جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Effectuation » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

The aim of the present study was explaining and identifying marketing methods in sports startups with a effectuation entrepreneurial approach. The method of the present research is a qualitative method which in terms of purpose is the exploratory one, in terms of results is the basic and applied researches and based on the paradigm is postmodernist research. The statistical population of the study included experts in the field of marketing and sports management and top entrepreneurs of sports startups. Sampling was done by purposive sampling method. The semi-structured, open-ended questionnaires of the research for in-depth interviews with experts was acquired by studying researches related to sports start-ups and entrepreneurial approaches and effectuation marketing, and identifying the main and effective components of it. Interviews continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. In order to identify the effective factors , the grounded- theory was used. Data analysis was done by MAXQDA version 2020. The results showed that there are 4 main categories of public environment, operational environment, organizational factors and individual factors as effective factors on the entry of sports startups into domestic and foreign markets. Finally, a paradigm model (tree diagram) of the factors affecting the entry of sports startups into domestic and foreign markets was designed.by following this model, managers and entrepreneurs in the field of sports startups with special attention to the categories and indicators expressed in the model, can provide contexts for success of entering into domestic and foreign markets.

Entrepreneurs rely on causation, effectuation, and bricolage behaviors to achieve their goals in different situations. Effectuation is a kind of decision-making logic that emphasizes control rather than anticipation. Causation focuses goal setting and planning and foresight. Bricolage is a resource-seeking behavior that allows entrepreneurs to cope with resource constraints. These three behaviors are used simultaneously according to the situation and circumstances. However, in studies researchers focus more on individual level factors and less on environmental factors, context and ecosystem. In fact, research has not paid attention to the interaction of individual, environment, context and ecosystem in entrepreneurial decision making. In this research, as qualitative research use the template-based case-study method in two independent sample groups, twenty interviews were conducted with entrepreneurs located in science and technology parks of Tehran, Sharif and Beheshti universities and Sharif Innovation District. The results showed that entrepreneurs tend to choose different decision approaches due to different access to resources. Entrepreneurs in the parks have more causation behaviors due to the need to comply with the requirements and entrepreneurs in Sharif Innovation District behave more effectuation and bricolage due to less need to follow formal and written rules. Finally, a proposition has been explained.

Purposefulness, feasibility and performance of entrepreneurial businessesAbstractPurposefulness (causality) and possibilityism (effectiveness) are two decision logics that entrepreneurs use in doing activities. Over the past two decades, much attention has been paid to these two behavioral logics that entrepreneurs use to start and develop new companies. Existing research suggests that business performance is associated with purposefulness and feasibility. The purpose of this paper is to examine the purposefulness and feasibility (with four dimensions of experimentation, tolerable loss, flexibility and pre-commitment) on business performance using structural equation modeling. This research is applied from the perspective of purpose and the data are collected by descriptive-correlation method. The statistical population of the study is businesses active in the information technology industry. The statistical sample through Cochran's formula includes 175 entrepreneurs active in this field who have been selected by random sampling method. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS26 and SmartPLS3 software. Research findings show that flexibility, goal orientation, experimentation have a positive and significant relationship with entrepreneurial performance; And tolerable losses and pre-commitments have a negative and significant relationship with performance. In other words, the relationship between tolerable losses and pre-commitments is inversely related to performance, and with the increase of either of these, the performance of the business decreases. The reason for this discrepancy may be explained in the results due to differences, and finally some suggestions for research are provided.

The purpose of this study is to find out the decision-making logic of Iranian hotel managers in economic fluctuations based on effectuation and causation approaches. Both effectuation and causation approaches are applied in entrepreneurial decision-making process, but effectuation is used more to describe entrepreneurs' behavior in uncertainty or other situations such as economic fluctuation. This research is qualitative and causal mapping is used to analyze data. Participants of the study are 4 and 5 stars hotel managers/founders. Data is gathered through in-depth semi-structured interviews. The findings show that the effectuation approach is dominant under uncertainty and economic fluctuations. Managers in 86% of decision making situations apply effectuation logic while 14% other apply causation. Further findings demonstrate that there is a shift from causation to effectuation when situation moves to more uncertainty.

