جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « cultural tourism » در نشریات گروه « مدیریت »

The tourism industry has now flourished significantly around the world, providing an opportunity for many countries to settle their issues, particularly economic problems, and above all boost up one's situation through its exploitation. In view of the competitiveness of the tourism industry, the key to success in meeting tourist expectations is to develop new products and services; thus, it is of utmost importance to reflect on creative tourism indicators, and plan for this purpose. In this sense, utilizing the power of deprived areas, mostly villages, has been one of the major approaches adopted by Iran's government for eliminating deprivation, generating the drivers of development, and fulfilling the goals of the 20-Year Vision Plan in tourism over the years. From this perspective, Hawraman in Kurdistan Province has been one of the tourism targets. This historical region, famous for its special culture, customs, and traditions, was inscribed on the World Heritage List by the World Heritage Committee of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in its 44th meeting as the 26th tangible cultural heritage of Iran. At present, the development policies applied for tourism have given rise to numerous environmental and sociocultural challenges in this region. In addition, the sluggish economy has resulted in indiscriminate cultivation, damaging its pristine nature, including the mountain slopes and hills. Even though upstream law and regulations regarding the preservation of natural resources have been implemented, it seems that the economic problems have led to a kind of disregard and unrestrained natural resource extraction. Altogether, the local architecture texture and structure as well as the mountainous environment, pristine nature, historical and cultural landscapes, and other factors, such as customs and the local culture along with the historical background in Hawraman can set the stage for creative tourism. However, transforming the attractions in this region into creative tourism products requires much more attention and expert initiatives. In this context, characterizing creative tourism indicators in Hawraman can be among the essential measures. Against this background, the present study aimed to identify and prioritize the indicators associated with the development of creative tourism in Hawraman, and then raise some solutions and suggestions for this purpose. Considering the significant growth and development of creative tourism and the potentials of the historical and cultural landscapes in Hawraman, the study results can thus lay the foundations for decision-making in this region.
To meet the objectives of this applied study, a descriptive-analytical research design was used. In keeping with the research subject and the indicators investigated here, documentary methods and field studies, including interviews and questionnaires, were further employed to collect the data. The sample size was then determined, based on the maximum-possible-number of samples technique. Therefore, 56 tourism experts in the Cultural Heritage, Tourism, and Handicraft Organization of Kurdistan Province and Hawraman World Heritage site together with professors were selected by random sampling, and provided with the necessary information to complete the questionnaires in the process of their distribution. The questionnaire items were also developed based on a five-point Likert-type scale. As well, Cronbach's alpha was examined to measure the reliability of the research instrument by 0.865. To check the normality of the data, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was utilized, and the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was employed to test the research hypotheses. Then, the Friedman test in the SPSS Statistics V22.0 was used to prioritize the indicators.
According to the study results, Hawraman has the potentials for development of tourism with special interests, including creative tourism. In this respect, the indicators of experience and interaction, local heritage, awareness-raising and information-giving, authenticity, economic support for creative tourism, service quality, and public participation are much more operational in the development of creative tourism in this region. Accordingly, the possibility of being subjected to varied lifestyles by the hosts for the tourists can inspire creative interaction and experience, thereby encouraging regional tourism. The natural attractions as the native heritage of Hawraman also contribute to the development of creative tourism. Moreover, awareness-raising and information-giving are among other indicators of creative tourism in this region. The pristine landscapes, the architectural identity of the region, as well as its stepped architectural and physical structure can thus have a profound impact on the authenticity of the region as the next indicator. In this line, support for creative tourism is one of the other significant indicators. Therefore, the relevance of the activities to the local culture in this region can be among the indicators of creative tourism and economic growth. Besides, the establishment of handicrafts training centers can help improve the economic status of the locals, since it teaches local arts and brings income for the residents. In terms of service quality, roads and transportation are also among the main indicators. Some other factors such as the cleanliness of the surrounding environment and preserving the nature, enhancing the infrastructure, and providing accommodation services, such as hotels, guesthouses, and ecotourism residences, and public transportation are effective in augmenting the quality of tourism services and facilities for the development of creative tourism in this context. In conclusion, public participation is one of the other indicators of creative tourism development in Hawraman, which needs further consideration.

