جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Shāh » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

The structure of the court and the political organization that ruled the vast territory under Achaemenid rule were of great importance in the continuation of this rule. The Achaemenid court with a structure including: mother king, queen and crown prince, princes, heads of families, eunuchs, a position similar to the great minister - the spy system (known as the corners and eyes of the king) and ... in all political developments of this dynasty Was involved. One of the important issues in examining this structure is the role of the king in this organization. It seems that the Achaemenids in influencing the organization and structure of the court in their Achaemenid Empire were influenced by the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia, especially Assyria and Babylon. In addition to the Assyrian civilization, the ancient Median and Elamite governments also provided suitable models for the rulers of this dynasty. It was and the power of the Shah was absolute and unlimited and the Shah was a symbol of the full ownership of the Iranian society and the owner of all the property and wealth of the people. What is certain is that the study of this structure will provide valuable information about the role of the Shah in the pyramid of political power of the Achaemenid court to historians.

Landslides are a critical geohazard, often triggered by seismic activity, intense rainfall, and water table fluctuations. Understanding the complex interplay of these factors is a key task in hazard assessment and mitigation strategies. This comprehensive study investigates the regional potential for water flow dynamics, displacement mechanisms, and landslide genesis. Based on a dual approach of rigorous fieldwork and meticulous laboratory analysis, approximately 5 kg of fine-grained clay and 100 kg of coarse-grained material were collected for in-depth mechanical property testing. These investigations focused primarily on assessing Atterberg limits and shear strength characteristics. The results showed a striking correlation between the water table and the site's structural integrity. In particular, the marl and alluvial layers exhibited a significant decrease in resistance, ranging from 40% to 55% and 60% to 80%, respectively, in different regions of the study area. In addition, the cohesion of the layers decreased with increasing slope steepness, resulting in a reduction in internal friction angles. This empirical evidence highlights the region's susceptibility to increased landslide risk, particularly in precipitation-induced surface water infiltration and potential seismic upheaval, such as the powerful 7.3 magnitude earthquake in Sarpol Zahab in 2017. These combined factors highlight the imminent threat of landslides and call for proactive risk management and disaster preparedness measures.

By reflecting on the myths and pivotal moments in Iranian history, it becomes apparent that in the establishment of the power structure and the Legitimacy of the kings, consideration for the people and a commitment to justice for the welfare played a significant role, and the divine Farrah confirmed the principles of royal Farrah. As long as the king was on the side of the people and focused on their needs, he possessed the required nobility and authority. In this perspective, the establishment of the royal institution was the outcome of public action and consensus, and the power system had a traditional nature and a sacred significance. The support of the residents of Iranshahr for the fair and wise king contributed to the reduction of his power, while the tyranny and animosity of the people also played a significant role in his decline. Based on this premise, the present article takes a descriptive-analytical approach to examine the public Legitimacy of the government and the function of the royal institution in Iran. It reflects on this issue from the perspective of the historian Abū Ḥanīfa Dīnawarī. According to the Iranian historiography of Abū Ḥanīfa Dīnawarī, it appears that the historian, as one of the early Islamic historiographers, documented the events related to the interaction between society and the government, emphasizing the importance of rulers paying attention to the needs of the people. He explains the harmony of society and the government in a mythological manner, highlighting the position of the people and the secular-sacred aspect of the government.

The dominant view in explaining the Islamic Revolution has been to study the occurrence of the revolution from the perspective of opponents of the Pahlavi government and less reasons for the occurrence of the revolution from the perspective of people close to the Pahlavi regime have been considered by researchers. Our aim in this study is to examine the Shah's leadership style in governing the country from the perspective of the agents of the second Pahlavi government to find out how this leadership style led to the fall of the second Pahlavi dynasty. Accordingly, our main question in this study is to find out how the Shah's leadership style from the point of view of the second Pahlavi agents led to the collapse of the Pahlavi government and consequently the victory of the Islamic Revolution? Personality, tyranny, disregard for expert opinions, non-adherence to the constitution, dependence and elimination of intermediary institutions between the government and the people in the style of Mohammad Reza Shah's leadership paved the way for the Islamic Revolution and the fall of the Pahlavi government. The research method in this article is qualitative content analysis.

