جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « مشهد » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد »

Introduction :

Chrono-urbanization is the latest manifestation of modern urbanism, and it has revolutionized environmental planning policies. This type of urban planning policy emphasizes time and temporal urban planning. Besides this issue, habitable neighborhoods with the correct time scenario affect health and the ability to lead a healthy life. In this regard, the concept of 20-minute neighborhoods, with an emphasis on health dimensions, is rooted in the compact city approach. This approach involves the development of urban areas with short walking distances from residents to access public transportation, public open space, and good access to destinations, facilities, and services that encourage everyday local life. The idea that a person’s daily needs can be met within an active travel distance has become a global flavor of urban policy and planning. The increasing pace of life in the city due to economic issues has forced citizens to change and adapt their lifestyles, maximizing the use of comfort facilities. Besides this challenge, the existence of spatial and social inequalities is one of the main issues in neighborhoods, especially in the context of old cities. The concept of 20-minute neighborhoods was created to address and solve these problems. Currently, this approach has been chosen by several European local and national governments, turning from a principle of planning and design into a comprehensive policy for the future city government. These neighborhoods are recognized globally as a good way to improve life and reduce car travel by having most of the things you need close to you [21, 17]. It was published earlier this year for Melbourne, proposing a city that consists of 20-minute neighborhoods [22, 2]. On the other hand, it can be said that 20-minute neighborhoods are places where everyone can have better access to essential local services and open spaces [24] while also enjoying excellent transportation and active travel links to the rest of the city [24, 26]. This approach allows people to live well in a locality through the services and opportunities available in their area [18]. 20 Minutes has become a special brand in the world, which, of course, does not have new roots and follows the previous idea of Harvard’s Garden City [27 and 31]. Transportation is based on carbon and supports citizens’ health at the same time [28 and 32]. This concept goes beyond political economies by calling for liberal and socialist societies [30]. Open spaces are also emphasized [21 and 36]. Therefore, it can be said that the advantages of this approach are multiple, including more active people and better mental and physical health [32 and 4]. Furthermore, it should be emphasized that the nature of these neighborhoods means it is not about creating restrictions for people’s travel outside their boundaries but about supporting local communities and businesses [22]. It is a city with transportation planning [17]. Now the important question is, why 20 minutes? People travel less on foot than in the past because the distance to the things they need has become longer [2, 15]. Those who do not have vehicles are isolated with poor access to daily services. It should also be kept in mind that spaces dominated by cars harm health and the environment [14]. This research aims to evaluate the approach of 20-minute neighborhoods in the form of a comparative comparison in the old context (Gennet neighborhood) and the new context of the city (neighborhood Imamate) in Mashhad so that its feasibility can be analyzed in two different ways.

The research method is quantitative and employs a comparative-hypothetical approach. A questionnaire was utilized to collect information and field data. The statistical population of the research includes 2633 people in the Jannet neighborhood and 3375 people in the Imamat neighborhood. The selected sample size was calculated using Cochran’s formula as 335 and 344, respectively, and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was calculated as 0.759. Data analysis was conducted by comparing the averages of two independent communities in SPSS software. The findings of the research indicate that the Imamat neighborhood (new neighborhood), with an average of 49.28 compared to the Jannet neighborhood (old texture) with an average of 44.4 and an overall average of 47, is closer to the indicators of 20-minute neighborhoods. To assess the spatio-temporal analysis of the 20-minute neighborhood approach, Tablo software served as the measurement tool. Spatial-spatial analysis was also employed to analyze the existing realities and the spatial components of the conceptual model. Initially, a checklist corresponding to the characteristics of 20-minute localities, such as the required functions and access network, was prepared. Subsequently, based on the characteristics of the 20-minute neighborhood approach (10-minute round trip and 10-minute return) and the access radius of 800 meters, 800-meter buffers were drawn around each neighborhood, corresponding to the geometric center of the neighborhoods. Finally, the criteria for checking the existing standards in the reality of each neighborhood were considered to be the functions within this buffer. Based on this, the existing conditions for both neighborhoods were measured using field observations and statistical information from GIS software to analyze the proximity of each neighborhood to the standards of the approach.

The results of the comparative study of two neighborhoods, Janet and Imamat, considered the old and new fabric of Mashhad city; show that both neighborhoods have the potential and issues to become successful 20-minute neighborhoods for residents. Additionally, the presence of high permeability, access to services, active trips, facilities, and local health services has a stronger presence in new neighborhoods (Imamat neighborhood) than in old neighborhoods. However, in contrast to the local economy, local job opportunities and social interactions are much more active in old neighborhoods (Gennet neighborhood). In general, it can be mentioned that the Imamat neighborhood (new structure) has better coverage from a functional point of view, and these functions are connected with a continuous network of bicycles and public transportation. On the other hand, the Jannet neighborhood (old structure) has less permeability due to the type of tissue, and the public transportation network within the tissue experiences less traffic, which is considered a fundamental weakness in the approach.