Literary tourism is one of the types of cultural tourism, the main purpose of which is to get to know the places related to the lives of writers, poets, artists and their works. Iran, having famous poets and writers, has suitable conditions for the development of literary tourism. In the meantime, Tehran has always been the focus of poets and writers of our country due to its political position and the presence of cultural and artistic centers. Therefore, it has great potential to create literary tourism. The analysis of literary tourism capacities is done at three levels: individual, organizational and environmental. The purpose of this research is to identify and analyze "environmental capacities" in the development of literary tourism in Tehran. The research method in carrying out this research is descriptive-analytical with practical purpose. In order to collect information, documentary and survey methods have been used. The statistical population of survey studies included two groups of literary tourists and the local community. The research findings showed that "types of literary tourism" are the most effective variable of environmental capacity in the development of literary tourism in Tehran. After that, "infrastructure" is the second priority. "Literary places" are also in the third category, less important than the two mentioned cases. The research results show that Tehran has a suitable environmental capacity for the creation and development of literary tourism, and this capacity can be the grounds for the development of tourism in Tehran

Cultural tourism is one of the most favorite kinds of tourism in the world and different countries are establishing too many plans to develop it. The development of cultural tourism depends on the interaction of many components. Politics affects the ingredients and process of cultural tourism and Cultural heritage is the constructive source of cultural tourism. In this regard, they need to be highly interacted for the success of cultural tourism. From this point of view and to cultural tourism development in Iran, this article aims to assess the interaction between politics and cultural heritage in the Islamic republic of Iran and elicit factors can lead to optimized interaction between these components as a pattern. So researches tried to attain these factors by using of thematic analysis: interview with experts and related documents. Results shows that interactive factors can be classified as organizational area of cultural heritage and ultra-organizational area of cultural heritage. Organizational area includes heritage interpretation dimension and organizational enhancement dimension. Ultra-organizational area includes ideology based dimension, politics based dimension and culture based dimension. Also ultra-organizational area is more important than Organizational area in the creation and improvement of this interaction.

Today's world is based on competition, which includes the tourism industry and various destinations. Therefore, nowadays, tourism destinations are strongly seeking to gain a competitive advantage and are based on creativity and obtaining maximum benefit from their potential. The present study was compiled to identify and analyze the factors affecting the development of cultural tourism in Shiraz and emphasizes literary attractions, which are a subset of cultural tourism. The research method is descriptive and applied. The statistical population of the research includes tourism and urban experts. After necessary analysis, the sample size was determined to be 138 people. The data collection method is a questionnaire tool, and to check the descriptive statistics and the existing situation, SPSS software was used. Smart-PLS software was used to analyze the collected data and discover the impact of each cultural tourism component. According to the findings of structural equation modeling analysis in determining the contribution and prioritization of cultural tourism development components in order to achieve a suitable model, it showed that administrative-institutional components with a standard coefficient of 0.838, accessibility and infrastructure with a standard coefficient of 0.786, physical-environmental factor with a standard factor of 0.341, facilities component with a standard factor of 0.180, and finally, the component of resources and cultural-literary attractions with a standard factor of 0.147, respectively, have the first to fifth rank and the highest important in the development of cultural tourism in Shiraz. So, the analysis of the findings shows that the administrative-institutional component is prioritized in cultural tourism development in Shiraz. It is necessary that, in the first place, the relevant authorities review and modify the existing management structures by emphasizing its indicators, which include budget allocation, investment and participation of the private sector, pricing, human resources, and the participation of non-governmental organizations in line with take steps to realize this component

