جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « kurdistan » در نشریات گروه « علوم پایه »

One of the challenges of the world today is the water shortage crisis. With the occurrence of droughts and indiscriminate harvesting of water reserves, the livelihood of local communities has faced critical conditions. The purpose of this research was to know some crimes related to water and the main causes and factors of committing crimes and finally practical strategies to deal with them. In order to determine the amount of factors affecting the commission of water crimes by using the oral judgment of research experts and pairwise comparison of the main indicators measured in the region, the relative weight of each indicator is determined by Expert Choice software, then strategies to reduce the water crisis and achieve sustainable development was presented. The results showed that the economic index and then the management index with relative weights equal to 0.334 and 0.263 respectively have the most importance in committing crimes in the water area in Kurdistan province, Iran. Finally, management strategies and requirements were presented to reduce the effects of water crisis. The main emphasis of this research is on increasing investments and economic issues in the discussion of water resources.

The Qorveh batholith, in the N-Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone, comprises several gabbroic, dioritic and granitic masses intruded the Jurassic metamorphic assemblage (i.e., schist, amphibolite and marble). In spite of a number of studies which have been carried out on the various aspects of these rocks, but none of them has been studied the Mixing/Mingling model. Thus, the purpose of present study is to examine the development of the magmatic mixing process in the rocks under study based on geochemical data obtained from the enclaves and their host rocks as well as their field relationship.

In order to study the geochemical properties of intrusive rocks, 10 samples of enclaves and their host rocks. The rock composition with the least amount of alteration was selected and sent to the Pennsylvania State University of (USA) to determine the amounts of major elements by ICP-AES method, and rare and rare earth elements by ICP-MS method.

Field observations:

The enclaves, in the intrusive masses under study, are finer than that of their host rock. Therefore, they belong to the group of mafic fine-grained enclaves or microgranular mafic enclaves. (MMEs). The (MMEs) are in rounded and elliptical shapes in the host rocks and generally they have a sharp contact with their host and are composed of igneous minerals.

Petrography:

The host rocks include granite, granodiorite and monzonite, and the enclaves are dioritic and gabbroic in composition. There are similar minerals in the enclaves and their host rocks, but they often differ in the amount of minerals. They are mainly composed of mafic mineral and plagioclase. While their host rocks are characterized by smaller amounts of these minerals, the host rocks instead have higher amounts of quartz alkali feldspar. The transfer of plagioclase crystals at the common boundary of the enclave and the host rock is evidence of the magmatic mixing process in the nature of the intrusive masses studied. A number of enclaves contain megacrystals of feldspar potassium and quartz taken from the host rocks. This supports the formation of enclaves by mixing.

Geochemistry:

Geochemical studies indicate that these rocks are metaluminous, belonging to calc-alkaline magma series, having I-type characteristics. In Harker diagrams, mafic enclaves have higher MgO, TiO2, P2O5, Na2O, FeO(t), Al2O3, MnO and CaO contents than that of the host rocks, and lower K2O and SiO2 contents. The higher contents of CaO, MgO and FeO(t) in the enclaves, compared to their host, confirms their more mafic nature, which is usually proportional to the higher contents of mafic minerals in the modal of the enclaves than that of the host. The enrichment of the studied enclaves in Co, Cr, Ni display that these rocks are globules of mafic magmas mingling to felsic type.

According to field observations as well as petrographic studies, the effective factor in the evolution of magma forming intrusive masses has been mentioned as magmatic mixing. The presence of mafic fine-grained enclaves with evidence of disequilibrium textures such as feldspar with poikilitic texture, the presence of mafic masses and needle apatite, small blades-shaped plagioclase within large plagioclase or two types of plagioclases, and zoning all confirm magmatic mingling/ mixing processes. Considering that the magnesium number (Mg#) in the mantle is about 0.7 and the studied enclaves with a high magnesium number of 0.52-0.62 are evidence of the involvement of mantle-derived mafic magma. High values of Mg# in enclaves compared to their host rock (0.34-0.48) shows the mixing of magmas from the mantle with the crustal magmas. Magma mixing model has also been considered by geochemical differentiation diagrams. The trend of the samples is a curve and indicates that the effective process in magma evolution is most likely magmatic fusion. Numerous studies have shown that mafic microgranular enclaves are globules of a mantle derived mafic magma that crystallize rapidly in the injected felsic magma from the crust and, as a result, become more viscous, forming separated magmatic bubbles. In addition to the mentioned geochemical features, the enclaves are poor in LREE and LILE and enriched in Ti compared to the host rocks. Therefore, they seem to have originated from two different magmas and are placed together due to magmatic mixing.

The host rock units in the studied intrusions include granite, granodiorite, monzonite and gabbroic, dioritic enclaves. The constituent magma of this complex is in I- type, metaluminous and is in the calc-alkaline series. Based on the studies, the dominant process in the evolution of magmatic mixing. Some new findings include the presence of reversals in submerged slabs and the penetration of fleshy compounds. Which naturally have different temperatures and compositions compared to higher crustal horizon magmas, provides conditions for the occurrence and the development of the magmatic mixing process.

The rot caused by strawberry gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) is one of the most important rots causing damage in the field and market. The purpose of this research is that biological control agents and compounds inducing plant defense reactions seem to lead to a reduction in the frequency of spraying or not spraying fungicide compounds on the crop.

