جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "نسبت e" در نشریات گروه "حسابداری"

The capital structure and the capital return rate are among the most important variables that are of interest to potential shareholders and actual shareholders, the combination of the company's equity and liabilities shows the capital structure, and the capital return rate, which is represented by the symbol P/E, is from Dividing the share market price by the net profit of each share is obtained and is also used to evaluate the value of the shares. The aim of the current research is to study the effect of the optimal capital structure based on the golden ratio on the rate of return on capital. To carry out this research, the information of 148 companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange in the period of 2009-2011 was used, and according to the descriptive-correlational nature of the research. In order to investigate and discover the correlation between variables, post-event method and panel data approach with fixed effects have been used. The results indicate the positive effect of the optimal capital structure based on the golden ratio on the return rate of investors. Also, in this research, the effect of the optimal capital structure based on the golden ratio on the variables of income and stock price was also investigated, based on the results obtained, the positive effect of the independent variable on the variables of income and stock price was confirmed.

The research strategy to stabilize the return distribution parameter is to consider all the returns that are located in a neighborhood of the empirical distribution of the portfolio, which has been used to determine such distributions using Wasserstein's metric criteria and K-L divergence. A sample portfolio of the research consists of 8 indices or industries from the Tehran Stock Exchange with the largest trading volume in the time period from the beginning of 2011 to the end of 2018 and in the weekly time horizon. The test data has been divided into 5 periods, and to evaluate the results of the stable distribution basket compared to the basket without this property, the result of dividing the average ratios of Kalmar and Rachev in the 5 periods by their standard deviation has been used. The results of the optimization with the help of particle aggregation algorithm show that the distribution stable basket of squid improves the mentioned ratio by 1.27 and in addition, the minimum ratio of squid in 5 periods in the distribution stable basket is higher than the basket without this feature. The stable distribution portfolio of Rachof improves this ratio by 1.40, and in addition, the minimum ratio of Rachof in 5 periods in the stable distribution portfolio is higher than the portfolio without this feature.

Because the separation between ownership and control creates an agency conflict between owners and managers of the firm, strong corporate governance systems are expected to align the interests of the parties involved, whereby firms are more likely to improve their financial performance. The statistical sample includes 148 companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 1392 to 1400, this study, it has been explained with two hypotheses that have been tested using the econometric technique of generalized moments (GMM) in Evivse software. The findings of the study showed that the quality of corporate governance has a positive and significant effect on both measures of financial performance, and conflict of representation has a negative and significant effect on both measures of financial performance of companies. It was also found that in companies with a high level of conflict of representation, the quality of corporate governance has a stronger effect on both measures of financial performance of companies. The findings of the study showed that the quality of corporate governance has a positive and significant effect on both measures of financial performance, and conflict of representation has a negative and significant effect on both measures of financial performance of companies. This is evidenced by the fact that firms with high levels of agency conflict and high-quality corporate governance mechanisms outperform other firms. Because the results show that the level of agency conflicts strengthens the relationship between the level of corporate governance mechanisms and financial performance.

The aim of the current research is to investigate the effect of income tax and asset turnover on company performance, considering the role of liquidity ratio modifier in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The current research is practical in terms of its purpose, and in terms of methodology, it is a causal (post-event) type of research. The statistical population of this research is the companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange in the years 2017 to 2023, and 133 companies were examined in a seven-year period to conduct this research. A regression model has also been used to analyze the results. The obtained results show that income tax has a positive and significant effect on company performance. Asset turnover has a positive and significant effect on the company's performance. Liquidity ratio has a negative and significant moderating effect on the impact of income tax on company performance. Liquidity ratio has a negative and significant moderating effect on the effect of asset turnover on company performance.

 Based on the life cycle theory, companies adopt particular economic policies in accordance with each stage of their economic life. That is to say that, they choose from among the available strategies, the one that could enhance their capital productivity. In this research, capital productivity has been investigated regarding the theory of life cycle. In this research, capital efficiency is studied using the ROIC index according to the theory of life cycle. The statistical population included those companies accepted in the Tehran Stock Exchange. Through systematic elimination, a sample of 118 companies has been selected for the purpose of this study during 2011-2021.Findings showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the stages of growth and maturity with capital productivity. Also it was found that there is a negative and significant relationship between the stage of decline and the capital productivity is. It was witnessed that these relationships were moderated in various industries.