At the end of the Sassanid period, Yazdgerd III (631-651 AD) left for Khorasan after his last efforts to preserve the kingdom's property. He intended to go to Konarng Toos, but the ruler of Toos rejected him, based on this reason that there is not    enough space. Then,  Yazdgerd left for Konarng Marv. Footprints still can be seen and also in the stories of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh mentions this event. The authors of this research with a descriptive-analytical approach have sought to answer the question that who were the side effects? What were their national and military positions? And in which geographical area of ​​Iran did they rule? In order to answer these questions, the works of historians of the first centuries as well as contemporary historians were examined and analyzed, and it was found that the word Konarang means guardian of the shores, governor and lord of the earth. In the historical books, this word explain as an army and a country such as the king, the ruler, the frontier and the owner of the side, the commander and the general. Konarang implies heroism and justice, and the geographical area of ​​their rule was most specific to the cities of Khorasan, such as Mearv, Nisa, Toos and the metropolis of Neishabour. They were the companions of famous Parthian and Sassanid families, and over time they took on a family and hereditary form and continued to live more or less in the first centuries of Islam.

The narration of Safavid historians of the first Shah-Ghezelbash confrontation during the reign of Shah Tahmasb is a relatively realistic and, of course, not very clear account of the early decline of a sacred structure in a non-sacred formulation. Therefore, the farther we go from the stage of the early Safavid movement, the historians narrative of a sacred content turns to a kind of realism. According to this, the narration of historians from the first encounter between Shah and Ghezelbash can be considered from two methodological and content perspectives. Methodologically, although the narrative of these historians is relatively descriptive, it is less focused on holiness. In terms of the content of this re-reading, the emphasis is on the decline of Ghezelbash disciples under the increasing demands of the economy and their growing political thirst, emphasizing their role in challenging the theology of the monarchy and ultimately building it. The heroic faces of the king as the ultimate winner of this controversy. This research seeks to explore in a descriptive-analytical way the elements that shape the narrative of historians from the first confrontation between Shah and Ghezelbash at the beginning of Shah Tahmasbc era

The theme of sin and punishment has been raised in all Divine religions in various ways. In the national epic of Iran, Ferdowsi, who was aware of the history of the ancients and was observing the oppressors’ failure to obtain their desires, expressed this theme in various ways in the form of wise words and moral teachings. In the scrolls of storytelling, some of which reflect the oral narratives of the National Epic of Persia [Shahnameh], the theme “the Shah - Hero's Sin” has found a vast reflection. Since the scrolls of storytelling have been formed on the basis of oral narrations, and many of folk beliefs have been mentioned along with written narrations in the texts, here the theme “the Shah - Hero's Sin” is reflected with this viewpoint. The sins including injustice, breach of promise, tyranny, greediness, overindulgence, the killing of innocent people, the killing of a father or a child, the abandonment of a baby, the claim to be divine, despotism, and so on, are among those that are reflected in the scrolls of storytelling, and each has an effective punishment. This article examines this theme and tries to explore and express its various aspects [illustrated] in oral narratives and, the folk beliefs in the scrolls of storytelling.

The United States in 1970s asked its allies in the satellite states, including Iran, to launch some reforms to contain Communism. Jimmy Carter in his election speeches and doctrine promised not further support its authoritarian allies and encourage them to observe human rights, but in practice instead of what he called “absolute commitment” to human rights, he stood on the side of the Iranian dictator. The question of this research is: What are the reasons for the contradiction between the theory and practice regarding the Carter’s Doctrine? Hypothesis: Carter’s Doctrine was formulated for the protection of the capitalist system’s interests within the paradigm of the Cold War and since its implementation would endanger the interests of the capitalist system, it faced contradiction in practice. Research Content analysis has been employed and therefore Carter’s speeches and messages as well as related documents have been used to collect the data. The findings of the research indicate that Iran’s geopolitical situation in the Cold War paradigm caused Carter to set aside his Doctrine and instead of trying to promote human rights he closed his eyes to the Shah’s dictatorial rule in order to contain Soviet Communism. The trend of sacrificing human rights in the slaughter house of capitalist interests has been continuing till date.

