جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "فساد" در نشریات گروه "اقتصاد"

Innovation is one of the most important factors affecting economic growth. On the other hand, economic corruption affects important changes, including innovation, which can be positive or negative depending on the economic conditions of the government. The purpose of this article is to investigate the impact of corruption on innovation in Asia with high and low corruption for the period of 2008-2022.  During the review period based on the classification of Transparency International, 15 countries Singapore, Hong Kong, Japan, Bhutan, Taiwan, United Arab Emirates, occupied Palestine, South Korea, Brunei, Qatar, Georgia, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Malaysia and Armenia are classified as less corrupt and other Asians as more corrupt. The results of some studies state that corruption is an obstacle to growth and innovation, while others consider it as a booster of innovation, and corruption has a positive relationship with innovation, which can remove hard obstacles for capital. Help to establish and strengthen innovation. Therefore, it can be important to investigate whether corruption leads to improved innovation in Asian countries with high and low corruption. This study tests the hypothesis that corruption enhances innovation or that it slows down innovation.

According to the theoretical foundations, in order to investigate the impact of corruption on innovation, the following model, which is taken from the studies of Al-Balushi (2020), Zakari, Vincent Tavi and Raphael (2022), has been used.IN indicates the number of patents registered as a substitute for innovation, the information of which is collected from the intellectual property organization (Yolka, 2004). Corp represents corruption. pop the population of the country(indicating the size of the country), gdp indicating the gross domestic product (at constant 2015 prices), 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 indicating the openness of trade, nat indicating the rent of natural resources, hc the human capital index (number of university graduates) required information The research was extracted from the World Bank and Transparency International.

To check the significance of the variables. Due to the cross-sectional dependence between them, the mean test of boys was used, and the results show that the variables are maximum in the first order difference. Also, according to the results of the Kao test, the co-accumulation between the variables is confirmed and the model can be estimated without worrying about false regression. The results of the fixed effects test show that it is not possible to reject the hypothesis that the coefficients for all years are equal to zero, so there is no need for time fixed effects in this research and the Chow test is performed only with spatial effects. accepted According to the results of Limer and Hausman's F test, estimating the model in the form of panel data and using the fixed effects method will have a more appropriate fit.The findings show that corruption has a negative effect on innovation in countries with low corruption (coefficient -0.4417) and a slight positive effect on innovation (coefficient 0.0391) in countries with high corruption. The negative impact of corruption on innovation in countries with low corruption can be expressed through the misallocation of resources. Reducing corruption in countries with low levels of corruption leads to the improvement of innovation in these countries. Gross domestic product has a positive and significant effect on innovation in both groups of countries, but the intensity of its effect on innovation is greater in countries with low corruption than in countries with high corruption. The effect of population on corruption is positive in countries with less corruption and negative in countries with more corruption. The existence of a larger population provides the necessary potential for creating creativity and innovation, but its quality and capabilities, as well as creating a context for the flourishing of talents, are important. The results indicate the positive and significant impact of the abundance of natural resources on innovation in both groups of countries, but the intensity of its impact is greater in countries with less corruption. In these countries, suitable fields have been provided with more of these resources.The intensity of the impact of trade liberalization on innovation in countries with less corruption with a coefficient of 0.2416 is greater than this effect in countries with high corruption with a coefficient of 0.1915. Commercial liberalization in countries with less corruption has made innovative entrepreneurs in these countries have more opportunities to invest and expand the market and sell more products.According to the findings of the model, human capital has an impact on innovation, which, like most of the research variables, the intensity of its influence in countries with less corruption (coefficient 0.2691), is greater than the intensity of influence in countries with more corruption (0.0124). is Due to the higher quality of human resources in countries with less corruption and the availability of more competition in these countries, the impact of human capital on innovation is greater than in countries with more corruption.

