جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "value added tax (vat)" در نشریات گروه "اقتصاد"

The purpose of this paper is Investigating the Impact of Value Added Tax (VAT) on Iran's Current Account. To do this, Computable General Equilibrium Model (CGE) is used. Data is based on the latest social accounting matrix (SAM) of Iran in 2011, which is provided by Islamic Parliament Research Centre of Iran in 2015. Policy analysis has been carried out in the form of nine scenarios: the VAT with the rates applied in Iranduring the years 2008 to 2019 (3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 8% and 9%) and the applicable rates (10%, 15% and 20%). In all scenarios, the VAT rate in agriculture sector is considered zero. The results indicate that VAT has positive impact on Iran's export and import, but negative impact on current account. Likewise result of sensitivity analysis show the high precision of the research model and confidence of policy analysis’ results.

Nowadays it is obvious that higher share of tax revenues in budgeting and its role in developing dynamic economy has been a main criterion of growth in each country. The value added tax has been focused by policy makers due to its transparent collection. It is crucial to determine optimal and appropriate tax rates to achieve economic objectives. The underground economy and its activities which are accompanied by false information declaration affect the level of government tax revenue collections. This paper seeks to determine optimal tax rates in three introduced models by using the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) Algorithm and the current data during the period 2008-2017 in two different conditions of underground economy and its absence. The results indicate that government collects near optimal value added tax by VAT rate optimization. On the other hand, the higher changes in value added tax rates have significantly positive effect on underground economy.

Governments mainly obtain income from a variety of sources so as to support their expenditures. Among them, receiving tax from goods and services is one of the most important sources of governments’ revenues. The Value Added Tax (VAT) has been thus considered in many countries around the world as a new tax method by creating a massive tax base. The VAT, as a multi-step tax applied on goods and services, is the taxation on the added value of the produced goods or provided services at the various steps of production and distribution. It is, indeed, obtained as a percentage of the price in each step in which the burden of taxation is on the final consumer. In effect, this tax is derived from the added value of firms as the difference between the earnings from the sale of goods and services and the total costs incurred in purchasing production inputs, excluding human resources. There are two general methods for calculating the VAT: cumulative and subtractive. Each of the cumulative and subtractive methods is, in turn, categorized in two ways: direct and indirect. On the other hand, the VAT can be applied in two different ways based on the principle of origin and destination. Depending on how the capital goods are purchased, in the base of VAT, this tax can be introduced in three different bases: the VAT on the basis of gross domestic production (production type); the VAT on the basis of net domestic production (income type); the VAT on the basis of consumption (consumption type). In Iran, in order to reform the tax structure, the VAT law has also been implemented experimentally since the second half of 2008, and many legal efforts have been made to convert it from an experimental legislation to a permanent one. The study of the effects of VAT on the macroeconomic variables has, thus, special importance. Accordingly, this paper investigates the implementation effects of the experimental law of VAT on the macroeconomic variables of Iran including inflation, Gross Domestic Production (GDP) and consumption. This quantitative research was, indeed, performed using a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model (Lafgren et al., 2002) which is often applied to examine a wide range of policy issues including tax policies. It can, in turn, provide a comprehensive framework for examining the effects of such policies. This model’s equations were divided into four sections or blocks including price block, production and trade block, institution block, and system constraint block. Moreover, the necessary modifications were made to the standard model equations to align it with the Iranian economy. In the CGE model, the data source is usually a matrix called the social accounting matrix (SAM). SAM, indeed, as the square matrix where each account is placed in a row and column collision, examines the numerical information of the economy comprehensively. The last Iranian social accounting matrix is related to the year 2011, which was prepared by the Islamic Parliament Research Center of Iran in 2015. This matrix was, thus, used as a source of data in this paper. The economic activities were, then, divided into seven sectors as agriculture, oil, mining, industry, energy, buildings, and services. Policy analysis was, in turn, conducted in two scenarios including the VAT at the rate of 6% and 9%. In both scenarios, the VAT rate in the agricultural sector was set to zero. The results showed that the implementation of the VAT in Iran increased inflation, which, in turn, led to a decrease in the GDP and household consumption expenditure.