In this qualitative study, which was prepared by the hermeneutic method, we tried to answer this question, “what is the role of ulama in contemporary developments in Iranian society?” The result was that; during the wars of Iran and Russia, the Qajars demanded the participation of ulama in war due to the despair of internal and external factors. The Ulema issued a fatwa for Jihad for eliminating the risk of foreigners dominating the Muslim community. People responded enthusiastically to the request and sincerely to their fatwa. But with the belief that these victories were to be recorded in the name of the ulama, the Qajar leaders retreated and signed the shameful treaties. However, the Ulema backed the people against the privileges of the Naseri age and by issuing the Fatwa, started the first contemporary social movement of Iran against domestic tyranny and foreign colonialism. This movements provided the basis for the Constitutional Revolution. The Ulema in the Constitutional Revolution, through a new reading and a new interpretation of religion, formalized constitutionalism to reduce the powers of the Shah. During the Pahlavi era, the Ulema stood against the making of a non-religious community by the Pahlavi kings, so some of them were killed, imprisoned and exiled. Finally, Imam Khomeini, was inspired by the tobacco movement, the Constitutional Revolution, forty-two revolt, and the elimination of the weakness of the political thought of the Ulema, by intruducing the Velayat-e Faqih thought, leading the ulama to the great revolution of Iran. In sum, ulama played a corrective role during the Qajar period. In a sociological reduction, they called the kings deputies of the imams, which meant that Shah's authority was reduced in the people's spiritual and intellectual status. But during the Pahlavi period, the Ulema assumed the role of the opposition of power by a theory of choosing the Shah, by a group of prominent scholars. This role ultimately culminated in the ulama political rule and leadership.

The serial "The Mystery of the Shah" is a realistic narrative on the contemporary Iranian history. Regarding the media structure, the concept of Iran in this series is considered as an independent variable and the actors and the events are regarded as dependent variables. In fact, Iran is considered as the heart of this narrative, and all the happenings are viewed from this angel. The historical heroes are praiseworthy because they seek the greatness of Iran, and those who are not in accord with the pattern of the concept of Iran are despised. In terms of content, in this series, the triple level of consciousness, namely, history, media and ontology are remarkably harmonious, and this homogeneous composition, which adds true meaning to the formulation of the serial, has specific semantic outcomes. The present study seeks to analyze the content of the serial and touches on the general approach on which the structure of the film is based. This general review indicates the realistic approach to the production of the serial about the contemporary history.

Propp in the study on hundred Russian folk-tales, noted that characters’ function is the smallest structural narration’s unit and formulated, by analyzing functions, the structure of fiction’s plot and the narrative actions’ system. Therefore, he remarked statements about basic structure of fairy-tales and their classification. According to Propp’s theory, current research, first, evaluate efficiency of his pattern in battles narration’s structural explanation in "Darya-ye asmar" between Suryaprabha and Shrutasharman, related to sovereignty of Vidyadharas, and battles in "Shah-nama", related to the revenge of Siavash’s martyrdom and Key-Xosrow’s utopian kingdom. then it compares analyzed structure of these battles’ narration. After analyzing the stories, seems that pattern of Propp’s theory presents an adequate explanation of the narrative structure of these stories’ functions, which accompanied with suggestions for more appropriate theory’s usage. This pattern reveals the homology of basic structure and, furthermore, shows the similarity of some internal relations between the functions in narration of mentioned battles in the books above. Also, in some cases, there are dissimilarities in some details of these narrations, that could be regard as the India and Iran’s cultural diversities, which roots in the formation of narration’s background, reflect in diagram of the functions.

