جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "هدفمندی یارانه ها" در نشریات گروه "اقتصاد"

The Targeted Subsidies Policy (TSP) was implemented as one of the biggest economic reforms in Iran in 2009. However, after more than a decade, it did not achieve all its predetermined goals. Regardless of its positive effects, this research aims to identify and determine the adverse effects of this plan after its implementation, which led to the inefficiency of TSP. This research is based on Sandelowski & Barroso Meta-Synthesis method in which, by searching keywords related to the topic in scientific databases, the relevant researches were found and systematically reviewed. The search results were filtered by reviewing titles, abstracts, and content, and screened articles were evaluated using the CASP tool. Finally, 86 sources were selected and analyzed. By coding and categorizing the articles, nine main categories were identified as disadvantages and negative effects of TSP: negative effects on macroeconomics, negative effects on the production sector, unfair distribution, decreased welfare, failure to save or reduce energy consumption, energy smuggling and corruption, adverse effects on medicine and health, adverse effects on transportation, and adverse environmental effects. The findings can help to structurally reform the current method and prevent the repetition of past mistakes.

The present paper aims to identify the most important factor that explains productivity changes in energy use in Iran over the period of 1385-1394-. Towards this end, the authors have utilized three symmetric industry by industry input-output tables namely, IOT at 1385 constant prices introduced by research center affiliated to Iranian parliament, IOT at 1390 constant prices introduced by Iran’s statistics center and the 1394 -IOT updated by RAS method. Jacob (2003) attribute productivity Changes in energy use to six factors.  The authors have applied the Jacob formula to decompose productivity changes into six cause factors namely, changes in value added, changes in energy consumption, changes in domestic energy supply, structural changes -technology factor, final demand changes, inter industry final demand changes pertaining to agricultural, industry, power, transportation and other service sectors. The results of this study reveal that productivity changes in energy use is negatively affected by value added changes while changes in energy consumption in agriculture and power sectors had a declining impact on productivity and the effect of other factors in productivity changes has been negligible over the period under study.

Universal basic income is a type of unconditional cash transfer that is paid to all citizens and is sufficient to cover the minimum living expenses. The idea of universal basic income is one of the proposed mechanisms to guarantee minimum income in the mainstream economics that is recognized as an alternative to the existing social security system but its benefits and disadvantages are still disputed. Similarly, in the Islamic economy, the emphasis has been on ensuring that everyone's livelihood is guaranteed. This paper first discusses basic income and similar schemes in the mainstream economics (social dividends, participation income, negative income tax, and Atkinson's proposal to establish a flat tax / basic income), and then explains the mechanism of securing a subsistence standard in Islamic economics. The findings of the paper show that: the provision of Universal basic income - as a refundable tax credit - within the framework of the private income tax system is in line with Islamic economics standards; In addition, given the current fiscal constraints of government, it is more enforceable than other models of minimum income guarantee, and with implementing it, it is expected to ensure minimum income for all citizens (not just those covered by support organizations) at the lowest cost.

In this study, the effect of socio-economic variables on bread demand has been investigated using AIDS model and micro data. In this model, socio-economic variables such as age, gender and marital status of household breadwinner, his/her own level of education and that of the spouse’s, household size, and employment status and income level of household members have been used. A dummy variable is also used to account for implementation of targeted subsidies law is also used and, in this study, it shows the effects of this policy. To meet this end, the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) is applied. This model has been estimated using the consolidated data and Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) method and the information from more than 165,000 urban households in the country for the years 2007-2015 and for different income groups (low income, medium and wealthy). The results of this research show that, during the period under study, bread was an essential goods for all income groups. The price elasticity of bread demand for all income groups was 0/5. Therefore, bread is an inelastic goods for all income groups. Also, the coefficients related to household size, level of education for the breadwinner and his/her spouse, employment status and marital status of household breadwinner and the dummy variable of targeted subsidies law are positive and significant. The coefficient related to the age of household breadwinner for poor and middle-income households has been estimated to be positive and for wealthy households it has not been found to be significant .The coefficient belonging to the gender of the head of household for poor households has been estimated to be insignificant and for middle-income and wealthy households it has been estimated to be positive and significant.