The historical collections of cities as a place have cultural heritage values, identity, history, thoughts and attitudes of people in different historical periods. The values attributed to them can play a major role in the direction of protection and investment in the form of cultural tourism. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the role of cultural tourism in revitalizing the socio-cultural values of the historical market of Tabriz to take an effective step towards the development of cultural tourism in the city of Tabriz. To achieve this goal, relying on a qualitative approach and studying written sources around the three strategic axes of "Architectural Heritage Protection", "Architectural Heritage Value System", and "Cultural Tourism"; And also conducting a semi-structured interview with 4 statistical groups, including businesses and market residents, domestic and foreign tourists, residents of Tabriz, and experts familiar with the subject, their opinions about the socio-cultural values of the market, damage An analysis of values and strategies for reviving damaged values were collected. The findings of the library study and field questioning were examined and analyzed by relying on the descriptive-analytical approach and the coding and categorization method to answer the research questions. The obtained results show that with the application of value-based conservation methods by the selected community, it is possible to ensure the continuity of life and create the grounds for the permanence of the work, to provide a basis for attracting tourists and, as a result, for the development of cultural tourism. Also, the results of the research show that among the considered social factors, the structure factor has the most influence with a path coefficient of 0.467. Among the factors related to culture, the religion factor has the highest path coefficient of 0.455.

The development of cultural tourism depends on the interaction of a wide variety of factors. On the other hand, considering the fact that the process of cultural tourism is influenced by Politics and that cultural heritage is regarded as a constructive source for cultural tourism, it could be argued that the success of cultural tourism is contingent upon the interaction of Politics and cultural heritage, between which interpretation can act as an intervening factor to establish such an interaction, playing different roles in this regard. This study, therefore, sought to investigate the functions of interpretation as a factor that establish an interaction between politics and cultural heritage and identify the status of such functions in this regard to help the IRI’s cultural tourism benefit from them. To this end, such potential functions were identified by reviewing the related literature and analyzing the qualified experts’ opinions as follows: recalling the spatial identity of historical sites, learning from the ancestors’ works and history, altering the politicians' attitudes towards cultural heritage, strengthening national identity, preserving the historical sites’ structure and spirit, bringing the stakeholders of historical sites closer to each other, fighting against racism and ethnocentrism, correcting historical misunderstandings, converging different cultures, and developing mutual understanding between politicians and the public. Moreover, the surveying phase of the study identified the aggregate opinions of experts concerning the priority of the aforementioned functions using the fuzzy Delphi method. The study’s results revealed that recalling the spatial identity of historical sites, strengthening national identity, and preserving the historical sites’ structure and spirit were those potential functions of interpretation in the interaction between politics and cultural tourism in which the experts had the highest consensus.

Music tourism is a type of cultural tourism whose market size has increased significantly in the last decade and has been highly regarded by researchers around the world. The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the key factors affecting the promotion of music tourism in Bushehr province (as a case). Also, the priority of these factors is explained from the perspective of incoming tourists. In addition, the infrastructure and facilities needed to enhance the appeal of local music events have been analyzed. Literature study method, interviews with experts and questionnaires were used to collect data and structural analysis approach (micmac software) and statistical methods (Friedman test) as well as content analysis were used to analyze the data and explain the findings. The results of structural analysis show that "culture, ceremonies and special rituals of the host society", "transparency and efficiency of economic and managerial processes", "alignment of music with the tourist image of the destination" and "marketing and media attention" are the most effective factors in increasing the attractiveness of Music events. Also, the importance and priority of each of the identified key factors, including tangible and intangible cultural heritage and the required facilities and infrastructure from the perspective of cultural tourists, have been evaluated. Finally, the infrastructure and facilities required for the development of music tourism in Bushehr province have been identified and proposed in the form of four main dimensions: "host community culture", "music event management", "residence" and "transportation