Iran's new military coup in March after the third was formed in1299and1300form ally started. military units in a pioneering experiment merge and allied troops under the Ministry of war and a unified command. All military and law enforcement units by the end of the monarchy RezaShah of the monitorin glegislative, executive and out of the cabinet and reza shah.
Iran's occupation of theAllies1320third in September to the collapse of the army.Butthe necessity to maintain the army to defend the territorial integrityof the country and foreign domination part of Iran, and that the central government torebuild the country's political and military commander Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, with the help of the United States and the military inreconstruction.After nationalisation of oil industry, mossadeghis named prime ministerbut the government control over the performance was not militants
Encouraged the militants to opposetrade Dr mossadegh of mossadegh decided by taking office, the Ministry of the war the dominance of the court of the army, and the pale helped the government army.After30shot mossadegh so power and so the weakness of the court.Dr.mossadegh for forcing the Shah to monarchy and was not rule, however, mohammad mossadegh relations with parliament, on the one hand, and with the king, on the other hand of the road and stalemate was approaching.to get acquainted with the aim of the present study positions of power and performance of the military and law enforcement(overallmilitary)against the government of Dr.Muhammad Musaddiq and its impact on the mordad 1332 28coup.

The main focus of this paper is to study the reasons for Army’s neutrality in the last day of Pahlavi Regime announced by General Gharah Baghi. The findings of this paper show that his reasonable stances towards the important events in the course of the Revolution was the main reason for Army’s neutrality. These approaches included holding open session trials for the leaders of the Freedom Movement of Iran, criticizing General Oveysi because of committing the September 8 massacre, and establishing ties and negotiating with the revolutionaries for decreasing the tensions in the country.

'Epopee' literally means 'pride', 'boasting', and 'bragging' from an epical perspective, it refers to the dialogue between two heroes humiliating their enemy through offensive language and boasting about themselves expressing their honors. Definitely, to achieve the psychological atmosphere ruling epopees only depending on the literal meaning of words without the involvement of other sciences is impossible. Today, the interdisciplinary approaches have been focused on and welcomed by public in scientific, educational and research policy making. Among these, the effect of psychology to better understand literary texts cant be denied. The psychological review could occupy vast and absolutely unknown area in the literature. This type of review can be used as an accurate and comprehensive tool to read the vocabulary not written or considered by the author. One of the psychological reviews components in literary texts is 'requirements list' of Henry Murray. Analyzing personality is considered as one of the most important concepts presented in this list. In this analysis, we can easily observe the direct effect of the lexical and psychological load in the epopees used by the heroes continuing the battle. This work has been represented depending on aggression, defense and, counteraction. The present research aims to psychologically analyze the Shah-Name's epopees based on the case requirements list, relying on the interdisciplinary activities and illustrate the psychological effects due to the epopee's reading in the pitched battles.

The research about revolutions is always one of the most attractive issues in political sciences and sociology majors. Yet, different views and theories have been raised on Iran revolutions. We are aim to survey direct and indirect communications between army and Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi during 1953- 1979 and the impact of Shah’s actions in army on Iran’s revelation event in this research. Although, we can’t disregard the significant role of people in Iran revolution occurrence, but we should accept this point that army has an important role for defense of government. Army always plays role of preventive and obstacle versus revolutionist. However, Iran’s army failed to do this function during of the revolution. So, the regime change was easily happened. Current research focus on Iran’s army functions and weakness, its structure, decisions making hierarchy, motives,…and their relations with decisions and policy of Shah. We use Russell theory on relations lack of loyalty in army forces and revolutions events. Our finding approves that lack of loyalty in army to government and their join to revolutionist had an important role in Iran revolution. We will use descriptive – analytic method whit emphasizing on library and documentary resources for this purpose.

In political literature, the recess period is the interval between dissolution of an assembly and rise of the next assembly. In Iran’s legislation history from 1906 to 1963, five periods of recess happened. In this paper, we call the interval between assembly dissolution within May 1961 to September 1963 as the fifth period of recess. Hence, investigating the role of king’s legislative actions in the absence of national legislative council (1961-1963) and the appearance process of revolutionary Islam discourse during fifth recess time, are the main goals of this paper. The question raised in this regard is that how did the articulated signs of Shah’s white revolution in the absence of national legislative council threat religious thinking borders in the society such that resulted in the appearance of revolutionary Islam discourse? To answer this question, it is tried, by investigating the influence of six-fold acts of white revolution on society, to test this hypothesis that six-fold principles of this revolution in the absence of the council and political competitors like the Tude Party and National Front threated the religious borders in the society; the issue that finally led to revolutionary Islam discourse against the discourse of governing kingdom and its tendency to obtain power to preserve itself.
Keywords: recess, the White Revolution, women, Shah, Imam Khomeini, Sultanism, the discourse of revolutionary Islam.