Bankruptcy Prediction is one of the branches of finance that has received more attention in in recent research as bankruptcy patterns have been developed. In most of the researches in the field of Prediction the financial performance of companies and in particular, bankruptcy, only Predicting or comparing the predictive power of models using historical information of financial statements has been done. Since historical accounting information has been used more in Iran, the main purpose of this study is to consider the effects of inflation on input variables in designing a bankruptcy prediction model. Therefore, the variables in design of two different models were classified into two groups of financial ratios, adjusted and historical. Then, the ratios were identified using the LARS algorithm that had the highest ability to differentiate between bankrupt and non-bankrupt companies. Finally, the final bankruptcy prediction model was designed using the logit regression test and SVM and Naive Bayesian algorithms. For this purpose, the data of 50 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange were used, which had experienced bankruptcy according to Article 141 of the Commercial Code. The results of this study indicate that the financial ratios adjusted based on the price index are more suitable predictor for corporate bankruptcy. Also, the bankruptcy prediction model designed by SVM algorithm can be a very good predictor for corporate bankruptcy with 99.4% accuracy.

The aim of this study was to model the complications of the system of conservation, maintenance and training of human resources through the research method of mixed exploratory model. Its statistical population in the quality department, a group of experts including senior managers of the National Iranian Oil Refining and Distribution Company and professors in the field of human resource management in higher education centers and in the quantitative department of the National Petroleum Products Distribution Company - Sari and Affairs Iran Oil Pipelines and Telecommunications - Northern Region, there were 835 people (789 men and 46 women). In the qualitative part of the snowball sampling method, 20 people and in the quantitative part with the relative class sampling method based on Cochran's formula, 263 people were selected as a statistical sample. Data in the qualitative part were extracted through the implementation of Delphi technique with a semi-structured questionnaire and in the quantitative part through the implementation of 120-item researcher-made questionnaires on a statistical sample and analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software. The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed in terms of content and structure. Reliability and combined reliability were estimated and confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient with 84%. Descriptive statistics (mean, variance, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and Friedman test) were used to analyze the data. The results showed that modeling the complications of the system of conservation, maintenance and training of human resources has 6 dimensions (organizational (internal), environmental (external), occupational, individual (personal), governmental (political) and cultural-social) and 30 It has been a component. The results of the quantitative section showed that all dimensions of the research model were confirmed.

Determining the tax rate is one of the most important issues in the field of taxation. And can be used as a tool to guide capital and by reducing or increasing it to guide investor behavior in the direction of macro government policies. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of company characteristics on the Tax Aggressiveness in 105 companies among the companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the period 2014 to 2018. The independent variable is measured by the criterion of liquidity, profitability, intensity of inventory, related party debt and company size. The research method is correlational and multivariate regression using panel data with stochastic effects regression model approach has been used. Findings show that the return on assets and the company size have a significant effect on the effective tax rate of the company. But the current ratio, the intensity of inventory, and related party debt on the effective tax rate of the company have no significant effect. A company's profitability can be expected to affect its effective tax rate; Because the higher a company's profit, the higher the tax cost. According to the theory of political power, larger companies have lower effective tax rates because they have inherent resources and manage political processes to their advantage by participating in tax planning and organizing to achieve optimal tax savings.

The purpose of the present study is to review the correlation between board of directors' human social capital and corporate financial performance. To conduct this research, 163 corporations accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange during 2016-2021 were chosen. Human capital is composed of 4 aspects including education, expertise, experience (in industry), and credit of board of directors while social capital consists of two internal and external segments. Financial performance was measured through 2 criterions of return on assets and Tobin's Q ratio and then the hypotheses were tested using multivariate regression and generalized least squares. There is a significantly positive relation between the number of experts in board of directors and return on assets whereas the number of experts in board of directors, the number of experienced members (in industry), and external/internal social capital have a significantly positive relation with Tobin's Q ratio. Hiring board of directors with higher human and social capital can improve the corporate value that is useful for the maximization of stockholders' wealth.