"Due to its very nature, tourism enjoys proper grounds for entrepreneurship development. There are limited studies on the development of entrepreneurship in tourism. Among the growing areas of tourism, ‘Cultural Tourism’ could be referred to as a demanding preference for development in areas with the potentials for growth. This study sought to provide a model for entrepreneurship development in cultural tourism using Grounded theory. To this end, some eleven semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect the required data, out of which and 367 primary codes, 97 secondary codes, 44 concept codes were extracted and classified into ten distinct categories. The study’s population consisted of university instructors and lecturers, experts working in state-owned tourism institutions, the owners of active businesses in Yazd cultural tourism, and the professionals within the field who were selected through ‘theoretical sampling.’ Moreover, the sample size was determined based on theoretical saturation. The study’s results found via the application of the ‘three-pronged model’ indicated that factors involved in the development of cultural tourism entrepreneurship could be categorized in three general categories of ‘structural factors,’ grounds and ‘environmental conditions, and ‘behavioral factors,’ each including their own relevant components and indices.

This study sought to identify and prioritize the development steps of cultural tourism in rural areas of Lorestan province using the qualitative-quantitative method and exploratory approach. To this end, at the first stage, 19 semi-structured interviews were conducted with cultural tourism experts to identify the steps involved in cultural tourism development, out of which thirty-three solutions were identified in four main steps via open, axial, and selective coding. At the second stage, the Delphi-Fuzzy technique was applied in two stages to reach a consensus among the experts and prioritize cultural tourism development steps through the defuzzification process. The results showed that the identified strategies for cultural tourism development in Lorestan province could be categorized into four main steps: "Education and Innovation," "Physical Infrastructure," "Supportive-Institutional," and "Cultural-Advertising." Moreover, since the defuzzificated mean difference of the experts' opinion was less than 0.25 in two steps, all the identified solutions were proved to be valid. The results also indicated that the first and foremost step in tourism development was "education and innovation," followed by physical infrastructure, supportive-institutional, and cultural-promotional steps, respectively. Furthermore, at each step, the most important solutions were found to be advertising for tourism villages, identifying villages with tourism potentials, providing banking facilities for villagers to help them develop tourism, and building cultural elements and particular architectures in rural areas, respectively.

Extended Abstract
Placement of destinations in films creates a positive mental image of destinations, differences in tourism destinations between competitors, and long-term interest. It is based on the idea that films encourage the potential market to visit by introducing viewers to the destination as a commodity. So far, no significant research has been done in Iran on exploiting the capacity of films and serials in promoting tourism. In the absence of strong theoretical support for the basic principles and concepts of film tourism, marketing activities and factors affecting its success and Iran's readiness to implement this important; scientific and methodical research on this tourism is necessary and can pave the way for further research and be useful as a reference and support for action. In line with this necessity, in the present study, the main question of the research is raised:-What effect does the consumption of art films have on the development of cultural tourism capacities in Tehran?
 
 
The present study is part of applied and descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose and method, respectively. Also, a questionnaire was used to collect information, which was designed using a five-point Likert scale. The statistical population of this study included all tourists entering Tehran in 2020-2021, and the statistical population was 384 tourists based on Cochran's method. And sampling method was done randomly. Also, to measure the research variables, questionnaires on the consumption of feature films and the development of cultural tourism infrastructure were used. Indicators of research questionnaires were obtained from related studies and research backgrounds, and then, it was localized based on the research conditions and the studied city. Confirmatory factor analysis was exerted to assess the validity and reliability of the research model and response to hypotheses. AMOS software program was applied to model the structural equations.
 
