can lead to an increase in the imposable income and individuals saving which improve investment and economic growth. Considering the effect of human capital on the relationship between tax avoidance and economic growth complicates the relationships. Enhancement of human capital promotes social capital that reduce tax avoidance. Although the increase in human capital is coincident with learning new methods for avoiding the tax. This paper aimed to analyze the relationship between tax avoidance and economic growth by considering the effect of human capital. To do so, we introduce a mathematical model and with solving and calibrating the model analyze the relationship. The results indicate that tax avoidance inversely affects the economic growth in Iran.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of determinant factors on entrepreneurship level using logit and probit models in Shahid Salimi industrial town in Tabriz in 2016. The data were collected form 121 economic activist who were randomly selected from the population. The data were then analyzed using probit and logit models. The empirical results indicated that the level human capital has a negative and significant impact on entrepreneurship level. In addition, physical capital, social capital, expected benefit, financial and non-financial support of the government, attitudes, self-efficacy and subjective value have positive and significant effects on entrepreneurship level. Therefore, considering the importance of entrepreneurship in the country, promotion of variables increasing the entrepreneurship level as well as a fundamental reconsideration of the quality of education in Iran has been recommended.

Income inequality is sometimes appeared as the gap between two gender groups. Adequate observations relevant to this type of income inequality have tempted economists to find the causes of this phenomenon and measure its width. The isolation of discrimination from that part of income gap which is explained by productivity of men and women is on the focus. Identifying the portion of discrimination (unexplained) and explained earning gender gap by using Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition procedure on the basis of two samples in Tehran is the main goal of this paper. The data have been gathered by questionnaire in 2012. Findings suggest that approximately 41% of the earning gap of sexes is attributed to the difference in human capital and another 59% is related to discrimination. Additionally, work experience is the dominant cause of gender earning gap.

Human capital is one of the most important resources of an organization. If they are trained correctly and become capable, they can promote the organization and enhance its performance. Therefore, this research investigates the pathology of training courses aiming to present qualitative development strategies for urban economy and financial experts in Tehran Municipality. The research method is mixed exploratory. 13 financial and urban economy experts and the members of management and training center of Tehran Municipality were selected by purposive sampling and snowball methods in the qualitative section. Data collection tool was in semi-structured interview form. The result of qualitative section has been identified the existing damages in training courses of financial and urban economy experts in Tehran Municipality in seven aspects of educational need assessment, educational goals, educational content, educators, organizing education, assessment system, and motivational mechanisms. A research-made questionnaire including 40 items in seven aspects which was detected in the qualitative section was used for data collection in the quantitative section. For determining the validity and reliability of the questionnaire face validity and Cronbach’s alpha were used respectively that the amount was equal to 0.84. The population was all of the financial and urban economy experts, 227 people, in Tehran Municipality. 143 people of them were selected by using Cochran sampling formula with simple random sampling method. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used in order to analyze the data. Training requirements for quality development and the degree of their importance were studied. Finally, some strategies were suggested for qualitative development of training in need assessment, design, implementation, and assessment of training courses steps.

According to concern the role of population on growth of economic، in this study proceeds the study of age structure population on growth of Iran’s economic. To achieve the experimental results، period of 1966-2009 is selected and used of auto regressive distributed lag method to achieve the experimental results. Independent variables include the per capita income، population growth rates of 64-15 years، population growth rate and rate number of workers with higher education. As well as another independent variable is used the life expectancy that can be effective on savings، productivity and human capital. Experimental results of the estimation model are the theoretical and empirical expectation. So in the long-run، the effect of growth rate of overall population and growth rate of the working age population on the per capita income is negative and other variables have a positive and significant effect on economic growth.

