جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "partial least squares" در نشریات گروه "اقتصاد"

Banks, while accompanying the economic programs of countries, also seek to gain benefits for their beneficiaries. To achieve these goals, they need to equip and optimally allocate resources, and one of the important issues in this field is to know the effective factors in attracting resources. The purpose of this research is to identify and prioritize factors affecting the provision of bank resources. To achieve the goal of the research, by reviewing the background of the research, the mission of the bank and the opinions of banking experts, 62 factors were presented in the form of a questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire was tested and confirmed with Cronbach's alpha after the approval of banking experts and the pre-test. After collecting research data through a questionnaire, the identification of the effective components on the methods of resource attraction was extracted using structural equation modeling (partial least squares model) and factor analysis. Based on the obtained t-value, which was higher than 1.96, the influence of external and internal factors on resource allocation was generally confirmed. This relationship was also confirmed in the dimension of intra-organizational factors. According to the path coefficients obtained in the final model of the research, the influence of intra-organizational factors (0.863) is higher than extra-organizational factors (0.192) in equipping resources. In examining the influence of dimensions of internal organizational factors; Communication and human, service, physical and financial factors were placed in priority 1 to 4 respectively.

How to finance the budget deficit has always been associated with many challenges in governments, and because according to studies and research, the method of financing with papers and documents has the least negative social effects. One of these types of bonds is the Islamic treasury, which has many advantages, but the budget deficit through this also has problems such as unwillingness of contractors and disproportionate emissions to the realized performance (lack of demand), liquidity risk and ultimately reduce It has a strong value in the OTC market (lack of market demand), so in this study, the factors affecting the acceptance of contractors for Islamic treasury bills were investigated. Collected from construction project contractors. Based on the results, the increase in contractor assets has a positive effect on the acceptance of Islamic treasury bills and on the other hand, based on the results of increasing inflation and discount rate in the secondary market has a negative effect on the acceptance of Islamic treasury bills that these variables should be controlled to attract documents by contractors

shadow economy is an integral part of the economic structure of any country, which is always more common in countries with lower levels of development than in developedones. A relatively large size of shadow economy will have many negative effects on the economy as a whole because it absorbs resources and labor from the formal economy, limits public resourcesandthe effectiveness of policies, and distorts official statistics, as well as competition. It will increase unfair competition against official companies that follow the rules. Therefore, in order to prevent, identify and deal with this phenomenon, the government must bear the costs. Considering that increasing military expenditures with the security it creates inside each country causes the injection of domestic and foreign capital into official sectors of the economy and increases employment and GDP, as a result of the security caused by increased costs in the military sector social order, economic prosperity, peace of society, increasing creativity and innovation, progress and development of society, access to modern and advanced facilities and equipment, and finally reducing economic crime and underground and shadow activities in the country will happen.During the period under review, shadow economy as a percentage of GDP in Iran has an upward trend with relatively low ups and downs and during this 35-year period has an average of 19.31 percent and the variable of military spending as Percentage of GDP has a negative and significant effect on the shadow economy in the period under study, ie for each unit of increase in military spending shadow economy decreases by 0.134 percent.

In this research, the structural equation modeling approach based on partial least squares and multiple index pattern - multiple causes and SMART PLS software has been used to investigate the effect of military spending on shadow economy in Iran during the period 1981 to 2015.Multiple Index Pattern - Multiple causes, which include observed model variables and latent shadow economy variable, take the form of two equations. In the first equation, the relational relationship of shadow economy and its causes are explained and in the second equation, how the indicators are affected by the volume of shadow economy is specified. Therefore, the multiple index model - multiple causes has two parts: structural model and measurement model. The mathematical formulation of the template is as follows:(1) (2) η: hidden variable (shadow economy); X: vector (q × 1) causes in the structural model; Y: Vector (p × 1) of indicators in the measurement model; λ: (p × 1) coefficient matrix in the measurement model; γ: (q × 1) The cause coefficient matrix in the structural equation v: error in the structural model and 𝜀: a vector (p × 1) measurement error in YThe regression form of the structural equation is:The regression form of the measurement equation is as follows:(4)As can be seen in the structural equation and the measurement equation, the variables of military expenditure (me), effective tax rate (etax), formal market exchange rate (racmi), black market exchange rate (unracmi), economy openness (open), Revenues from natural resources (oilindex) and government size (gov) as the reasons for measuring the shadow economy as well as the variables energy consumption (energy), money demand (dmoney) and employment (employ) as the effects of the shadow economy have been selected to estimate the model.

According to the results of this study, the signs of coefficients of exchange rate variables in the formal market, government size, effective tax rate, income from natural resources, military expenditures and the openness index of the economy in the study model are statistically significant and coefficient signs are consistent with theoretical predictions. Also, the estimated values of parameters in the studied model show that among the indicators reflecting the effects of shadow economy, the effect of shadow economy on energy consumption and money demand is positive and is as expected. 

The results of the analysis showed that increasing military spending to create the necessary infrastructure for the production of military equipment in the country instead of buying it from abroad, while reducing the country's military dependence on the world military powers, creates employmentand economic prosperity, increases national income and reduces unconventional and shady activities. Of course, it should be noted that although military power is a factor in ensuring internal security and reducing external threats, due to budget constraints, unconventional increase in military spending and replacing it with other public sectors spending such as education, health, etc. is an obstacleFor Optimal allocation of income to economic and social investments, which will have adverse consequences. In addition, official exchange rate, income from natural resources, economy openness index, black market exchange rate, government volume and effective tax rate are among the factors affecting shadow economy in Iran, among which the variable of income from natural resources has the most effecton the expansion of shadow economy. shadow economy has also affected energy consumption, money demand and employment, which have a greater impact on employment as a whole than on the other two variables. Therefore it is suggested:1- Organizing a business environment with the aim of directing activities in the field of informal economy to the formal sector of the economy and increasing economic transparency 2- Explaining the effect of military spending on security and life of citizens to motivate tax payments and prevent the spread of shadow economy.3- More control on the budget, especially the military budget to prevent possible abuses. 4-Based on results, increasing liquidity results in inflation which itself brings forth shadow economy. Implementing appropriate monetary policies as well as financial order can prevent inflation and its detrimental consequences.