The prophets of Israel became imbricatedwiththecharacters andmythsof ancient Persia، a fact which can، on the one hand، be ascribed to the efforts of Parsis and Muslims attached to ancient Persian culture to legitimise Persian mythology. On the other hand، to a gradual obliviousness to the fact that no actual historical connection existed. The appearance of holy figures in Shiism was another factor. Sulaymān occupied a central place in this narrative imbrication because of his resemblance to Persian king–priests such as Jamshid. In this paper، the reasons for the imbrication of national and religious elements in the emergence of Persian epic poetry constitute “variables” while the development of the figure of Sulaymān acts as an “index.” Through historical analysis، we trace the narrative role of Sulaymān in Persian epic poetry back to translations of the Khodāy-nāma and other texts that predate Ferdowsi’s Shāh-nāma. After Ferdowsi’s Shāh-nāma، the figure of Sulaymān evolved in popular oral lore and the songs of wandering minstrels. Influenced by the oral forms، it became fully rounded in – oral and later written – Persian epic poetry، most notably in the Shāh-nāma of Asadi. Finally، as the figure of ‘Ali entered Persian epic poetry in the Safavid era and the epic lost its national (heroic) character to become historical and religious، the figure of Sulaymān began to fade into the background.

With the publication of Djalal Khaleghi Motlagh’s critical edition، the need for editorial work on the entire Shāh-nāma has disappeared. Instead، researchers are now called upon to establish critical readings of the text through careful research and consideration of the textual variants given in Khaleghi Motlagh’s edition، facsimiles of Shāh-nāma manuscripts، insights of other Shāh-nāma scholars and pertinent secondary sources. The ultimate goal of these efforts is to establish an almost final version of Iran’s national epic. Following this approach، the present paper examines the readings āvard gāhi pey āhu and bakhšeš-e kārzār and suggests replacing these variants with āvardgāh-e nar āhu and tokhšeš-e kārzār.

One of the central issues in Shāh-nāma studies concerns the question of “essence” and “art.” In the Shāh-nāma’s perspective، the demiurge has created the microcosm (humankind) and the macrocosm (the universe)، each with a particular essence. Both cannot but submit to the command of their essences. However، the creator has bestowed his discernment on the human world. For this reason، the human being is also possessed of another unique essence، attendant on the God-given discernment. According to the Shāh-nāma، the human being، aided by art، can ultimately redeem the circularity of his or her nature through an uninterrupted destiny and close the circle of his or her perfection. The human being can thus be at the same time “by nature first” and “in order last.” We believe that all of the Shāh-nāma can in fact be seen as a detailed exposition of the following verses: Doth “man” imply one nature، one alone? Thou know’st it may be but the feeble sideOf mortal man، wherein no trace is shownOf aught beyond and yet two worlds agree – A might partnership – to furnish thee. By nature first، in order last، art thou; Hold not thyself then lightly. (Translation by Arthur and Edmond Warner)

Scapegoatig means the indirect transfer of evil and its disposal for a specific or indefinite period of time. Human had variety philosophies to fight against evil، and has employed common tools such as human، animal، objects، etc. Fore this purpose، the present work attempts to explore different ways of scapegoat by referring to the Sahname of Ferdowsi. To this end، after giving a brief introduction about scapegoating، the reasons of humans resort to scapegoating as well as types of scapegoating in Shahname have been studied. Accordingly، there are two forms of scapegoating (direct and in direct)، one in Zahhak’s story، and the other in the story of Rostam and Esphandiyar. The present foundamental research is based on library research method، and has used descriptive analysis method.