In the Islamic approach, the right of all people to enjoy the opportunities and benefit from public resources are the two dimensions of justice, meaning "Giving everyone one's entitlement". In this framework, the first step towards the realization of justice is to fight inequality in the distribution of opportunities, resources and public facilities (Beit al-Mal) in the favor of the poor and deprived in the Islamic society. This paper examines the distribution of subsidies in Iran's economy, considering the requirements of justice in the Islamic approach. The main question of the research is: what is the criterion for the fair distribution of Anfal and the public resources of the country, especially in the context of poverty and class divisions? According to the research hypothesis, in the context of poverty and class divisions, in the distribution of public resources of the country including the distribution of subsidies, one can allow an unequal distribution for the benefit of the poor, so that justice can be achieved faster by reducing the class division. Using the descriptive and analytical method and Islamic and jurisprudential doctrines on the one hand, and examining the experiences of the current distribution of subsidies in Iran on the other hand, the present paper seeks to prove this hypothesis and the necessity of its implementation in the distribution of subsidies in Iran.

In this paper, we try to analyze the impacts of targeted subsidies plan and socioeconomic variables on demand for residential water of Iranian urban households. For this purpose, we use pooled data of 146729 urban households during 2007-2014 and estimate an Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) model using Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR). The results show that targeted subsidies plan has no significant effect on demand for urban residential water. The price and income elasticity’s of demand for residential water were estimated by -0.94 and 0.64, respectively. We also show that the household size and gender of household’s head are of positive and significant effects on residential water consumption, while literacy rate of household’s head and use of cloth washing machine affect negatively the demand for water. In addition, using dishwashing machine and size of household’s dwelling have no significant effects on residential water consumption.

On Decmber 2010, the economic reform program, so called "Targeted Subsidies Reform" had been implemented to organize the subsidy payment in Iran in toto. The silent feature of this economic program was per se payment of direct subsidies to the households. As a result, during the execution of this policy, many households got benefited from the transfer payment, irrespective of the income group which they belonged to, Ipsofacto. However, in recent years, one may observe a modicum ebb in the participation rate of the high income group in the Targeted Subsidies Reform Program. In this paper, an attempt is made to investigate the impact of transfer payment derived from the subsidy reform policy on poverty alleviation of households during the study period of 2009-2016. Hence, for this purpose the numerical poverty indices such as FGT, CHU and SST, along with the poverty ordering methods were appraised and calculated Pro rata. The results prima facie indicate that the "Targeted Subsidies Reform Policy" was effective in diminishing the menace and incidence of poverty, at the beginning stages of its implementation in Iran, though its impact got neutralized in the course of time, Sine qua non.

Iran is not only a major energy leading oil producer, but also is a large consumer of energy. High population, land area and industrial and urban development are all important factors in the consumer market in the country, and it is natural that a vast country like Iran has the energy demand for a variety of purposes. This is the reason that the level of energy consumption in Iran is very high and for various, reasons should be concerned about the current situation. Before the targeted subsidy plan, Iran's approach in the energy subsidies was very unsuitable and harmful. It seems necessary to evaluate the effect of the plan on the consumer demand for energy across the country. In this study, we examine this relationship in Isfahan. This paper uses a model which introduced by Sitra and et al (2012). The demand elasticity is calculated with using the SUR method and AIDS. In this regard, we use data of Isfahan’s consumers for the period of 1384 to September 1393. The estimation results of gasoline demand equation show that the effect of commodity prices on demand is negative, which indicates the law of demand works here. The estimated coefficient of commodity price is negative and smaller than one that shows gasoline is an essential commodity. In accordance with the results, the coefficient of real value added is estimated positive, which indicate the gasoline is a normal good. The results also show that the dummy variable for the targeted subsidy plan has a negative and significant effect on the commodity demands which can indicate that the plan and prices lead to lower fuel demand in the city.