The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive investigation of the obstacles and factors affecting optimal implementation of Value-Added Tax Act (the VAT Act) and to propose an effective model using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM), The population of this study includes the taxpayers and tax officials in Zanjan Province. Relevant literature and previous studies were reviewed and the obstacles and factors affecting the optimal implementation of the VAT Act were identified. The detected obstacles and factors were verified by expert opinion. After that, the identified obstacles were classified into four main categories, namely, structural, administrative, cultural and finally economic and political obstacles and the effective factors were classified into four main categories, including, human resources, taxpayers, tax system and legal factors. Then, the questionnaires were distributed among the taxpayers and tax officials and the obtained data were analyzed using SPSS and Amos software. The results indicate that both obstacles, i.e., the structural, administrative, cultural and economic and political obstacles and effective factors, i.e., human resources, taxpayers, tax system and legal factors have positive and significant relationship with the optimal implementation of VAT Act; in other words, these obstacles and factors exert a considerable influence on the optimal implementation of the VAT Act. The innovation of this research is that a wide range of the obstacles and factors affecting optimal implementation of VAT Act were identified and ranked. Considering the resistance economy and increasing pressure of sanctions, identifying the obstacles and factors affecting optimal implementation of VAT Act can be a major step forward in boosting tax revenues and reducing the government's dependence on oil resources.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of Value Added Tax (VAT) on Iran's economic growth. For this purpose, Computable General Equilibrium Model (CGE) has been used. Data are derived from the Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) of Iran in 2011, prepared by the Parliament Research Center in 2015, which is the latest SAM of Iran. Policy analysis has been carried out in the form of nine scenarios: the VAT with the rates applied in Iran (3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 8% and 9%), and the applicable rates (10%, 15% and 20%). In all scenarios, the VAT rate in agriculture sectore is considered zero. The results indicate that VAT has positive impact on Iran's economic growth.

Since economic growth affects many economic indexes such as employment, poverty, distribution of income, health, etc., investigating the factors influencing economic growth is of great importance. This would be even more important in developing countries, which face such problems as poverty, unemployment etc. Considering the fact that the VAT is becoming more popular in developing countries and the dearth of research on the effects of this type of tax on economic variables, especially economic growth, the need for this study is felt to shed lights on the related issues. In this paper, using a panel of 62 developing countries and the GMM-system method, we examined the effect of VAT on economic growth and its sources, including growth of capital accumulation and the growth of productivity. The results were consistent with previous research, indicating a positive and significant effect of VAT on economic growth and its sources.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the economic effects of amendment of law of value added tax in Iran. The research method is quantitative and standard CGE model of Lafgren et al (2002) is used for analyzing. Data are derived from the latest Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) of Iran in 2011, which is provided by the Research Center of the Parliament. The data are analyzed in the form of the research model using the GAMS software. The conclusion shows that implementation of VAT increases the tax revenue and government revenue, total savings, total investment and total absorption. On the other hand, implementation of this law increases the inflation; reduce the GDP and households' incomes and expenditures. According to the the prevalence of positive effects on negative effects, the implementation of VAT Law has been relatively successful during the experimental period.

One of the major problems in budgeting is to predict the various kinds of future income precisely as possible. Since tax revenue is very important component in the combination of state income, the present paper considers the forecasting of VAT on gasoline consumption. The main purpose is to achieve an efficient method to forecast gasoline consumption and VAT on it in Iran. Hence, a Hybrid ARIMA- Neural Network model is used to forecast gasoline consumption. After confirming the good performance of this method compared with autoregressive integrated moving average processes(ARIMA), VAT on gasoline consumption is calculated by applying its tax rate. Results indicate that during the years 2013 to 2016, VAT on gasoline consumption will grow by 31.6 percent on average.

Value Added Tax (VAT) which its Act has been approved and executed during the last few years for some firms in Iran, is one of the forms of indirect-taxes known and has implications for economic indices including employment. Since considering positive and negative implications of any new policy is requisite for gaining more success in executing that policy, it is necessary to investigate VAT law performance in different countries. This study aims to investigate the relation between VAT execution and employment. The method used is dynamic panel data (OGMM) and the statistic sample covers 27 countries including 11 non-OECD and 16 OECD countries. Results show that the impact of VAT law execution on employment is 0.089 in non-OECD and 0.04 in OECD countries. Therefore the impact in the two groups of countries is both positive and statistically significant. It is also concluded that other forms of taxation have impacts of -0.014 and -0.029 for non-OECD and OECD countries respectively. So it could be said that VAT has a positive impact on employment while other forms of taxation result in decreasing it.