In recent decades, foreign direct investment (FDI) has played a vital role in economic growth of developed and developing countries. FDI brings new capital and technology to the host country beside a possibility of spillover to local firms. Hence, FDI is considered as an important channel of technology transfer. However, in empirical studies, the size and direction of effects of FDI on productivity of host country firms is in doubt. Furthermore, the absorptive capacity of domestic firms is also important in determining the direction and size of the spillover effect to the host country’s domestic firms. In this study, we examine spillover effects of FDI in a number of industry sub-sectors over the period 1997-2007, using a panel data model. Moreover, the human capital and R&D expenditures are considered as indicators of the absorptive capacity of the domestic firms. The results show that horizontal linkages between foreign and domestic firms reduce the productivity of domestic firms, while vertical linkages increase it. Gradual increase of human capital investment can reverse the negative effects of horizontal linkages.

One of the important targets of the economic planning is economic growth via enhancement of the labor productivity. In this regard, education expenditures play a crucial role. This study aims at investigating the effect of education expenditures on the level of human capital and economic growth through a computable general equilibrium approach. The data on economic variables and social accounting matrix belongs to the year 2001. Three scenarios on education expenditures are defined and their effect on human capital and economic growth are estimated. The results show that education expenditures have positive effects on economic growth and human capital. A 50% increase in education expenditures in the first period causes 3.81 and 5.8 percent increase in human capital and economic growth respectively. In the second period, the same increase in education expenditures affects human capital and economic growth positively by 5.4 and 7.3 percent respectively. Although separating the economic growth into human and physical factors in the first period shows that there is no relationship between human capital and economic growth, but in second period this separation causes a relationship between the two factors.

The production of a country can be achieved by accumulation and interaction of three kinds of capital. First, physical capital through improvements in quality of tools and machinery and increases in labor productivity and thereby improve welfare, Second, human capital that will be realized in the form of skills, education and training; and Third, social capital that facilitate, expedite and reduce the cost of economic exchange and thus increase the productivity. Thus, using ARDL model for the period of 1992-2009, this paper, examines the effect of variables: growth rate of gross fixed capital as an indicator of physical capital, the rate of literacy (literacy and education coverage) as an indicator of human capital and international risk index (ICRG) as an indicator of social capital on total factor productivity. Results show that physical capital has no significant effect on productivity, but human and social capitals have positive and significant effects on productivity both in short-run and long-run.

The present paper describes the Uzawa (1965)–Lucas (1988) type two-sector model of endogenous growth, in which morover goods and services sector emphasizes also the production of human capital, as well as simulates the time paths of macro variables assuming that the Iranian economy behaves under the hypothesis of denoted model. Therefore it's practiced on dynamic optimization and solving the control problem of maximization the present value of representative agent’s flow of future utility (due consumption) in infinite horizon subject to constraints in physical and human formation using the pontryagain's maximum princliple. Then, for the differential equations system obtained, the dynamics, the existence and determinacy of the steady state, analyzing also the balanced growth paths are studied in two cases parametric and numeric with estimated values for Iranian economy. By using Iranian economy available data in period 1974-2007 various coefficients have been estimated and time paths of GDP and other variables simulated. The results of this study indicate that on the balanced growth path the real GDP annual growth rate in Iran is about 4.7%. Furthermore, an increase in technological parameter for education sector and output elasticity with respect to human capital can makes increase in this rate of growth and economy moves to the higher balanced growth path so that this subject confirms the role and importance of human capital in economic growth.

This study has been measured and analyzed factors influencing the Total Factor Productivity (TFP) in Iran economy. These factors were Human Capital, Economic Restructuring, Capital Structure, Demand Intensity and Technical Progress. Experimental studies using the econometrics techniques is done in Iran and it showed that, capital structure and technical progress (R&D), have a positive effect on total factor productivity. But this paper using different method i.e. Solow residual method, has been measured the effective factors on Total Factor Productivity. The results which are for the years of 1991-2006, show that human capital, capital structure and demand intensity perform the most positive impact on the total factor productivity growth. In contrast, not only the technical progress plays the role of inhibitors in the growth of TFP, but also, structural changes in different economy sectors and lack of efficiency in resource allocation in each section have a negative advantage on total factor productivity growth.