In the Iranian economy, especially after the emergence of oil and its rise in price, we have witnessed a significant government presence in the economy and the payment of all kinds of direct and indirect subsidies to the society and manufacturing sectors. In 2010, the government took steps to liberalize prices in the energy sector and allocate proceeds to construction, housing, manufacturing, health and health sectors. Releasing energy prices can have an impact on the level of manufacturing and productivity. One of these industries associated with the daily lives of people is the food industry, which plays an important role in the economy.The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of targeting subsidies on the productivity of food industry. Therefore, the statistical society, food industry of Iran and the research period have been considered from 2006 to 2013. Using the econometric model and with the help of Eviews software, the following results are obtained.The coefficients indicate that: The physical capital and machinery variable in the food industry is significant at 5% error level and Lee does not have the required productivity in the food industry. On the other hand, effective exchange rate is one of the variables affecting the growth of production as well as productivity. This variable is significant at the error level of 10% and has a positive effect on the productivity of food industry. The results of this paper show that the variable productivity of human capital in food industry is positive and significant.The results of this paper show that the variable productivity of human capital in food industry is positive and significant. Finally, the results show that the purposefulness of the subsidy, which is significant at 1% error level, has a positive and significant effect on the productivity of food industry. In enforcing the targeted subsidy policies, businesses have been able to improve their situation and experience a competitive environment in production and increase productivity.

Maybe it can be said that the issue of implementing the policy of making targeted subsidies the government's economic policy over the past two decades. Carrier's energy subsidies as part of this policy in place and is of special importance in the economy. The importance of this issue has caused the subject of targeted subsidies as a matter Effective and decisive attracted the attention of researchers. In this study, tried to consider of the effects of subsidies energy Carrier's (Products oil and natural gas) on the growth of gross domestic product (GDP) of the economy of Iran in three important section separately (agriculture, industry and services section) that are examined. For this purpose input-output table 1380 Statistical Center of Iran (input-output price model) is used. The results show that, with the rising cost of energy Carrier's (Products of the oil and natural gas), agricultural output, due to the lower dependence on oil products and natural gas energy Carrier's current price, relative lower than other economic sectors increases. Further industrial production, due to high energy consumption by industry, will be reduced. It is obtained In the Sector of Services different results.

The continuous growth of electricity consumption in Iran، due to the low and unreasonable prices، has created immense pressure on the national network of supplying electricity to meet the ever-increasing demand. The realistic and economically justifiable pricing of electricity has، therefore، become an urgent issue for managing supply and demand. The residential electricity consumption in the country is one of the main sources of such demand increase. The present study focuses on the impacts of government subsidies on electricity demand and consumption for the urban and rural households in Iran. Data used for this study include price index، urban and rural household expenditures، provided by the Iranian Center for Statistics، Central Bank of Iran during the period 1991-2012. The study utilizes Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) and Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) estimation methods for data analyses. The results show that electricity is an essential good for both urban and rural households، and as such the demand and consumption levels for both urban and rural households in the country have very little (less than one) elasticity to prices. The conclusion is that the demand levels for residential electricity consumption are not meaningfully reduced by the price increase for customers created by elimination or reductions of governmental subsidies for electricity. Therefore، pricing policies alone would not be effective to reduce residential electricity consumption in the country، and there is a need for additional and supplemental policies.

In this study، the electrical energy consumption in Tehran before reduction subsidies and after targeting subsidies was examined with using a dataset collected from household subscribers Tehran Electricity Distribution Company from August 2000 to November 2012. After review and analysis values، a model was proposed for predicting power consumption. The proposed model was a combination of trigonometric coefficients and power factors. The best values were obtained by using a genetic algorithm. Procedure of electrical energy consumption in Tehran after Implementation of subsidies reduction plan was compared with the predicted model of electrical energy consumption in Tehran before Implementation that plan. The results indicated that implementation of subsidies reduction plan reduced electrical consumption growth rates and also a little reduced consumption rate. The other results of this study contain consumption patterns in order to manage the future consumption level of electrical consumers in Tehran. Also the results showed that، because demand for electricity is inelastic to price and income in the short time، as a result price policies cannot be effective in controlling the electricity demand، then should use non-price and intensive policies to reduce the consumption of electricity.