20-minute neighborhoods are not just about access to amenities; they can have real benefits for health, the environment, and the local economy. Reducing the use of cars and encouraging more use of other modes of transportation is considered a positive aspect of this approach. Therefore, it should be kept in mind that these neighborhoods are where people want to live, so the existence of affordable housing is crucial. However, all these issues aim to create “livable places,” locations that improve the quality of life and provide flexibility against challenges. Therefore, the essence of this approach implies that a person can reach all their needs comfortably and willingly on foot within a reasonable distance. What makes these neighborhoods special is the definition of diverse and attractive spaces. According to the findings of the present research, the research hypothesis should first be stated: “Imamat neighborhood of Mashhad city (the new fabric of the city)” has more potential to become a 20-minute neighborhood than the Jannet neighborhood (the old fabric of the city). Confirmation is possible because, based on the nature of the approach designed and planned according to the thoughts of the modern world, it has more potential to align with its main features.

Carrying out large construction projects will undoubtedly be fraught with many risks. In these projects, risks are often ignored or assigned to departments that do not have sufficient knowledge, resources and capacity to manage them effectively, which reduces the quality of the project and in some cases it causes delays in achieving project goals. Therefore, identifying risks, ranking the factors affecting them and also examining the severity of risks are the necessities of implementing any construction project. To achieve this goal, the present study has examined the construction project of Shohada Square in Mashhad. The present study is of descriptive-analytical type. A questionnaire method was used to collect data. The sample population was 51 experts based on Morgan table. The results of the Chi-square test show that the probability of market, financial and managerial risks in the project environment, the risk of multidisciplinary nature among the risks of the inter-organizational environment, as well as political, social and Economics in the external environment of Mashhad Shohada Square are high. On the other hand, the impact on the objectives of financial risks in the project environment, the multidisciplinary nature in the inter-organizational environment, and the occurrence of inflation in the external environment of Mashhad Shohada Square project were ranked higher than other items. Also, the highest level of risk was identified in the project environment, inaccurate estimation of costs, in the inter-organizational environment, delays in granting facilities, and in the external environment, inflation was identified.

In Iran, cardiovascular diseases rank first in terms of mortality. Cardiovascular disease leads families to fall into the abyss of poverty and worsens the disease. Health policy makers need to be aware of the costs of these diseases in order to make decisions about the optimal allocation of resources. The aim of this study was to estimate the economic burden of cardiovascular diseases in selected hospitals in Mashhad (Javadalameh Heart Hospital). This study was a descriptive, analytical and cross-sectional study. In this study, the economic burden of cardiovascular diseases was estimated by the cost method of the disease and based on the human capital method. Costs of diseases by cost and drugs with a sample of 385 people were obtained by simple random sampling from the hospital records of angiographed patients in Javadalameh Heart Hospital in Mashhad. Data analysis was performed with Spss and Excel software. A total of 385 patients (files) were included in the study, of which 250 (64.9) were male and 135 (35.1) were female. The findings showed that cardiovascular disease imposes a significant economic burden on the Iranian economic system (case study). The total direct medical cost was 98241352823574 Rials for each patient. The average cost of lost time per day for male patients due to cardiovascular disease was estimated at 9333418 Rials and for women 1033239 Rials. Most of the medical costs were related to angioplasty costs (0.47) and the lowest amount was related to drug costs (1.15). The economic burden of cardiovascular diseases was 134996687871956 Rials. Cardiovascular diseases impose huge costs on society. The best way to deal with these diseases and thus reduce costs is to change and correct risky behaviors that make the patient invulnerable.