The purpose of this research was the effect of liquidity ratio and return on equity on the guaranteed interest rate of bank deposits. The geographical area of this research was the banks admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange and the time area was the years between 2017 and 2021. The current research is in the category of applied research, if the classification of types of research based on nature and method is considered, the current research method is in the category of descriptive research in terms of nature and it is considered in the category of causal research in terms of method. In this research, the library method was used to collect data and information. In the data section, the research was done by collecting the data of the sample companies by referring to the financial statements, explanatory notes and the stock exchange monthly. Based on the purposeful sampling method, 20 banks were selected as a statistical sample. In order to describe and summarize the collected data, descriptive and inferential statistics have been used. In order to analyze the data, first, pre-tests of heterogeneity of variance, Limer's F test, Hausman test and Jarek-Ber test and then multivariate regression test were used to confirm and reject the research hypotheses (EVIEWS11 software). The results of the research showed that the liquidity ratio has an effect on the guaranteed interest rate of bank deposits. Return on equity affects the guaranteed interest rate of bank deposits.

Periodic reports contain valuable information for investors, and a long delay before this information becomes available makes this information less valuable to investors. The purpose of this research is to examine The Effect of Liquidity, Debt Ratio, Frim Size and Age on Audit Report DeLay. The information from this study is taken from the financial statements of 168 companies during the period 1383-1400. The research is applied in terms of purpose; in terms of nature and content it is a correlation type. Multiple regression based on panel data analysis (panel data) was used to test the relationship between variables and the significance of the model. The results of the research hypotheses test showed that the liquidity of the Frim has a positive and significant effect on the Audit Report Delay; The size of the Frim has a negative and significant effect on Audit Report Delay; Also, the results showed that the debt ratio and the age of the company have a positive effect on Audit Report Delay; But their effect is not significant.

. IntroductionBased on the theory of dynamic parallelism, companies always seek to bring their actual leverage ratio closer to the optimal ratio. But it should be noted that moving towards the optimal ratio of leverage has costs and benefits, and companies adjust their capital structure when the benefits of this work are greater than its costs. In fact, firms adjust capital structure when the benefits of the action are greater than the associated costs, taking into account the costs of deviation from the target leverage and the costs of adjustment towards the target. Factors affecting the speed of adjusting the leverage ratio (such as surplus and deficit of cash funds, quality of institutional factors of companies, company size, company growth, competition in the product market, the effect of commercial credit, the quality of disclosure and the quality of accruals, the entropy effect of financial statements, asymmetry Earnings management information, inflation rate risk and company-specific risk, financial condition and industry characteristics, dividend policies and financing strategies) have been measured. Some researchers believe that the components of disclosure quality (including the timeliness and reliability of financial reports) are one of the factors affecting the adjustment speed, which have not been paid attention to in previous researches. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the effect of reliability and timeliness of financial reports on the speed of adjustment of financial leverage.  Research Questions or hypothesis:According to the contents stated in the theoretical foundations and background, the assumptions of the research are as follows:Hypothesis 1: the reliability of financial reports increases the speed of adjusting the leverage ratioHypothesis 2: Timely presentation of financial reports increases the speed of leverage ratio adjustment  MethodsThis research is retrospective in terms of applied results, quantitative in terms of execution process, and retrospective in terms of time. The data collection was done by library method from Central Bank website, Rahvard Navin database and Kodal website. Dynamic combined data approach with generalized moments estimator has been used to estimate the research models. In addition, to check the reliability of the results, from the Sargan test and the Arellano-Bond serial autocorrelation test; Used. The final analysis of the data has also been done with the help of Eviuse software. The statistical population of the research includes all the companies present in the Tehran Stock Exchange during the period of 1384-1396, after applying the following restrictions, 167 companies (2056 years of company) from the total number of companies accepted in the Tehran Stock Exchange remained available for the study. became  ResultIn this research, it is stated that companies always seek to bring their actual leverage ratio closer to the optimal ratio. The results show that with the increase in the timeliness of financial reports, the speed of adjusting the leverage ratio also increases significantly. However, the results indicate that the increase in reliability does not have a significant effect on the speed of adjustment of the leverage ratio. In fact, increasing the timeliness of providing financial reports leads to a decrease in the cost of financing and an increase in the speed of adjustment of the leverage ratio. But the reduction of information asymmetry does not lead to a reduction in the cost of financing and an increase in the speed of leverage adjustment  Discussion and ConclusionDiscussion and In the equilibrium theory, it is believed that companies have an optimal leverage ratio (target) in which the leverage ratio, the cost of capital reaches its minimum value. In this research, it is stated that companies are always looking for it rather than the actual leverage ratio. Bring yourself closer to the optimal ratio. In addition, it is believed that the speed of movement of the actual leverage ratio of the companies towards the target leverage ratio (the speed of adjustment of the leverage ratio) depends on various factors. One of the factors that reduce the speed of adjusting the leverage ratio is the information asymmetry between investors' business units. In this situation, increasing the quality of financial reporting disclosure will reduce information asymmetry and increase the speed of capital structure adjustment. In this research, the effect of reliability And at the same time, financial information on the speed of adjustment of leverage ratios has been examined.