 Government subsidies are one of the most important challenges in Iran’s economy, especially concerning the field of energy. The main objective of this paper is to examine the impact of natural gas price shocks on consumption of Semnan household Gas subscribers. Thus , the function o f household consumption of natural gas customers in Semnan city was estimated by Generalized Moments Method (GMM), during April 1385 and March 1391. Variables consisted are natural gas prices, lag of per capita consumption, temperature, lag of per capita income, the price of electricity. According to the estimated price and income elasticity, consumers have significant sensitivity to changes in natural Gas prices however structural break has not been observed in the pattern of natural Gas consumption.

Targeted subsidies reform, is the most important part of economic development plan in Iran that will lead to change the way that subsidies are paid. With the gradual removal of subsidies from basic goods such as fuel, food, water and electricity; a portion of the proceeds will be paid to the people in cash and the other part has to be spent in development of economic infrastructure by which the class gap between various social groups may also reduced. This study attempts to measure the satisfaction of different income level of the inhabitants of the Urmia city from targeted subsidies plan. Using a questionnaire, the data is collected and to analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistical methods (ANOVA and t-test) were utilized. Results show that from the perspective of Urmia city citizenry in general, the government has not achieved to the targets of proposed in the context of the economic development plan by targeted subsidies.

This study tries to examine the impact of liberalization on the price of energy carriers including gasoline، kerosene، gasoline، fuel oil، LPG، electricity and natural gas on agricultural sector in Iran by using Social Accounting Matrix. Despite of 13-20 percent of agriculture contribution to GDP and employment، only 3. 8 percent of total energy consumption is allocated to it during 2001-2009. The results of Social Accounting Matrix represent 57 and 41 percent growth in producer price index of agricultural products according to two scenarios (the average growth percentage of 2100 and 1570 in energy prices). Gasoline، by 40 percent of total direct and indirect effects، has the highest share in the increase of price index of agricultural production. To compensate the energy price liberalization on the agricultural sector، prolonging the rise of energy prices in the agricultural sector، preferential prices for electricity use in agriculture and energy efficiency in agriculture can be proposed.

Almost all countries seriously pursue economic growth، as well as other economic and social goals through various approaches. Achieving a sustainable economic growth requires providing capital and other factors of production. In order to fulfill this need in societies، financial markets evolve constantly. In fact، developing financial markets cause economic development. After liberalizing prices، especially those of forms of energy، and acquisition of the Iranian government finances following the enforcement of targeted subsidy plan، people were provided with the collected resources in order to make up for the increase of household expenditures. Enforcing this law along with some other economic problems، including the sanctions against Iran lead into stagflation. Hence، some models need to be formulated in order to exit this situation. This study is a descriptive content analysis one using library resources tries to investigate the hypothesis whether designing Istisna securities using the cash subsides paid to the caretakers which can finance production infrastructures well enough through financial markets and the Iranian banking system. With respect to proposed models that each of them is based either on Ijarah Muntahia Bittamleek or on debt buying، the model of production support Istisna securities based on Ijarah Muntahia Bittamleek with an emphasis on the Iranian banking system is recognized as the best model.

This study develops a dynamic model to evaluate various distinctive policies in the oil and gas industries of Iran. This model takes into account some key variables including oil and gas exports as well as the injection of additional gas into the oil reservoirs. These variables are particularly essential in determining the equilibrium quantities and prices in the supply and demand functions. Therefore، the impacts of various oil and gas policy initiatives are evaluated on the performance of various sectors of the Iranian economy. Furthermore، the impact of energy consumption on oil revenues and vice versa is thoroughly examined. In order to determine the future trends of major relevant variables، such as the rate of gas consumption in the household، commercial، and public sectors and total gas consumption rate، three scenarios are developed. According to the energy subsidy reform plan، these scenarios are as following: gas price hike، an increase in the gas injection into the oil reservoirs and concurrent increase of OPEC’s share and gas injection into the oil reservoirs. The results indicate that gas price hike will likely lead to a decline in the total gas consumption in the country and that the gas injection into the oil reservoirs will create more value for the country when the share of country in the OPEC goes up.