The results of the research showed that corruption has increased the possibility of innovation in countries with high corruption, and the main reason for its positive effect is the lack of infrastructure suitable for innovation, the complexity and length of the bureaucratic process in these countries, and in other words Another is the low institutional quality of market operators in this field. Therefore, in line with the reduction of corruption, governments should consider effective policies to correct the harsh conditions of the market, which, in addition to aligning the laws with the support of these activities, will also reduce long administrative bureaucracies and provide the necessary legal support for entrepreneurship and innovation. can be done. It seems that in countries with a high degree of corruption, due to the quality of official and informal institutions in them and the lack of necessary legal and support infrastructures, paying bribes and circumventing many laws still slows down innovation-related activities.

The fight against financial corruption is divided into two parts: preventive campaigns and post-combat campaigns. Most of the countries that have been successful in the fight against corruption have used preventive fighting methods. One of the methods of preventive campaigns is to identify and strengthen the factors that prevent financial corruption in any system. Due to the high volume of monetary and financial exchanges and its business nature, the country's banking system can deal with the most sinister phenomenon (financial corruption). The country's banking system, like all other organizations, foresees and implements various laws, organizations, factors and structures in order to prevent and fight financial corruption, according to their working conditions. In this research, by using the Delphi method, existing factors that prevent financial corruption in the country's banking system will be identified, and then by implementing Friedman's test, prioritization and weighting and the degree of influence of each factor will be done. After conducting the research, 6 main factors (criteria) and 24 secondary factors (sub-criteria) were identified. The ranking of the factors preventing financial corruption are in the order of economic, structural, political, managerial, individual, and social factors.

Entrepreneurship is interpreted as one of the axes of endogenous development, creating sustainable employment and strengthening economic foundations. Many institutional and economic factors influence the level and quality of entrepreneurship, the most important of which are the duties of the government and its support policies. Considering the importance of the subject and the investigation of the effectiveness of entrepreneurship from environmental variables, the current research is focused on investigating the effect of government performance and especially the effect of tax policies, government size and corruption on types of entrepreneurship (opportunity-oriented and necessity-oriented). In this research, using panel data estimation method with incomplete data, the effect of variables such as tax rate, corruption index and a wide range of government expenses on the development of entrepreneurship at two levels of necessity and opportunity-based has been tested. In this regard, the information of 33 countries was used between 2010 and 2018. The results show that increasing taxes in selected countries limits opportunity-oriented and necessity-oriented entrepreneurship. Government spending in the public sector has a positive effect on the growth of opportunity-based entrepreneurship. Public corruption has an adverse effect on opportunity-oriented entrepreneurship, while positive and significant effects on necessity-oriented entrepreneurship have been calculated. Also, indicators of the national per capita income level, human capital, credit amount to the private sector, business density, unemployment rate and labor force participation rate are other factors affecting the level and quality of entrepreneurship.

Poverty is one of the most important economic issues in developing countries such as MENA. Poverty causes many social problems such as drug trafficking, theft, prostitution and corruption. On the other hand, corruption is a major problem in developing countries. Corruption destroys resources as well as impedes the optimal allocation of resources. Statistics show that Iran is at a disadvantage both in terms of poverty and corruption. Therefore, considering the importance of fighting poverty and corruption, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of poverty on corruption. The Human Development Index was used to measure poverty and the World Bank Corruption Control Index was used to measure corruption. The Bayesian Hierarchical method was used to estimate regression. The results showed that the variables of economic growth, and human development index have a negative impact and the variables of trade freedom index, foreign direct investment, and the share of government spending in GDP have a positive effect on corruption.

One of governments' key responsibilities is to enhance their citizens' and nations' life satisfaction, subjective well−being, or happiness. Recent advancements in the literature have viewed happiness as a collective right for citizens, thereby emphasizing the societal well−being that governments must ensure for every member of society. Furthermore, some argue that happiness is a national issue and that efforts should be made to ensure the happiness of the general public (Lee, 2022).In addition to critical economic variables such as unemployment and economic growth, other factors such as corruption control, which is one of the institutional indicators and an essential component of good governance, can significantly impact the subjective well−being of society. Corruption has a psychological effect on happiness. People may feel shame when they feel that their actions cannot go through a legal and accountable system, for example, ifsomeone receives a bribe (Li & An, 2020). This understanding can foster empathy and a deeper comprehension of the issue.Another significant determinant is economic and political uncertainty, which can impact societal happiness in various manners. Uncertainty exerts a detrimental impact on investment, economic expansion, public confidence, and the aspiration for a more promising future. It can directly and indirectly shape individuals' and society's subjective well−being or happiness.The impact of Internet access on happiness in Iran is a complex issue that warrants further investigation. Internet access can enhance happiness in a country like Iran by improving life satisfaction. However, it is essential to note that it may also lead to frustration and disappointment, especially during harsh economic and non−economic sanctions, when people compare their living standards with those of other nations, negatively impacting their subjective well−being.This research contributes to the existing literature on happiness in Iran by examining the effect of corruption as an essential indicator of institutional quality, economic and political uncertainty, access to the Internet, the COVID−19 crisis, and sanctions on subjective well−being in Iran. In addition, we include other control variables such as economic growth and unemployment.