The purpose of this study is to explain the relationship between financial ratios as information relevant to financial reporting and the risk of expected stock price crash. The statistical population of this research includes all companies admitted to Tehran Stock Exchange. In order to achieve the research goal, 81 companies were selected for the period between 2009 and 2018Selected as a sample. The research carried out in terms of the type of purpose is a part of applied research and the research method is in terms of the nature and content of the correlation. The research has been done in the framework of deductive-deductive reasoning and for analysis of the research hypothesis, statistical analysis of the logistics has been assisted. The results of the research hypothesis test showed a significant and negative relationship between Liquidity Ratios and Profitability Ratios and a significant and positive relationship between Financial Leverage and the expected fall in stock prices.

The effect of managers' overconfidence on the possibility of financial crisesIn this study, the relationship between the Managerial overconfidence and Financial distress like lihoood is examined. The research sample consists of 185 firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during 1389 to 1393 and in the period studied by systematic elimination method was studied. To review hypothesis of research, logistic regression model was used. The results of this study show that in the period studied, Managerial overconfidence and Financial distress likelihoood and there is a significant positive relationship. In other words, the Managerial overconfidence in firms is increasing the financial distress likelihood. In other words, Managerial overconfidence, increasing the Financial distress likelihoood in the firms. The effect of Managerial overconfidence, on the Financial distress likelihoood is significant at 95 percent confidence level. The results show that the life of the company depends on the ability of company managers and the satisfaction of a wide range of related groups of the companyKeywords: Managerial overconfidence, Financial distress likelihoood, Profitability Ratio, logistic regression

Capital market imperfections make a linkage between the firms’ leverage and its value. In other words, there is a level of leverage at which the entity achieves its maximum value. It is generally assumed that the actual leverage is close to the optimal (target) leverage and when firms deviate from the optimal leverage or their optimal leverage changes, the actual leverage ratio is rapidly approaching the optimal leverage. However, several factors such as financing frictions in the capital market, macroeconomic shocks, as well as financial constraints and agency costs slow down the adjustment speed. Among the theories related to firms’ leverage (including trade-off, pecking order, agency and market timing theory), the concept of target (optimal) leverage has a key role in trade-off theory. According to trade-off theory, optimal leverage is achieved via balancing the tax shield of debts and bankruptcy costs, and if adjusting the leverage does not impose cost on a firm; the company will minimize any deviation from the target leverage rapidly. The dynamic version of trade-off theory highlights the role of adjustment costs in firms’ financing decisions. In this version, if there is a deviation between the actual and the optimal leverage, firms balance the benefits and costs of adjustment. If the adjustment costs are high, the firm may not adjust the leverage. On the other hand, using trade credit is one of the ways to firms’ short-term financing. This research investigates the effect of trade credit on firms’ actual leverage adjustment speed to achieve the target (optimal) leverage. 

This research is applied. In terms of research purpose, it is analytical, quasi-experimental and correlational, and in terms of time dimension, it is retrospective and post-event. The research sample includes 143 firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) during the period 2005-2019. In order to determine the type of firms’ leverage (over-leveraged or under-leveraged), our static models are estimated using panel data approach and fixed effect modes. In addition, to test the research hypotheses, we use dynamic models using the difference generalized method of moment’s estimator (Difference-GMM), and the system generalized method of moments estimator (System-GMM) is used in our robustness tests. 

Overall, the results show that in over-leveraged firms, the leverage adjustment speed is faster for those firms which have lower trade credit than other firms. Furthermore, our results indicate that in under-leveraged firms, the leverage adjustment speed is slower for those firms which have lower trade credit. Findings from robust tests that confirm our initial results are consistent with trade-off theory. 

Findings show that in sub-sample of firms where debts are more (less) than the optimal amount, more use of trade credit and reducing its capacity, reduces (increases) the speed of correcting the actual leverage to achieve the target leverage. In addition, our findings indicate that in sub-sample of firms where debts are less than the optimal amount, more use of trade credit and reducing its capacity increases the speed of correcting the actual leverage to achieve the target leverage.