Worn-out tissue is one of the important issues in public policy making, which has brought many consistent pursuits and interests during the past two decades in theoretical and practical fields (Samiei & Sayafzadeh, 2016). The urban ecological environment provides people with clean water resources and a comfortable living environment, both of which are the foundation of urban economic, social, and cultural development (Li et al., 2018). Hence, the presence of environmental contaminants, waste emissions, and noise pollution in these areas are threatening the comfort of the residents. This type of tissue, which can be found widely in different areas of around holy shrine in city of Mashhad, can cause a lot of damage and financial losses at the time of accidents. In addition, residence and work efficiency in this type of urban tissue have never had the desired performance. Thus, the importance and necessity of developing the economy of Mashhad through improvement and revitalization of the worn-out urban tissues surrounding the Holy Shrine of Imam Reza are such that the acceleration of the operational process of this project is one of the main concerns of the local and national authorities as well as all the related executive organizations who are in agreement on this issue. The national and super-national consequences of running this huge project along with the necessity of offering the desired services to the pilgrims of Imam Reza and the residents of the region have made the role of all the related organs and their direct presence in performing the predicted plans inevitable (Farhadian, 2015). Addressing this issue as a deep renovation reduces energy consumption level compared to pre-renovation levels both in the short term and the long term, typically by more than 60%, because the European concept of deep renovation has been adopted by the Global Building Performance Network (Femenías et al., 2018).
Sustainable urban development is one of the most important challenges that humanity faces in the 21st century, which has called the attention of thinkers in various fields of study, especially the urban economy in relation to the worn-out tissues and its consequences. This article aims at presenting a local model of sustainable urban development for the Samen area of ​​Mashhad to study the relationship between the indices of identifying the worn-out texture and sustainable urban development indices using structural equation modeling. Mashhad as the second religious macro-city in the world has faced many problems in terms of its worn-out and sustainable tissues, as well as the access to services and resources, and with the huge presence of the population of pilgrims, the urban economy has faced social and management problems. Therefore, this study was carried out using a survey method and a questionnaire to collect the data from a sample of 201 people who have been stripped of the tissue around the shrine that have left the tissue and their property. The statistical software SPSS 24 and LISREL 8.8 was used for analysis. The results of sustainability evaluation of physical-technical, environmental, economic, and social indices in the worn-out tissue of Mashhad are explained as follow: In Group A, post physical-technical status of the tissue was positive as compared with the former condition (average of 13 in proportion to 18), the current environmental status was relatively positive as compared with the former status in the worn-out tissue (average of 10 to 13), the current economic status of household based on currency value of 2012 comparing with past was negative regarding the minimum and maximum amount of revenue and expense status which confirms the issue; social sustainability status of current SD was relatively negative comparing with the past (average of 84 to 77), and final status of sustainability indices before abandoning the tissue with 107 on average in proportion to after that with an average of 109 was relatively positive.
In Group B, the average of physical-technical status was 15. That is, the place of residence of samples was physically neither proper nor improper, the environmental status with the mean of 10 was average as well, and the household economic status in comparison with the modified monthly income based on currency value of 2011 indicated the minimum saving condition for the people of this group. By comparing the average income of respondents (70 people who are about to assign) as 1420 thousand Toman and 1304 thousand Toman for average expenses, the issue could be further explored. The status of social sustainability indices based on the evaluated result of average (75) was assessed as the limits of minimum and maximum responses at an average level which indicate that social indices of those who are about to assign are neither proper nor improper. In sum, urban sustainability indices for this group of people with the average of 100 were average.
In Group C, the physical-technical status with the average of 16 means the environmental status with an average of 15 was in average condition as well. The economic status of people in comparison with the modified monthly income based on the currency value of 2010 indicated minimum saving condition for the people of this group. Comparison of the claimed 1030 thousand Toman average income by respondents (170 owners) and the average expense 989 thousand Toman approved the issue. The status of social development indices based on the evaluated result of average (63) and concerning the limits of minimum and maximum answers have been assessed on a weak level which is an indicator of the status in which social indices are improper for the residents. Finally, urban sustainability indices by the average of 97 were average for the people of this group.

Aim: The reconstruction of urban context in the around of holy shrine in Mashhad has become to one of the main problems of Mashhad City for many years, due to the presence of millions of pilgrims in this city. Attracting investors is one of the important problems to implement the defined investment projects in this reconstruction plan. This research seeks to provide an analysis of the investor's behavior at the microeconomic level, and the reasons for investor's reluctance to participate in these projects and investment problems in this context are examined.
Interviewing to the experts of the renovation project and inventors has used for selection of the most significant problems of investors in the investment projects around the holy shrine, and the causes has looked at through a questionnaire completed by about 60 investors of this region, and attempted to prioritize capital-investors. To analyze the data from questionnaires and interviews has used the Gray Ranking method.
In researches, the black is represented, as lack of information, but the white is full of information. Therefore, the information that is either incomplete or undetermined is called Grey. Grey system is a system having incomplete information. The Grey number in Grey system shows a number with less complete information. The Grey element represents an element with incomplete information. The Grey relation is the relation with incomplete information. Three terms are the typical symbols and features for Grey system and Grey phenomenon. There are six styles for the theory of Grey system.
(1) Grey generation: in method is data processing to supplement information. It is aimed to process those complicate and tedious data to gain a clear rule that is the whitening of a sequence of numbers. (2) Grey modeling: in style done by step 1 to establish a set of Grey variation equations and Grey differential equations. (3) Grey prediction: By using the Grey model to conduct a qualitative prediction, it is called the whitening of development. (4) Grey decision: A decision is made under imperfect countermeasure and unclear situation that is called the whitening of status. (5) Grey relational analysis: quantify all influences of different factors and their relation; it is called the whitening of factor relation. (6) Grey control: Work on the data of system behavior and search any rules of behavior development to foretaste future’s behavior, the prediction value can be fed back into the system in order to control the system.
This study use fourth method on Grey relational analysis, and apply to project evaluation and selection.
Finding: The results showed that investors preferred investment in the construction options in "residential" projects and then investment in "commercial" projects in other urban regions to investment in "commercial-residential buildings the around of holy shrine". The order of their choice is investment in: (1) Residential building, (2) Commercial Projects, (3) projects of commercial-residential the around of holy shrine, (4) Tourism and leisure projects.
It can be analyzed the external factors and macroeconomic policies of the country, such as monetary policy of the Central Bank, which are effective on economic stability and inflation, can be effective in making investment decisions. For example, controlling the rate of credit growth in the private sector is a monetary policy in line with the financial stability of the economy, which it effective on the investor's decision.
The most important problems of investing projects in the worn-out texture surrounding the shrine that has caused lack of attractiveness for investment are: "The shift of managers and responsible staff and the lack of stability in the posts assigned to individuals in the offices, long judicial process and the lack of efficient interaction of executive agencies, get high fees for licenses by municipality, and lack cooperation ownerships for owned of land and problems associated with the user change".