Consumption of art films has a significant effect on the development of cultural tourism capacities in Tehran. The path coefficient is 0.56, and the value of the obtained T statistic equals 3.71, which is greater than 1.96; therefore, this coefficient is a significant path, and the research hypothesis is confirmed. Concerning the hypothesis, the consumption of art films significantly affects the development of cultural tourism's cultural and social capacity in Tehran. The path coefficient is 0.41, and the value of the obtained T statistic equals 4.89, which is greater than 1.96; therefore, this coefficient is a significant path, and the research hypothesis is confirmed. The consumption of feature films has a significant effect on the development of the infrastructure capacity of cultural tourism in Tehran, the path coefficient is 0.38, and the value of the obtained T statistic equals 3.55, which is greater than 1.96; therefore, this coefficient is a significant path, and the research hypothesis is confirmed. Concerning the hypothesis, the consumption of feature films has a significant effect on the development of the institutional capacity of cultural tourism in Tehran, the path coefficient (0.44) has been estimated, and the value of the obtained T statistic is equal to 3.25, which is greater than 1.96; therefore, this coefficient is a significant path and the research hypothesis is confirmed, and it can be said that the consumption of feature films has a significant effect on the development of the institutional capacity of cultural tourism in Tehran.
Consumption of art films among tourists and its positive effect can help develop cultural tourism capacities in Tehran while improving Tehran's social and cultural, infrastructural, and institutional capacity as an urban tourism destination. Based on this, it can be said that the relationship between cinema and tourism is a two-way relationship, and on the one hand, cinema can be one of the essential tools in introducing tourist places and attractions. Paying attention to the production of art and cinema films to brand urban tourism based on the cultural elements of this city can attract more tourists while developing and building capacity in the field of tourism. The results of testing the second hypothesis of the research showed that the consumption of feature films has a significant effect on the development of cultural and social capacity of cultural tourism in Tehran. Such a result is probably due to the fact that by consuming feature films in which the cultural and social elements of the destinations are highlighted, incoming tourists are also informed of the cultural lines and values of the destinations before visiting the destinations, and as a result, they behave more consistently, and also, residents are self-aware of the cultural aspects and capacities of the city where they live, and as a result, there will be more coordination among the stakeholders in introducing the city as a tourist destination. The results of testing the third hypothesis of the research showed that the consumption of art films has a significant effect on the development of infrastructure capacity of cultural tourism in Tehran, and therefore with the production of art and cinema films, tourist cities will have more possibility of providing local and inside attractions. The results of testing the fourth hypothesis showed that the consumption of art films significantly affects the development of the institutional capacity of cultural tourism in Tehran. Therefore, by promoting art and cinema films and holding events based on feature films, cultural tourism capacities in urban destinations have increased at both organizational and individual levels. With the improvement of the institutional capacity of cultural destinations, the destinations will also expand.

Due to the increasing share of cultural tourists in the world and Iran's position in terms of cultural tourism, special attention has not been paid to cultural tourism in the country and scientific understanding of its facilities, limitations, opportunities and threats. Unfortunately, Iran's situation compared to other countries , Is not desirable and noteworthy. in terms of strategic survey and in terms of the nature of this research is applied. In relation to the research method, it seeks to identify the relationships between cultural tourism and the factors affecting it using the structural equation system. In terms of controlling the studied variables, the research is non-experimental, in terms of strategic survey and in terms of the nature of this research is applied. The statistical population in the quantitative section was all employees and managers of the Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization. In the quantitative part, the sampling method is stratified. Cochran's formula was used to determine the sample size. Based on this, 383 samples were estimated. The research tool is a researcher-made questionnaire that content validity was used to determine the validity and validity of the questionnaire and also the construct validity was used to determine the validity of the questionnaire. The reliability of the study was calculated using Cronbach's alpha test of 0.92. The results of quantitative analysis showed that social indicators have the greatest impact among the indicators of cultural tourism in the country.

the host community. Due to the increasing diversity of tourism, recognizing the effects of various types of tourism on the host community and understanding the differences and similarities between their effects is a necessity of planning and informed and normative management of tourism. This study aims to analyze the socio-cultural effects of religious and historical tourism in the cities of Qom and Isfahan to understand the differences and similarities. The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method, which has been done as a survey. The statistical population of the study was the residents of Qom and Isfahan where 384 people were selected by cluster sampling. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire and U-Mann-Whitney test was used to analyze the data and Friedman test was used to prioritize their socio-cultural effects. The results show that in terms of social effects, tourism has had the greatest impact on social deviations in Qom and on the lifestyle of the host community in Isfahan. There was no significant difference between the two societies in terms of cultural indicators.

