جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "علیت" در نشریات گروه "مدیریت"

Entrepreneurs rely on causation, effectuation, and bricolage behaviors to achieve their goals in different situations. Effectuation is a kind of decision-making logic that emphasizes control rather than anticipation. Causation focuses goal setting and planning and foresight. Bricolage is a resource-seeking behavior that allows entrepreneurs to cope with resource constraints. These three behaviors are used simultaneously according to the situation and circumstances. However, in studies researchers focus more on individual level factors and less on environmental factors, context and ecosystem. In fact, research has not paid attention to the interaction of individual, environment, context and ecosystem in entrepreneurial decision making. In this research, as qualitative research use the template-based case-study method in two independent sample groups, twenty interviews were conducted with entrepreneurs located in science and technology parks of Tehran, Sharif and Beheshti universities and Sharif Innovation District. The results showed that entrepreneurs tend to choose different decision approaches due to different access to resources. Entrepreneurs in the parks have more causation behaviors due to the need to comply with the requirements and entrepreneurs in Sharif Innovation District behave more effectuation and bricolage due to less need to follow formal and written rules. Finally, a proposition has been explained.

In this research, with the precise examination of different meanings, the application is possible in relation to future studies. The word possible in philosophy, when applied unconditionally, means depreciation of the necessity and lack of nature. The possibility of an insecurity is another. This naming is because it means only about the events that occur in the future; Because future events are not definitively unclear; Therefore, the existence or lack of prosperity that comes in the future is unknown, in order to put their existence or lack of them for their topic, their proof or disadvantage is required to be possible. The research method in this research is a library that collects information with referrals to first and valid hands. The method of document analysis is carried out using logical deductive reasoning.From the results of the discussion, it can be noted that since the possibility of virtue is special, which is realized in the future and are not yet located, the confirmation of this possibility is actually accompanied by some kind of thought and neglect; Throughout the axis of all academic efforts is the principle of causality between phenomena, so the dislocations that exist abroad require cause. Therefore, it has the ability to devote to future affairs, which has not yet been determined because it has not yet been determined; Therefore, all types of necessity are depreciated and it is unclear whether a phenomenon or reality has a situation later. Therefore, it should be made by recognizing the causes for possible events or build upcoming

Recent developments in philosophy of science have lead scholars from unification to causal mechanisms. Process tracing, as a systematically qualitative methodology, is used for both theory testing and theory building. The goal of this paper is to explore mechanism’s philosophy and to explain the process tracing method so that new case studies are conducted, leaving from correlational analysis to causal mechanisms. Accordingly, this essay describes process tracing using step-by-step approach and then some misunderstanding about it is presented.

Effectiveness and causality as two fundamental decision logics of growing research areas in the field of entrepreneurship. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of causality and dimensions of effectiveness (experimentation, tolerable losses, flexibility and pre-commitment) on business performance with a fuzzy approach. In this study, in addition to causally examining the necessary and sufficient conditions in the formation of business performance, effective combinations of causality and dimensions of effectiveness in the formation of business performance have been investigated. This research is applied from the perspective of the purpose and the data are collected by descriptive-correlation method. The statistical population of the study, according to the statistics of Tehran Computer Guild Organization, includes 170 startup businesses in Tehran that have been operating for three years. Based on Cochran's formula, a statistical sample of 118 was calculated, 120 samples were collected by random sampling method and analyzed by fsQCA3 and SPSS24 software. According to the findings, among the various causes and dimensions of effectiveness, one dimension is a necessary condition and five dimensions are sufficient conditions for business performance. Finally, two types of complex and complex causal pathways were identified, each of which introduced four different combinations of causation and effect-making dimensions in the direction of business performance.

The main purpose of this research is study of cause and effect relationships among budget deficit, money supply and inflation rate in Iran over the years 1981-2015. For this purpose has been studied the long run and short run relationship among budget deficit, money supply and inflation rate by using vector autoregressive econometrics approach (VAR) and vector error correction model (VECM). Then in order to study causality relationship among budget deficit, money supply and inflation rate during the period under review was used granger causality test and for this purpose has been used eviews software.
The results of long run normal vector showed money amount and budget deficit have had positive and significant effect on inflation rate during the period under review. Also based on the results of granger causality test there is a direct or indirect relationship among all of the variables in the model. Based on these results, money supply causes inflation and budget deficit causes money supply and a continuous increase in budget deficit leading to more money supply and money supply leading to more inflation. On the other hand there is a two way causality relationship between budget deficit and inflation.

The aim of this paper is to examine the causal relationship between carbon dioxide emissions per capita, energy consumption per capita, gross domestic production per capita, trade openness, financial development and urban population in Iran for the 1977-2015 periods. Hence, the bounds F-test of co-integration was used to explore the relationship between above variables. The results show that elasticity of carbon dioxide emissions per capita relative to gross domestic production per capita, trade openness, energy consumption per capita and urban population is positive and to the financial development index is negative. In addition, this paper explores the causal relationship between the study variables using the error-correction model based on Granger’s causality tests. The causality test results showed that there is two-way causality between financial development and gross domestic production per capita while there is one-way causality between carbon dioxide emissions per capita and trade openness, energy consumption per capita and urban population.

This paper investigates the relationship between public investment in transportation and economic growth using cointegration approach over 1959 to 2005. There is, however, conflicting evidence in the literature regarding the question as to how the composition of government expenditure affects economic growth. In particular, on the relationship between public investment in transportation (infrastructure) and economic growth, there has been a mixed picture. We find that there is a long run relationship between investment in transportation and economic growth and its impact is positive. In comparison with earlier studies, our estimated coefficients are exact.

Since in an organization the requisite for aim achievement is individuals’ behavioral coordination in a certain route including necessities in managerial capabilities and skills in order to performing the tasks, recognition and familiarity with rules over individuals’ behaviors, otherwise it is impossible to control and conduct the behaviors. In this article, it is attempted to explain various attributes about organizational behavior analysis such as views based on internal factors, external factors, factors based on internal/external ratio, authority-based behavior analysis and analysis model of human behavior based on Islamic thinking system. Basics of conceptual system as well as human behavioral system are discussed in this model