To investigate the main determinants of happiness in Iran, we propose estimating the following model:,   (1)Equation (1) demonstrates that happiness (HAP)[1] is influenced by several factors, including LGDPP (logarithm of real gross domestic product per capita),[2] WUI (world uncertainty for Iran),[3] COR (corruption),[4] NET (internet access),[5] UN (unemployment rate),[6] SAN (US sanctions against Iran),[7] and COVID19 (the COVID−19 crisis).[8]
The model is estimated using the autoregressive distributed lag method (ARDL). Pesaran and Shin (1995) show that if the cointegration vector is obtained using the ARDL method, the least squares estimator is less biased and more efficientin small samples, provided the lags are specified correctly. Using the ARDL method also has the advantage of obtaining a consistent estimation of coefficients in the long−run model when our variables are integrated of order zero or one (i.e., I(0) or I(1)).[9] This method also allows us to specify the speed at which the deviation from equilibrium is corrected in each period. We consider the following  ARDL(p,q1,q2,...,qk) model:[10](2)where  and s are parameters,  represents the random disturbance term. By using information criteria such as Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), Schwarz Bayesian Criterion (SBC), and Hannan−Quinn Criterion (HQC), it is necessary to select appropriate lags (p and q) for the variables to estimate the short−run model. After choosing the appropriate ARDL model, the coefficients of the long−term model can be calculated. If there is a long−run equilibrium relationship among the variables, the following Error Correction Model (ECM) can be estimated:A(L)ΔHAPt =B(L)ΔXt + (1−Π) ECTt−1+G 'Zt + et.  (3)In which, A(L)= 1−a1L −a2L2 −.... −apLand B(L)= 1 − bk1L − bk2L2 − .... − bkj  (k=1,...,5), Π =(a1 +a2+ .... +ap)Where L is the polynomial lag operator, G is the vector of parameters, and et is the disturbance term. In this equation, X=( ), and Δ represents the first−order difference of the variable, ECTt−1 is the error correction term, and Zt is the vector ofdeterministic variables such as constant value and exogenous variables with fixed lags like COVID−19 and SAN. The coefficient of the error correction term captures the speed of adjustment toward long−term equilibrium. The model was estimated for quarterly data from 2005Q1 to 2022Q4, and the bound test was used to check the cointegration among the variables.

Before estimating the model, we performed various unit root tests. The results rejected the null hypothesis of unit roots for the second difference of the variables, indicating the variables are integrated of order zero or one. Since we have a combination of I(0) and I(1) variables, we conducted the bound test for cointegration. The results confirm the presence of a long−run equilibrium relationship among variables. Moreover, we used the Akaike Information Criterion to choose the optimum lags for the short−run model.[11]Furthermore, the Breusch−Godfrey serial correlation LM and the heteroskedasticity Harvey tests did not reject the null hypotheses of no serial correlation and homoskedasticity. The detailed results of these tests are presented in Table 1.We have estimated three models: (1) a short−run model, (2) a long−run model, and (3) an error correction model (ECM). The estimation of the long−run model reported in Table 2 indicates that less corruption and higher access to the internet increase happiness. Moreover, world uncertainty and higher unemployment reduce subjective well−being. Our finding shows that economic growth is anti−happiness, a phenomenon potentially stemming from the unequal income distribution within the country. The short−run estimation indicates that sanctions and COVID−19 decrease happiness. Our error correction model shows that about 89 percent of errors towards equilibrium are corrected in each period.[12] Our results underscore the role of fighting corruption, reducing uncertainty, and improving income equality in increasing subjective well−being in Iran.