Sustainable development is the ultimate of tourism industry and one of its objectives in the 21st century. Cultural tourism can lead to irreparable consequences and unsustainability if planned and managed poorly; and hence the importance of studying its performance and consequences at different tourism destinations. Numerous studies have been done on the consequences of sustainable tourism development in cultural destinations. However, no comprehensive study that includes all these factors and identifies their relationships has been presented. Adopting a holistic perspective, this study aims to identify the consequences of cultural tourism sustainable development and develop a model of their relationships. This study is performed using an explorative mixed method. In its qualitative phase, 43 primary codes were identified via a systematic meta-synthesis analysis, which were grouped into 3 minor and 3 major categories of tourists, host community, and the environment. Employing a fuzzy Delphi method and an interpretative structural modeling approach at the quantitative phase, the identified indexes were converted to fuzzy values and their relationships were discovered and analyzed entirely. In order to use the opinions of 11 cultural tourism experts in modeling, a questionnaire was used. The experts were selected purposively using a snowball sampling technique. The study results led to the categorization of sustainable tourism development at cultural destinations and a six-level model accordingly. Finally, the model is interpreted and its levels and the relationships among its dimensions are analyzed; and suggestions are made for sustaining the positive consequences and preventing from the negative ones at cultural destinations.

Tourism is a powerful means of cultural transactions among societies. UNWTO predicted the following two decades (to 2030) to be the tourism sustainable growth period. Cultural tourism development could preserve the cultural and natural assets of destinations, enhance the host communities’ quality of life, and delight the tourists. Following an interpretive approach and a systematic meta-synthesis technique, this paper systematically studied the scholarship in cultural tourism sustainable development. This study identified and categorized the extracted codes using a latent content analysis strategy. Based on the CASP criterion, the papers published in authentic Persian and English scientific databases by 2019 (Azar 1397) were selected. Maxqda 2018.1 was used to identify, group, analyze, and interpret the codes. One hundred four primary codes were grouped into 29 major and minor categories, and four main codes: i.e., dimensions, influential factors, impacts and challenges of cultural tourism sustainable development. We presented a conceptual model for cultural tourism sustainable development. Finally, by Cohen’s kappa index using SPSS, the validity of the results was measured 0.712, also verified by the experts excluding the authors.
 

A large number of merchants, political representatives, catholic friars, explorers and adventurers traveled to Isfahan, during the reign of Shah Abbas I. But how did he make his capital such an attractive destination for travelers? The main purpose of this article is to examine the impact of his management policies, on the formation of a flourishing travel market. This study is a historical research, with analytic approach, based on library and documentary data sourcing. The period of the Safavids dynasty is often considered the beginning of modern Persian history. During the reign of Shah Abbas I, as he tried to upgrade the Silk Road to improve the commercial prosperity of the empire, an abundance of caravanserais, bridges, bazaars and roads were built. Shah Abbas I transferred his capital to Isfahan, which he transformed into one of the most attractive cities in the world. Our main discussion will be divided into two major sections. First, by referring to historical sources, especially travelogues, we will evaluate the Safavid Isfahan as a travel destination. Afterward, we will attempt to find the political, economic and social foundations of this developement. Due to the analyzed data, the reasons for acceptability of Safavid Isfahan as a travel destination, are based on four management foundations: expanding and beautifying the city, achieving economic centerality, providing the required infrastructures on the route and destination, and acceptance of non-Iranians / non-Muslims.

