جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « تحلیل انتقادی استعاره » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

An examination of the views of great thinkers such as Bourdieu, Foucault, and Habermas suggest that we live in a language age. Thus, questions of language and power are increasingly raised in politics and the public sphere, but have received less attention. Due to this issue, the purpose of this study is to critically analyze the metaphor of policy-making and policy implementation and provide alternative metaphors for them. To achieve this goal, the method of critical metaphor analysis was used. In this method, metaphor was recognized, interpreted and explained in three steps. The findings show that the metaphor of policy-making and policy implementation is a conventional and fruitful metaphor. Hence, the concepts of "approval", "notification", "order", "implementation", "mission", "report", etc. are derived from the generative metaphor of "policy-making and policy implementation" that affects the cognitive system of actors, and prevents them from acting. The results show that the metaphor of Policy making and Policy implementation indirectly and covertly values actors and persuades them to act. Hence the alternative metaphor of policy development and policy enactment were presented. Policy enactment is a theory that was endorsed in 2012 by Ball et al.

Critical Metaphor Theory is an approach to the study of metaphors in order to identify the intentions and ideologies behind language use. Chartris-Black (2005) believes that metaphor, myth, and ideology have persuasive function in discourse, especially in political texts. The systematic use of metaphor is part of an ideology because metaphor mediates between myth and ideology and facilitates the persuasive objectives of political discourse. Metaphor is an important characteristic of persuasive discourse because it mediates between cognition and emotion to create a moral perspective on life. Hence, it is a central strategy for legitimization in political discourse. This research is devised to discover how conceptual metaphors in political texts prompt political myths and communicate ideologies via language used in Iran''s Political Newspapers headlines. To do so, the Chartris-Black (2005) is utilized as the theoretical background of the research.

Taking this approach (Chartris-Black 2005) into account, this article aims at the study of the role of conceptual metaphors in the creation of myth and ideology. The research objective is to explain the relationship between conceptual metaphor, myth and ideology in political discourse of election. The question is how the existing metaphors in newspapers election headlines can create political myth and ideology and legitimate the SELF and illegitimate the Other, and persuade the readers to elect the Self candidate. The research data were extracted from the election headlines of 12 political newspapers during a two-month period of 2017 presidential election in Iran. Having analysed 12 selected newspapers (belonging to the Conservatives and Reformists political trends in Iran) during two months advertisements of 2017 presidential election, this research found a number of conceptual metaphors like MORALITY, RELIGION, WALL, HERO, and KEY according to metaphor identification procedures of Pragglejaz Group (2007). Then, the research explores how these conceptual metaphors create imaginative unreal narrations about the Self and the Other. It is hypothesized that the emergence of metaphors in language can evoke the audiences'' feelings by narrating the myths instead of making them aware by telling the truth. In other words, metaphors can mediate myths and ideology and guarantee the favorite actions of discourse makers.

The metaphorical expressions analyzed here represent a number of metaphors, including MORALITY, RELIGION, WALL, HERO, and KEY metaphors, all of them prompt a mythical unreal story about the SELF and the OTHER which cannot be verified. In other words, this research found that conceptual metaphors can create political myths for evaluating the SELF and the OTHER presidential candidates. As Chartris- Black (2005) predicts leaders employ ethical language as a basis for emotional invitation to share a perception of what is right and wrong. In the headlines evaluated here, mostly the quotations of politicians, they try to show the SELF ideology as the right one and the OTHER ideology as the wrong one through metaphors like POLITICA AS MORALITY/RELIGION and POLITICAL ACTIVITIES ARE MORAL/RELIGIOUS ACTIVITIES (like Jihad). WALL metaphor creates a myth about the gender discrimination. A myth that pave the way to legitimate the SELF (as its opponent) and the OTHER as its very proponent. In both types of political newspapers, HERO metaphor creates a space in which SELF is a a brave hero. By Using KEY metaphor, the discourse makers create a myth of a country with lots of problems and the SELF savior who opens the doors and solve the problems. In all these cases metaphor act as a linguistic or rhetorical tool  for myth creation, then replace the real facts of election by the unreal story –like events to evoke the readers emotions instead of expressing knowledge and social awareness.   The resulting myths evoke the discourse makers'' favorite emotions in the readers, like making them interested in the Self and hatred from the Other, and eventually lead to the creation of the wished ideology of that medium. This is along with legitimating the Self and illegitimating the Other and persuading the addressees to elect the Self ideology.

This analysis illustrates that the emergence of cognitive metaphors in language can evoke the audiences'' feelings by narrating the myths instead of making them aware through telling them the truth. In other words, metaphors can mediate myths and ideology and guarantee the favorite actions of discourse makers. Therefore, metaphor can be used in different ways at the service of legitimating the SELF and illegitimating the OTHER as two competing ideologies. Critical Metaphor Analysis present a methodology for the analysis and interpretation of ideology and exhibits how legitimisation is performed linguistically.

Explaining how mind manages to objectify and conceptualize different subjects is an important issue in cognitive linguistics and narratology. In this connection, metaphors play a remarkable role in conveying concepts. Thus, based on M. Kimiaei’s “Protest”, this paper tries to find out how conceptualization realizes in the narration of this film and what concepts play a key role. As a restult, the paper tries to answer the question that whether the approaches used in cognitive linguistics for analyzing metaphor in political, religious, econimic, and journalistic texts, can also be used to study the process of conceptualization in films. To do so, the paper uses Critical Metaphor Analysis as a research method. The results show that the sequence studied in this paper is based on the metaphor “Amiralie Is a Gardener.” It was also shown that this method can easily be applied to analyze, interpret, and explain usage of linguistic metaphor in films' narration.

Language in its social function, discourse, plays a very important role in determining social power. Since metaphor is a very common phenomenon in the language and governs the conceptual system, it can play a prominent role in this regard. Since in the presidential and parliamentary elections, society exposes to a rivalry of discourses to change power relations more than ever, in this research, we want to study the metaphors used in Iran's television debates of Iranian presidential candidates in 2016, within the framework of the Charteris-Black's "Critical Analysis of Metaphor" approach (2004). Three hypotheses were investigated in this study and the findings confirmed all three hypotheses: 1)A common experimental ground with voters, their logical and emotional persuasion, to legitimize one's own views and to delegitimize competing perspectives, are among the most important motivations for applying and choosing metaphors in these debates; 2) In these debates, the domains of journey, conflict, and building are the most frequent conceptual domains for metaphors; 3) Despite the similarities in the use of political currents from the source domains of metaphors, there are differences In the calling of entities from these domains which reflect the ideological differences of these currents.