The estimation results show that reducing corruption increases happiness in Iran. This result is similar to the findings of Tayet al. (2014), Flavin (2019), Li and An (2020), Yan and Wen (2020), and Behera et al. (2024). Corruption can increase business transaction costs, destroy political trust, and reduce subjective well−being.  Another finding indicates that the increase in world economic and political uncertainty for Iran negatively impacts happiness. This adverse effect is likely due to the psychological impact, which diminishes hope for a better future, and the negative implications on investment, employment, and economic conditions. Access to the Internet has been observed to contribute to increasedwell−being in countries such as Iran, which face severe economic and non−economic sanctions. This access not only enhances the comfort of individuals but also provides them with a valuable source of information.In addition, the result shows that economic growth in Iran is anti−happiness, possibly due to the unequal distribution of growth among Iranians. Easterlin (1974) proposed the uncertainty about the relationship between income and happiness. According to some empirical evidence, an increase in income under certain conditions may not increase happiness. Frey and Stutzer (2002) consider this relationship to be complex. Yan and Wen (2020) also emphasize that corruption and increasing the income gap are crucial factors that reduce happiness.Furthermore, the rise in unemployment leads to a decline in happiness in Iran. This finding is similar to the results of Clark and Oswald (1994), Blanchflower (2007), Agan et al. (2009), Abounoori and Asgarizadeh (2013), and Sameem and Buryi (2019). The effect of unemployment on subjective well−being is important, so Li and An (2020) show that reducing unemployment can even partially compensate for the reduction of happiness caused by corruption. This underscores the urgency of addressing unemployment to improve well−being in Iran.The analysis of the short−term model indicates that the Covid−19 pandemic and sanctions have led to a decrease in happiness. It is imperative to not only consider the impact of variables such as employment and economic growth, but also to underscore the significance of combating corruption, enhancing society's access to the Internet, and reducing economic and political uncertainty to boost subjective well−being in Iran. These findings carry significant implications for policymakers endeavoring to enhance happiness.

The existing literature on corruption is divided into two categories. The first category focuses on the determinants of corruption. Various empirical studies show that the main factors affecting the scope and extent of corruption are the quality of urban services, the level of wages in the public sector, the rule of law, especially anti-corruption laws and access to natural resources, the level of development and the degree of competitiveness of the economy, globalization and industrial policy of the country . The second category of existing literature focuses on the consequences of corruption. In other words, we can refer to studies such as the impact of corruption on the growth, quality of public infrastructure and public investment, foreign direct investment, income inequality and poverty, and government spending.In line with the first category of the above-mentioned studies, the effect of globalization on corruption is the main focus of this article. In other words, in this research, we seek to answer the question, does the spread of globalization affect the level of corruption? Considering that globalization can have different effects on corruption, which depends on the level of globalization of countries, so it is likely that there is a non-linear relationship between them. For this purpose, statistical data of member countries of the Organization of the Islamic Cooperation (OIC) during the period 2003-2019, and the econometric method of panel smooth threshold regression have been used.

For analyzing data, panel smooth transition regression (PSTR) model is used, which was presented and expanded by Gonzalez et al. (2005) and Colletaz & Hurlin (2006). We use the general model of the research, which is specified in the form of the following equation:Where, COC: Corruption control index, KOF: Globalization index and The Control symbol indicates the control variables that are introduced below:EF: economic freedom, GS: Government consumption expenditure as a percentage of GDP, a proxy for the size of the government, LGDP: the logarithm of real per capita income as an economic development index, INF: inflation rate, FL: the share of women among all employees (in percentage) used for the participation index of women or gender and PSI: Political stability index.