This study is to use a library and comparative analysis method for ranking the criteria affecting the optimal model in Mashhad municipal finance and then providing a scheme for the model developed. To get the goal، 23 people are selected in Mashhad Municipality officials and economic experts to complete the questionnaire. The data are analyzed based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Expert Choice software. Finally، after weighting and ranking the criteria and decision options، a funding desired pattern is provided for Municipality of Mashhad in three Macro، medial and local levels. The results represent that renovation tax، building and land tax (except municipal consolidation taxes)، value- added tax and the costs of utilities، are respectively the most important policy priorities on the stabilization of municipal revenues.

Nowadays، marketing is considered as one of the most important parts of all manufacturing and service activities. In order to reach more share of goal market، different companies always update and change their marketing policies. These companies have to know that different customers impressed by different marketing policies and them، they should choose most suitable policies for one goal group. The other words، they have manage their cost beside managing market and income. Applying multinomial logit model and collecting data form 201 food customers in Mashhad in 2012، the current research tries to investigate effective factors on effectiveness of each advertisement method. The results show that married people، high-income ones، youth، women، educated people and larger families are more affected by media and sellers. In addition these results indicate that men، aged، single، low-income and low-literate people are more affected by their friends.

By using cross-section data which gathered through a survey research in Mashhad, contingent valuation approach and Tobit model this study tries to determine economical value of air pollution and effective factors on WTP. Based on contingent valuation approach, air pollution total value of airpollution in high-polluted region equals 7134146560 Rials per month and in middle-polluted region equals 5242428950 Rials per month. Therefore according to citizens’ opinion percent improving Mashhad air pollution state equals 12376575510 Rials per month. Also Results of investigating effective factors on willingness to pay (WTP) by estimating one-stage tobit model showed that education level, household income, having car, age, kind of settlement region and having children are effective factors on willingness to pay.

In order to investigate effective factors on bread waste and determine effect genial of each factor on probability of being each family in three categories of low-medium، high and extra high bread waste، the order logit model and the 352 families data from Mashad city were taken in use. The samples have been selected using a simple random sampling method. The survey of marginal effect in order logit model showed that distance to backery، walking to backery، not cooling bread after purchasing، carrying bread on hand، number of times of going to backer’s per week، waiting time in backery، low assessment of bread price، per month income of household، average rate of bread consumption، household supervisor education، and education of other family members، decrease the probability of the family falling into the group of low and medium waste، and increase the probability of the family falling into the group of high waste and extra high waste families. Also، cooperation in buying bread، freezing bread، good assessment of bread quality، mother’s education، number of household members، average age of household، being mother housekeeper، and average rate of food consumption increase the probability of the family falling into the group of low and medium waste، and decrease the probability of the family falling into the group of high waste and extra high waste families.

The aim of present article is determining economic value of air pollution and environmental effects of Mashhad city air pollution. Data of 286 households of Mashhad was gathered through questionnaire in a survey reaserch using stratified random sampling method in year 2006. In order to detemine environmental effects of air pollution choice experiment approach - which gives the most perfect environmental total economic value - conditional logit (CL) and nested logit (NL) models, have been applied. On this base, for a thirty percent improvement in bad odour, black fallout, poor visibility and health effects of air pollution, high-polluted region settlers are willing to pay, in average, 751, 912, 1526 and 1607 Rials per month, respectively. Whilst, middle-polluted region settlers, are willing to pay 595, 802, 1263 and 1453 Rials per month for 30 percent improvement in bad odour, poor visibility, black fallout and health effects of air pollution, respectively. Therefore, value of a thirty percent improvement in Mashhad air pollution is equal to 11303472650 Rials per month.