Liquidity and earning are the most important financial variable in listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange. Purpose of this research is survey and study of relationship between liquidity ratio on real earnings management in listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange. The research from the viewpoint of purpose is practical and from the viewpoint of execution method is descriptive-correlation. For this research 2 hypotheses is compiled. To conduct this research, we use regression models via Eviews 6 and SPSS 18 statistical software. This subject surveyed in Tehran Stock Exchange listed companies 134 since 2015-2019. Finding show that there are significant relationship between current ratio and liquid ratio with real earnings management.

AbstractIn general, in financing, companies affiliated with the business group have more benefits than other companies because these companies have more access to financial resources and the domestic capital markets also support them . Factors related to financing in Tehran Stock Exchange companies have been discussed. In this research, 118 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange in the period 1397 - 1392 have been studied. To test the hypotheses, panel regression and difference test models were used . The research findings show that companies affiliated to the business group have a higher leverage ratio than research findings show that companies affiliated to the business group have a higher leverage ratio than independent companies. Have higher financing costs than independent companies. Finally, companies affiliated with business groups have different leverage ratios, financing constraints, and financing costs than other companies.Keywords: companies affiliated with business groups, leverage ratio, financial constraints, financing costs..

The market structure shows the organizational characteristics of the market that is identified by the nature of competition and pricing in the market. The results of previous researches show the effects of the structure of the audit market on audit fees, audit quality, and competition in this market. Although this issue confirms the Structure-Conduct-Performance approach, according to the Chicago U.C.L.A. school, market performance affects market behavior and then market structure. Due to the importance of understanding the structure of the audit market and knowing how the market determines the fee and quality of auditing, identifying the factors affecting these two variables in the audit market is very important. Auditor specialization is one of the factors that affect the delegation of work to audit firms and the structure of the audit market. This issue increases the auditor market share in a particular industry because customers ask for the specialized services of auditors. The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between auditor specialization and audit market structure for the firms listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) during 2007-2018.  

Audit market structure was computed by concentration indexes, including concentration ratio, Herfindahl-Hirschman index, and Entropy Index. The total market shares of three auditing firms, the members of the Iranian Association of Certified Public Accountants with the highest market share per year, were used to calculate the concentration ratio. The market share approach was used for calculating auditor specialization. Data were collected for analysis using the Rahavard databases, the Codal site, and explanatory notes to the financial statements. For robustness tests, all three indices of the audit market structure including concentration ratio, Herfindahl-Hirschman index, and entropy index were calculated based on client sales. A Panel data model was used to test the research hypotheses.  

Results showed that auditor specialization has a direct and significant relationship with three audit market indices of concentration ratio, Herfindahl-Hirschman index, and Entropy Index. With an increase (decrease) in the specialization of the audit firm industry, the audit market concentration increases (decreases). Similarly, control variables, which included client size and concentration, has a direct and significant relationship with audit market concentration. The results of robustness tests showed that if the audit market concentration indicators are calculated based on the sales of the client, the research findings are robust.  

Auditor specialization arisen from auditor behavior is an important factor in the distribution of the market among audit firms and audit market concentration, which is consistent with Chicago U.C.L.A. School. Therefore, audit firms are encouraged to increase their specialization in a particular industry so they can gain more market share in the long run.

The major objective of this study is to specifically investigate the effect of CEOs’ androgenic on the business unit's performance, and explore the moderating role of the corporate governance in this regard. Androgenic characteristic was used as the independent variable and was measured with testosterone hormone index. Photos of the CEOs were obtained via Google Images searcher and the WHR ratio of each manager was determined by using Image J software. Statistical population of the research is consist of all companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE), and the statistical sample consists of 66 firms (594 year-firms) from 2010 to 2018. Structural equation method (SEM) and Smart PLS software were used to test the effects of variables. The findings showed that in the studied firms, androgenic characteristic and corporate governance have a significant positive and negative effect on the business unit’s performance, respectively. In addition, corporate governance has a significant and negative moderating effect on the relationship between androgenic characteristics and business unit’s performance. Also from two components of the corporate governance, the combination of shareholders, does not have any effect and combination of the board has a significant and negative moderating effect on the relationship. Whatever managers have a higher degree of narcissism and self-confidence, they are able to obtain reward and confirmation of the stakeholders for better business unit’s performance. Corporate governance, with a negative effect on the firm’s performance and modifying this relationship, tries to control the performance and dimensions of the managers' androgenic characteristics.