Effectiveness and causality as two fundamental decision logics of growing research areas in the field of entrepreneurship. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of causality and dimensions of effectiveness (experimentation, tolerable losses, flexibility and pre-commitment) on business performance with a fuzzy approach. In this study, in addition to causally examining the necessary and sufficient conditions in the formation of business performance, effective combinations of causality and dimensions of effectiveness in the formation of business performance have been investigated. This research is applied from the perspective of the purpose and the data are collected by descriptive-correlation method. The statistical population of the study, according to the statistics of Tehran Computer Guild Organization, includes 170 startup businesses in Tehran that have been operating for three years. Based on Cochran's formula, a statistical sample of 118 was calculated, 120 samples were collected by random sampling method and analyzed by fsQCA3 and SPSS24 software. According to the findings, among the various causes and dimensions of effectiveness, one dimension is a necessary condition and five dimensions are sufficient conditions for business performance. Finally, two types of complex and complex causal pathways were identified, each of which introduced four different combinations of causation and effect-making dimensions in the direction of business performance.

Since effectuation is expanding and the scope of this theory has been extended to various decisionmaking areas including entering into foreign markets, the present research seeks to investigate entrepreneurs' decision making logic while entering foreign markets in order to extend the theoretical framework in this area. It also aims to determine what decision-makers logics they apply at different entry points. The findings of this study can help companies which are seeking to enter export markets understand the decision-making process and mental structure of expert entrepreneurs operating in these markets. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the logic of entrepreneurs' decision-making while entering foreign markets based on effectuation and causation approaches.  

This study uses a qualitative approach based on a multi-case study. The data were collected using semi-structured interviews with the founders and entrepreneurs of nine reputable home appliance companies that have entered foreign markets over the past 25 years. Causal mapping was used for data analysis and to evaluate the validity of the research, coders' consensus was used.   

The companies under investigation showed the tendency to implement the effectuation approach in the early stages of entering the global market. Such companies, using available resources and means, begin to export irregularly and practice entering into foreign markets. They attempt to gain market insights through networks. They would apply affordable loss and communicate with stakeholders in order to control future and use contingencies as leverage to gain new opportunities. Findings show that foreign-market entry in early stages is effectual and in later stages, as export activities develop in target markets, it tends more towards causation.    

Uncertainty in foreign market entry, limited resources and means, led entrepreneurs to take decisions which are different from those counterparts in large firms. The dominant logic in entrepreneurial decision-making at early stages of internationalization is effectual with un-organized and sporadic exportation. To reduce uncertainty, they prefer to export through agents. As foreign market grow, they tend more to be causative in decision-making process. On latter stages, entrepreneurs tend to open service centers and even run assembly line in foreign markets.

Entrepreneurial marketing (EM) has emerged as a new paradigm in marketing in order to assist the firms operating in turbulent environments. Although many researches have been carried out in the field of EM, enough attention was not dedicated to the issue that applying EM will not lead to the desired outcomes unless related basic assumptions are taken into consideration. In other words, it is needed to shed a light on the situation consistent with EM and its underlying assumptions. Thus this paper reviews the previous studies in this field and focuses on the concept development of EM based on the methodology suggested by Lynham. According to the four steps proposed by Whetten the theory of EM is studied more deeply. Firstly, the constructs defining EM are discussed. Secondly, the way that the marketing orientation (MO) and entrepreneurial orientation (EO) are related is demonstrated. Thirdly, the effect of two main theories on EM development is studied. One is effectuation which is extracted from entrepreneurship literature, and the other one is service-dominant logic drawn from the literature of marketing. Lastly, two frameworks elaborating on strategy formulation are analyzed, and then it is concluded that EM is aligned with the context of transformative and shaping approaches to the strategy development, which means that the emphasis on the prediction is low, and emphasis on control is high. It is also stated how EM is different from entrepreneurship in terms of contextual circumstances.

Effectuation theory by Sarasvathy has helped scholars and practitioners to better understand the logic and process of entrepreneurs’ decision making. Five main principles of this theory show that entrepreneurs are thinking in different way in comparison with traditional managers especially who manage large companies. This paper has a qualitative approach and data gathered through semi-structured interviews with some entrepreneurs from different industries in Iran. The cases are successful entrepreneurial companies. Analysis by causal mapping method demonstrates that Iranian entrepreneurs make decisions in accordance with effectuation principles. They use their available means, affordable loss instead of expected return, partnership, contingencies and prediction instead of control. More analysis show that entrepreneurs make decisions effectually in the beginning stage of the firm but after a while, they shift to causation manner. Finally effectuation logic may cause to gradual or sudden creation of the firm based on available resources.