The results of the estimation suggest a strong nonlinear relationship between variables and represent a two-regime model with a threshold of 69.75 and a slope of 0.78. According to research findings, globalization has a negative and significant effect in the first regime and a positive and significant effect on the corruption control index in the second regime. Therefore, the U-shaped hypothesis between globalization and the corruption control index is confirmed in the studied countries. Also, with the transition variable (globalization index) passing the threshold limit and in the second regime, the positive effect of economic development on the corruption control index has decreased. The size of the government and the participation rate of women (gender) in both regimes have a negative and positive effect on the corruption control index, respectively. The negative relationship between economic freedom and corruption control index in the first regime has turned into a positive relationship in the second regime. The effect of political stability is positive and significant before the threshold limit, and finally, inflation in both regimes has no significant effect on the corruption control index.

Based on the results of this study, suggestions should be made to facilitate the identification and control of activities mixed with corruption:1) Considering the direct effect of globalization in controlling corruption and its indirect effect through the removal of restrictions on trade and foreign investment (the channel of influence of the economic freedom variable), it is suggested that the countries under study have the necessary infrastructure to improve the globalization level through institutional and structural reforms, market liberalization, increasing competition and transaction transparency, and improving services in all economic sectors.2) Legislators and statesmen of the studied countries should take the necessary measures for the fair distribution of income and reduce the class gap as a driving factor of corruption, in parallel with economic development.3) Considering that with the size of the governments, the level of corruption has also increased, so comprehensive policies and programs should be implemented in order to make the government smaller, so more emphasis should be placed on privatization and reduction of government monopolies. In thix context, reducing the number of government employees, moving towards electronic government are among the actions that can lead to the shrinking of the public sector.4) Increasing the relative share of women's employment reduces corruption. It is suggested to increase the share of women's participation in the government sector in these countries.

According to the literature of institutionalism, institutional factors play an important role in the independence of the central bank. The aim of the current research is to investigate the direct and indirect impact of institutional factors on the independence of the central bank in Iran's economy. Therefore, using an econometric model based on the studies of Garriga and Rodrigues (2023) and Dimato et al. (2009), the effect of institutional factors on the independence of the central bank during the period of 1996-2021 has been investigated. Also, in this study, the interaction of the independent variables of the model has been investigated in order to analyze the indirect effects of institutional factors on the independence of the central bank. The results of the research show that although oil rent does not directly affect the independence of the central bank, it indirectly (through corruption and inflation) causes a decrease in the independence of the central bank, which indicates the weakness of the institutional quality and policies. Based on the findings of the present study, it is suggested that the interaction of institutional factors as well as the quality of institutional mechanisms should be considered in economic policies in order to achieve an independent central bank

Economic rent-seeking refers to the benefits and inconvenient incomes arising from monopolies in economic activities, the spread of which to other aspects of social life has given rise to new concepts such as political rent, judicial rent, etc. According to the religious doctrines and legal principles, the acquisition of any wealth and privilege that is due to the abuse of position and as a result of discrimination and conflict of interest, is illegitimate and suretyship. Therefore, the author, through research between the fields of economics law seeks to find the answer to what is the approach of officials and jurisprudential authorities and criminal law in this regard, given the lack of appropriate punishment? The results of this analysis based on descriptive and analytical methods indicate that it is important in the perspective of jurisprudential sources and criminal law when specialization is considered one of the forms of corruption and is based on abuse of position and inappropriate discrimination and rationalism. It has become a punishment in the economic system and deserves punishment. Therefore, in this paper, it is suggested to the officials, while reforming the country's economic system, they must establish comprehensive and efficient regulations to deal with this phenomenon.

The establishment of the Islamic Republic in Iran since 1979 could have been the basis for paying attention to the Islamic economy. The economic topics raised by Shahid Beheshti and Shahid Motahari were the beginning points of Islamic economics. Implementation of interest-free banking since 1983 has also been complementary to Islamic economics. At the end of the imposed war (1980-1988) and the start of Iran's economic reconstruction programs, the attention from Islamic economy to conventional economy was expanded. In the following periods, efforts were made to keep the candle of Islamic economy burning. However, self-interest, widespread corruption and severe inflation in the framework of Iran's economy caused Islamic economy to be marginalized, and in recent years, the research scores related to articles in the field of Islamic economics have kept it alive in academic circles. The Islamic economic system, like other economic systems, has its own components. In this system, ownership is considered as the main pillar. The ownership of natural resources, along with the ownership of production factors, form the economic structure. Markets are another parts of Islamic economy. In this article, an attempt is made to examine the issue of Islamic economics in the form of five-year development plans and other upstream documents, and to investigate the lack of attention paid to Islamic economics in these plans.