The main purpose of this paper is to shed light on the productivity effects of human capital and technology in Iran's commerce sector. To this end, firstly some literature references are briefly described together with the effective factor of the economy focusing on the commerce sector. Thereafter, empirical models are specified and estimated using the data over the period 1959 – 2004.
The total factor productivity growth is calculated by estimating Cobb-Douglas Production function assumes constant returns to scale, while factor shares are used as a proxy for output elasticity’s. In the production function, the dependent variable denotes the added commerce value and the explanatory variables include capital and labor force in the sector.
The findings of this paper indicate that human capital and technology substantially increase total factor productivity growth in Iran's commerce sector. So, the flow from human capital and technology is by far the two most important determinants of commerce sector productivity growth. Human capital facilitates the realization of productivity growth in the sector. This paper has also found a significant and substantial negative relationship between inflation and total factor productivity growth in commerce sector. Thus, inflation substantially reduces the rate of productivity growth.

Recently, economists have attention to the brain drain as emigration of skilled and educated labor force from developing countries. In this case, we are dealing with one main question is: how brain drain can affect the human capital of source countries? Based on existing theories, brain drain can affect the economy of source countries in different ways such as; direct reduction of human capital, increasing of general level of education and human capital, increasing of remittance and GNP and network effects. In this research we have studies the cause and effects of brain drain phenomenon from 135 developing countries to 16 developed countries which are member of OECD since 1990 till 2004. The main result of this research is that; brain drain has a positive and significant effect on the accumulation of human capital, and regional convergence among developing countries with different income,

The necessity of taking human capital and investment into account for economic analyses is clear to a large extent according to the relevant literature. Majority of the studies in this area have exclusively concentrated on the role of education with positive effect on increasing the productivity of labor. However, labor’s experience and health constitute the main part of human capital in addition to education. This research aims at the analysis of the role of the quality of labor in connection with the effect of variables of labor’s education, experience and health on economic growth. In this research, total production function has been used on the basis of Mincer Wage Equation to study 75 countries classified on the basis of income between 1960-2000 in panel data method. In high income countries, the results show a significant and positive effect of the variables of labor’s education, experience and health (proxied by life expectancy) on economic growth. The result is the same in the middle income countries. In low income countries, only the variables of labor’s education and experience have been efficient on economic growth.

In this investigation, first the equation of food demand was estimated using an almost ideal demand system (AIDS) and the Iranian cross sectional survey of income expenditure in 2005. Because of the cross sectional form of the data, the prices were calculated as marginal or unit values. Then by applying the elasticities of food categories, nutrient elasticities were extracted using Lancaster technology of consumption. These elasticities are useful to the analysis of the effects of aid policy on food demand and nutrient consumption respectively, and show the effects of the change in one food category price or food expenditure on the availability of each nutrient. In this article, as demand equation is blocked-recursive simultaneous system and zero value is a dependent variable, we use seemingly unrelated regressions (SUR) and Tobit model.In another section, effects on demographic variables on food prices are examined. These variables are age, education, region, urban or rural and Percapita income. Results have shown that more food expenditure causes more food quality or food consumption and education, household size and other demographic variables are often effective on the quality of food.

In this article we conducted the production elasticity in separation of human capital and the other production elements to identify the importance of human capital versus physical capital in official and private sections. For this purpose, first we studied theoretical principles of the growth models and the related previous studies. Then a Human capital model presented by Mankiw-Romer and Weil was used to estimate Iran's economy during 1978-2006, by using auto regressive distributed lag (ARDL). We used the mean of the years as the human capital index. The results indicated that the rate of human capital is more than physical capital in official and private sectors in a shorttime and longtime of the production elasticity. The error turn coefficient (ETC) showed that in every period, %34 of inequality was modified in gross domestic production (GDP) and it is going towards the longtime current