جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "gmm model" در نشریات گروه "اقتصاد"

The present study aimed to explore the impact of banking crisis on income distribution among various income classes in 60 world countries during 1990–2020. In this line, the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) was used to estimate the six models with different dependent variables that depicted income percentiles for the wealthy, middle, and poor classes. The findings indicated that during a banking crisis, the income share of the wealthy class decreases, while the middle class and the bottom 20% experience an increase in their income share. Consequently, banking crisis could contribute to income equality in the countries under study. In addition to the variable of banking crisis, other variables such as financial development and financial openness could lead to income inequality, while the variables like the ratio of public expenditure to GDP, trade openness, GDP, and GDP squared would cause income distribution equality in the countries. The results suggest that governments support lower-income percentiles through subsidies, support packages, more job opportunities, and provision of low-interest loans, in a bid to mitigate the detrimental effects of banking crisis and reduce income inequality. Furthermore, governments should levy taxes, such as capital gains tax, on higher-income percentiles.

The construction industry in the housing sector plays an important role in economic growth due to its significant share in GDP compared to other sectors. One of the most important factors hindering the increase of private sector investment in the construction industry is the faltering of trust and confidence. Meanwhile, exchange rate uncertainty and inflation have the most negative impact on the investment of construction companies. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the exchange rate uncertainty and inflation rate on the investment of construction companies in the period 1996-2020. To estimate the model, first using exchange rate data; Exchange rate uncertainty was calculated by GARCH method, then using GMM method, the effect of exchange rate uncertainty and inflation rate on construction companies' investment data was investigated. The results show that a one percent increase in exchange rate uncertainty and inflation has reduced the investment of construction companies by 0/593 and 0/368 percent, respectively. Also, a one percent increase in economic growth has increased the investment of construction companies by 0/119 percent. Based on the effect of estimated coefficients, the share and importance of the construction sector; Identifying investment opportunities and threats in the construction industry, government efforts in the correct and scientific implementation of economic policies in order to stabilize the real exchange rate and price index and awareness of the impact of these variables when planning and setting policies it's important.

In the present study, the effects of banking development, social, economic structure and income inequality in the provinces of the country during the period 1395-1385 and using the (GMM) and (2SLS) model were investigated. According to the results of model estimation; Unemployment and trade are positively related to income inequality. Also, the increase in GDP per capita improves the share of the total labor force working in agriculture, production and construction, and income distribution in the provinces of the country. However, the small coefficient of these variables indicates their partial effect on income distribution. The negative sign of the interruption of inequality in the distribution of provincial income also indicates an increase in income divergence between the northern and southern provinces. Under these circumstances, modern investment, growth and technology resources are concentrated in a few industrial provinces, and many central provinces, which do not share borders with other countries, are deprived of the growth process or participate in it marginally, which often contradicts It is in their interests. Increasing competition and the number of bank branches also improves income distribution, although the impact of increasing these two variables indicates the greater importance of the banking sector in using efficient technologies and increasing the number of bank branches to improve economic justice in the provinces. Therefore, more equitable growth and distribution of income should be in close interaction and relationship with each other, and therefore ("growth with redistribution") and "growth with more equality" should be on the agenda of the country's planners

Achieving higher economic growth is one of the main objectives of all economies and countries around the world which will lead to an increase of social welfare, poverty alleviation, and inequality. Man power is one of the most important factors for economic growth. Since women make up half of the world’s population, they can be an effective factor for achieving this purpose; however, so far there has always been gender differences in various areas  including training, wage, health, and so on all around the world which can both have negative effect on economic growth and reduce economic welfare. Accordingly, any effort to remove gender differences in these areas, in addition to being an ethical value, is an essential policy to achieve goals regarding economic, social, and human development and is among the important issues of the nations. This paper seeks to explore the impact of gender differences such as those at the level of wages, education, and the indices of life expectancy of women and men upon economic growth in economies holding very high, high, medium, and low levels in human development during 2004-2012, by means of GMM model. The results of the paper show that for those countries with a very high level of human development, there is a negative relationship between economic growth and life expectancy, difference in the wage levels of women and men, and difference in education levels of women and men.  According to Boserup's theory, at the preliminary stages of economic growth, the gender gap will increase, but when a country goes through a distinct stage of development, this relation reverses, which is inferred from dependent variable interval of both groups and the variable concerning the difference in wages level of women and men in countries with low and medium human development index. 

This article tries to analyze the effect of eliminating the electricity subsidy on the intensity of this energy in production industries during 1995-2007 using GMM dynamic panel data method. Having used the cost function with Cobb-Douglas form, it was recognized that there is a negative and significant relationship between electricity intensity and its price. Meanwhile, the increase in the price indices of other inputs leads to electricity energy substitution with such other inputs. Moreover, energy intensity decreases along the technological advances with the pass of time. Later, electricity price liberalization scenario starts to hypothetically and steadily increase its nominal price within 2010-2014. The findings show that the electricity energy intensity decreased after its price is liberalized in a way that the lion’s share of such a slash belonged to the first year of the liberalization policy execution while the amount of energy intensity cut was decreased over the next years.