The destructive effects of corruption on the economic, social, and political development of countries have invigorated numerous studies to identify the determinants of corruption and to attempt to provide strategies to fight and control this issue. Accordingly, the present study attempts to estimate the impact of electoral cycles (including election year, government's ideology, coalition, and minority government) on corruption in two groups of selected democratic countries during the period 2003-2018 using panel data and the generalized moment models (GMM) method. The first group includes the countries with a positive average of the democracy index for the period under review, and the second group consists of countries with a negative average. The results showed that the effect of the election year on corruption in the second group countries was positive and significant, but in the first group, it was negative and significant. The effect of the government's ideology on corruption in the second group countries is positive and meaningful and in the first group countries, it has been meaningless. The influence of the coalition and the minority government on corruption in both groups is negative and meaningful. Also, the effect of control variables including per capita income, E-government, and democracy on corruption in both groups of selected countries has been positive and meaningful. However, the impact of natural resource rents on corruption in the second group countries has been positive and meaningful, whereas it was meaningless for the first group countries.

Undoubtedly the ability to innovate and successful product marketing is one of the most important factors in the global competitiveness of economies over the next decade. In other words, innovative activities are a key factor in economic progress and prosperity, as well as a potential factor in meeting global challenges in the economic and social spheres. Therefore, identifying and strengthening the grounds for creating innovation must be studied that have been addressed in this research. The subject of this study is to investigate the effect of shadow economy and corruption on innovation in Iran in the period (2017-1997) using the approach of least partial equations in PLS software. The results of this paper show the positive relationship between the shadow economy and innovation and the positive effect of corruption on innovation. This result is not unexpected, the results of some studies have shown that economic agents are able to take advantage of the bureaucratic structure. Other results of this study have been the negative impact of government size, and democracy on innovation in the period under study in this study. In addition, the results in this article examined the causes and effects of corruption.

Corruption is one of the main realities for oil countries and especially for Iran's economy.. Based on this, many studies and researches have been conducted in relation to investigating factors affecting corruption in different countries. The present study investigates the long-term and short-term effects of expansionary monetary policy on corruption by using the statistical evidence of Iran's economy for the period of 2015-2018 and applying the ARDL econometric approach. The results of the estimates show that the ratio of liquidity to GDP has increased corruption due to the creation of rent in the economy, but the favorable quality of institutions can improve the effective direction of liquidity towards activities with higher added value, causing a positive effect of liquidity on the reduction be corruption In fact, what can be said about the relationship between liquidity and corruption is the incorrect direction of money towards activities without added value and rent, which has caused an increase in corruption in the economy. Also, the estimates show that the increase in the size of the government has caused an increase in corruption due to its nature, inflation has caused an increase in corruption due to economic instability, And finally, human capital has reduced corruption due to the increase in labor productivity and the increase in the level of social class of people., and it requires a long-term plan to fight corruption, and short-term policies cannot be considered as a desirable solution.

The labor market in Iran is subject to bottlenecks that, if continued, could damage the national economy. High unemployment and low labor force participation are some of these problems. One of the factors affecting the level of employment and labor force participation rate is the corruption index. Therefore, in this study, using the quantitative regression method, the impact of various corruption index on the labor force participation rate and employment in selected member countries of the Islamic Cooperation Organization during the period 2018-2000 has been studied. Based on the results of model estimation, in all quantiles, the effect of corruption on labor force participation rate and employment is negative. Because corruption reduces the level of employment and labor force participation rates in selected countries by negatively affecting economic growth and the business environment and diverting government spending toward unproductive goals. Consumption level and institutional quality also have a positive effect on labor force participation rate and employment level in estimated quantiles. Also in the estimated quantiles, the impact of informal economy on labor force participation rate and employment level is negative. The effect of per capita income on the level of employment and labor force participation rate was both positive and negative.