Entrepreneurship development is a set of public and private policies and practices that can accelerate entrepreneurship. Tourism as an important economic sector requires the presence of entrepreneurs, so it is necessary to identify the factors that have an impact on entrepreneurship development in this area. Cultural tourism is one of the important types of tourism that has a major share among the types of tourism. This article is designed to design a model for this development. The study was conducted in Yazd city and partial least squares structural equation modeling was used for modeling. The statistical population consisted of academic experts, business owners and practitioners of public and private sectors related to tourism. The conceptual model has been designed using 3M model and has been used by experts and theoretical literature and states that three variables of behavioral, structural and environmental factors and conditions are effective on entrepreneurship development. Calculations have been made for the measurement, structural and overall fit of the model, indicating that the model is suitable. According to the path coefficients, 34.6% behavioral factors and 46.5% structural factors directly explain the changes related to the cultural tourism entrepreneurship development variable. Also the environmental condition variable indirectly affects this variable and accounts for 65.1% of the variations in this variable. Meanwhile, among structural factors, introduction of tourism destination and among behavioral factors, empowerment of active tourism elements have the most impact on entrepreneurship development of a cultural tourism destination.

In the contemporary world tourism sector has a great importance for social and economic development. Country Iran despite having diverse and great potential in terms of natural and human-cultural attractions has not been able to achieve a significant position in the tourism industry. In these circumstances, "literary tourism" - considered as one of the subsets of cultural and heritage tourism that compared with other forms of tourism has a comparative advantage for the country. This research using a qualitative content analysis, through the compilation of existing discourse about "literary tourism" in Iran, deals with the investigation, representation and analysis and deduction of discourse. Any text and writing which directly or indirectly concerned with the subject of literary tourism in Iran, As was collected as a data source, Such as articles, speeches, interviews texts published in the media, scientific and news reports, notes and personal writings and so on. According to research findings, propositions raised in literary tourism discourse in Iran could be classified in four general themes, including: The concept and definition of literary tourism; issues, problems, and obstacles of literary tourism development; development and promotion strategies of literary tourism; Functions and implications of literary tourism. The results of this investigation have important implications for all stakeholders involved in literary tourism management and development in in Iran.
In the contemporary world tourism sector has a great importance for social and economic development. Country Iran despite having diverse and great potential in terms of natural and human-cultural attractions has not been able to achieve a significant position in the tourism industry. In these circumstances, "literary tourism" - considered as one of the subsets of cultural and heritage tourism that compared with other forms of tourism has a comparative advantage for the country. The concept and definition of literary tourism; issues, problems, and obstacles of literary tourism development; development and promotion strategies of literary tourism; Functions and implications of literary tourism. The results of this investigation have important implications for all stakeholders involved in literary tourism management and development in in Iran.

This study analyzes different types of cultural tourism action and its influencing factors among the pilgrims and tourists in Mashhad. The authors’ theoretical approach is a combination of motivation, attitude and Bourdieu’s capital theory.In this research required data were collected by means of a questionnaire with the sample size of 302, pilgrims and tourists, in Mashhad during March 2013(Iranian New Year holidays). Based on the research findings, the cultural tourists are divided into three categories: “specific cultural tourists” including tourists whose traveling aim is visiting cultural destination, “general cultural tourists” including tourists that during their travels, they will visit cultural destinations as well and “incidental cultural tourists” including tourists that accidentally and unknowingly will visit cultural destinations. Also, the results indicated that facilities will affect both attitudes and motivations toward cultural travel. Coefficient of determination model showed that the entered variables explain 45 % of the dependent variable variations (cultural travel action) and education level have the greatest effect on the variable of cultural travel action. Regarding the results, there are appropriate potential in order to promote cultural tourism, which will help tourists to gain more experiences while visiting cultural attractions and /or taking part in cultural events. Furthermore, it seems educated people are the main participants of this type of tourism.