In the last decade, attention has been paid to the issue of foreign direct investment. Foreign direct investment is the most common form of capital flow towards developing countries, which affects the economic growth and macroeconomic stability of the country (Metaxas & Kechagia, 2016).The government of Iran has spent a lot of resources in order to attract foreign investment, but despite the implementation of supportive policies and the approval of numerous laws in order to remove obstacles in the business environment, less than expected success has been achieved in the field of foreign investment. According to the UNCTAD report (2021), Iran's share of the total amount of foreign direct investment in the world was equal to 0.09 percent. By examining the existing literature, it is clear that the interaction of the actors involved in the issue of foreign investment (foreign investor, government and people) and its effect on policy outcomes has been neglected, which can lead to less success. Iran should play an important role in attracting foreign direct investment.David Cruz et al. (2023) in a study investigated the relationship between corruption and foreign direct investment in natural resources with emphasis on the role of recession and economic crisis in Latin American and Caribbean countries during the period of 1995-2020 using the panel approach. The results shown that high levels of corruption lead to a decrease in foreign direct investment in natural resources, which is a confirmation of the hypothesis of greasing wheels in investment literature.In this aspect, the present study is innovative, which aims to highlight the government's lack of attention to two basic issues in Iran. The first issue is the government's lack of attention to the interests of actors involved in foreign investment. The second issue is the presence of complex bureaucratic obstacles in the country.This study aims to analyze the decision-making process of foreign investors by using game theory when choosing Iran as an investment destination. In this study, the production function is considered with three capital inputs, the amount of bribery and provision of benefits. The reason for applying the third input (provision of benefits) in the production function is due to the fact that many activities are implemented. In the sense that their success requires the interaction of many players and adaptation to local conditions (Andrews et al, 2017). Then the problem of foreign investor optimization is examined.According to the findings of this research, with the increase in the level of institutional quality, the amount of bribe paid decreases, which applies to countries with a low level of institutional quality. The results of this study show that the Nash equilibrium is where the investor enters Iran and pays a bribe. In the next step, people choose the threat option. The government should also provide sufficient benefits and keep its promises in the future.

Among labor market indicators, economic participation rates are considered to be one of the key indicators of labor market supply. The desire to participate in economic activities is, on the one hand, driven by the economic needs of the household and, on the other hand, it provides the demand for firms to employ human forces. Whenever each of these factors in the economy is slowed or reacts to changes in the labor market, an important indicator such as the labor force participation rate is likely to decline. In reviewing the labor market situation of countries it can be stated that the higher the labor force participation rate, the higher level of social welfare. Alongside men, women can also participate in economic activities. Female labor force participation is important for strengthening economic and social development of a country because it will increase the efficiency level in the economy and Will bring about economic and social justice. In general, high female labor force participation rate shows two things: 1) women’s progress in economic and social situations. 2) Empowering women. These cases increase justice and the use of human potential in society which can help build higher capacity for economic growth and reduce poverty. It is worth noting that women's employment and economic participation require specific policies and measures and paying attention to their role in economic development should be given more than ever attention. In the scientific literature about labor market, several factors have been mentioned that affect the female labor force participation rate,including: 1) Individual characteristics such as age, gender, level of education, working income. 2) Family characteristics such as other family members’income, the level of education, marital status, employment and family size. In addition, one of the important factors that can influence the female labor force participation rate, is corruption. Corruption by encouraging activities in the shadow economy, Reduces private sector productivity and increases the tax burden by changing the saving-consumption swap. This reduces the supply of labor. Also corruption has a direct and negative impact on labor force participation. It also has an indirect and opposite  effect on labor force participation. Considering the low female labor force participation rate and the high rate of corruption in Iran, it can be stated that the Iranian labor market requires policies and strategies in order to control corruption as well as increasing the female labor force participation rate in different sectors of the economy.

In this study, the impact of corruption on the female labor force participation rate in the labor market of Iran and selected member countries of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation in the region during the period 2005-2018 was studied using simultaneous equations model. In this study, the sample includes Iran and 12 selected member countries of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (which mainly includes countries in the region). These countries are: Pakistan, the Republic of Azerbaijan, Turkey, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, Oman, Jordan, Qatar, Morocco and Iraq. Data regarding these countries is extracted from the database of the World Bank and Transparency International.

The results show that, first, there is a two-way causal relationship between the female labor force participation rate and the corruption variable. Second, high levels of corruption and unemployment have a negative effect on the female labor force participation rate in Iran and selected countries, and this effect is statistically significant at a significant level of 5%. The variables of urbanization ratio and economic growth also had a positive effect on female labor force participation but the effect of urbanization ratio is not statistically significant at a significace level of 5%. The impact of female's fertility rate on female labor force participation in iran and selected countries was negative and this effect was statistically significant at the significant level of 5%. Also the impact of education on female labor force participation in iran and selected countries was positive and at the significant level of 5%, it is statistically significant.

In general, the results of the model estimate show that having a negative impact on economic growth and diverting government spending to unproductive ends, corruption has reduced the female labor force participation in iran and in selected countries. The high unemployment rate also limits the ability of individuals to supply labor and participate in economic activities. Also, high female's fertility rate in the studied countries is considered as an obstacle to increase the female labor force participation.

The purpose of this article is to investigate the effect of corruption on financial inclusion in Iran and selected member countries of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation during the period 2005- 2020. For this purpose, three variables have been used to measure financial inclusion and three separate models were estimated. The results of model estimation using the System Generalized Method of Moments (SGMM) showed that at a significant level of 5%, lagged financial inclusion, the level of per capita GDP and education have a positive and significant effect on financial inclusion. Also, the impact of corruption on financial inclusion is negative and significant. At a significance level of 5%, the expansion of Internet users and mobile subscribers has a positive and significant effect on financial inclusion. The high share of women in the total population has a significant and negative effect on financial inclusion. Based on the results, it is suggested that policymakers reduce the level of corruption and increase financial inclusion by reducing wide monopolies, eliminating the rent, improving the quality of regulations and creating widespread transparency.

Financial crises can quickly affect the real sector of the economy and be detrimental to the economy. Therefore, dealing with these crises as well as preparing for them should be among the most important economic priorities. It is worth noting in such a situation, concepts such as financial fragility become important which is one of the most important factors affecting corruption.

In this study, using the quantitative regression method, the effect of corruption on financial fragility in the period 2012-2021 has been studied. The statistical population of this research is includes companies active in the Tehran Stock Exchange market, among these companies, 86 companies were selected as the research sample. 

The results of model estimation showed that high level of corruption (low level of corruption perception index) increases the financial fragility of companies and therefore confirms the inefficiency of corruption. Because corruption in various forms such as taking bribes to grant special privileges to a particular company, low-interest loans and financial and tax protections of some companies in the face of financial crises affect the financial fragility of companies. The size of companies also had a negative effect on financial fragility, but this effect was not statistically significant at the 5% level. The impact of tangible assets as well as fixed assets of companies on financial fragility is negative and significant. Because the increase in the level of fixed and tangible assets of companies indicates the high (increase) of total assets of the company and generally increases their ability to cope with financial crises as well as bankruptcy, thereby reducing the financial fragility of companies. The effect of financial leverage on the financial fragility of the company is positive and significant. Because the higher the financial leverage of the company and in other words, the higher the corporate debt compared to its assets, the higher the probability of financial crisis and the risk of bankruptcy in the companies under study in the face of economic cycles. Economic growth also has a negative impact on the financial fragility of the companies under study. Because the higher the economic growth rate, the higher the company's revenues due to this economic growth and the lower the probability of financial problems and shortages in the company, which in turn reduces the financial fragility of companies. Also, the effect of inflation on the financial fragility of the studied companies is positive and significant. Because rising inflation increases the total cost of companies, including the cost of purchasing raw materials and machinery, as well as other consumption and current costs, and thus increases the likelihood of financial crises and bankruptcy.

High levels of corruption increase the financial fragility of companies. Because the high corruption perception index (low level of corruption) is associated with a higher level than the Z-Score index (low financial fragility) and as a result, the second view confirms the impact of corruption on the economy or the theory of corruption inefficiency. Therefore, in order to reduce financial fragility, the relevant institutions should pay serious attention to dealing with corruption.