Different isolates of B. cinerea were collected from greenhouses and farms in Kurdistan province, and their morphological and molecular characteristics were determined. In the following, different concentrations of salicylic acid (SA) either individually or in combination with different Trichoderma species were investigated in the laboratory and greenhouse on strawberry gray mold.

In the comparison of averages, the highest percentage of inhibition in the cross-culture between Trichoderma spp and Botrytis sp. is related to T. orientalis (60.82%), the highest percentage of inhibition of the extracellular secretions of Trichoderma isolates on the growth of Botrytis in each two concentrations of 15 and 30% related to T. ceramicum was 85.57% and the effect of volatile compounds of different Trichoderma species on the growth of B. cinerea showed that the highest percentage of inhibition was related to the treatment of T. asperellum isolate with 63.70%. Investigating the effect of salicylic acid in preventing the mycelium growth of botrytis fungus in the laboratory showed that with increasing concentration of salicylic acid from 1 to 2 millimolar, the inhibition percentage of Botrytis cinera increased to 61%.

The results of the experiment showed that the use of some Trichoderma species along with salicylic acid increases the resistance and control of strawberry to gray mold disease in the field and laboratory.

This is the first report on the presence of podiform chromititeLenses associated with the Marivan ophiolite. These ore deposits with granular massive fabric are hosted by dunite and harzburgite occurred in south Marivan city. Chemistry of chromian spinel in the chromite Lenses indicated that Cr#  for two ore occurrences is high (0.85) with very low TiO2, but for the other ore occurrence is lower (0.67) with higher TiO2 (0.05). The finding shows that the chromite ore Lenses and consequently their host ophiolite were developed in two different geotectonical settings. Geochemical data indicated that some of the studied ore deposits occurred during the opening of oceanic crust in a Mid Oceanic Ridge setting from a tholeiitic magma while the others were fractionated form a boninitic melt in a Supra Subduction Zone. Formation of these ore Lenses and the host rocks occurred in response to the very fast divergence and then convergence of Neo-Tethys oceanic crust. A wide range of gabbros including coarse-grained gabbro, melagabbro and microgabbro host ilmenite, magnetite and titanite in three regions at the northwest of Kamyaran (Yakhtekhan village), the east of Sarvabad (Mianeh village) and the south of Marivan (Dragashikhan-Vyseh villages). Ilmenite is found in all the three regions, but magnetite and titanite are only found in the east of Sarvabad. Plagioclase (andesine-labradorite) and diopside, the main rock-forming minerals with minor augite, olivine and amphibole are the minerals of the host rocks. The chemical composition of the ilmenites showed that the average concentration of TiO2 increases from Kamyaran (43.19 wt.%) to Sarvabad (46.09 wt.%) and then to Marivan (47.42 wt.%). These minerals occur as interstitial fine to medium grains (up to 1.5 mm) and often in the amoeboid, anhedral and to a lesser extent as subhedral forms. Based on textural and mineral chemistry evidence, mineralization of titanium occurred as the result of magma oxidation. The oxidation of magma resulted in the formation of iron-titanium immiscible liquid droplets, following the plagioclase crystallization.

Due to the increase in population and more wastewater production and the existence of limited water resources, the use of human wastewater in agricultural activities is a necessity. The present qualitative research, while investigating the consequences of the use of wastewater, seeks to develop appropriate strategies for the use of wastewater in agricultural activities in the village of Belan, Kurdestan province. Using the criterion-based sampling method, 14 farmers were studied as a sample. Semi-structured interviews and direct observation were used to collect information. The validity of the findings was confirmed by triangulation and Qualitative data analysis was performed using Maxqda software. The results showed that increasing the area under cultivation, increasing yield, water supply, and less use of chemical fertilizers are positive impacts of wastewater use. Moreover, the increase of pests, increase of weeds, occurrence of physical and mental disorders, unpleasant odor, a decrease in soil quality, pollution of the rural environment, and increase in migration are among the negative impacts of using wastewater. The use of standards for wastewater treatment, preparation of soil sensitivity map, use of the appropriate irrigation method, attention to plant type, and disinfection of wastewater are also among the strategies suggested by users.

Changes in community conditions, population growth, inappropriate and unprincipled use of available water resources and climate change are known as the reasons for the decrease in available water resources in recent years. Hence the need for integrated management of existing water resources is quite obvious. One of the important parameters for sustainable planning and management of water resources is the estimation of river flow. In recent decades and with the increasing development of computer technologies, many rainfall-runoff models have been developed for different purposes, each of which has advantages and disadvantages. Simulation is to understand the relationships governing the process of runoff. Simulation is used when the goal is not to involve the main system or the main system is not available. Simulation itself has been a major issue in terms of runoff forecasting and management in hydrological research. One of the most basic topics in hydrological sciences is understanding and recognizing and understanding the processes of production and flow transfer from input to output of the field. It is necessary to generalize through them those votes that do not have a voice, which is not a sign that it's not a sign, and the ideas of the day that this method of influence came into being. The relationship between precipitation and runoff is of great importance in hydrological studies. Because precipitation data are widely used in flood and runoff forecasts, they can use the available information to fill statistical gaps in runoff data. To achieve this goal, identifying the relationship between runoff and water is of high importance and key. calibrated the evaluation of annual water waste estimation in the watersheds of Khuzestan plain with experimental relations and finally this study showed that the coefficients of Katain method are 2.06, Justin 0.63, Institute of Agricultural Sciences method India is 4.67. These coefficients showed that in three methods, respectively, 90% of the level of trust and in the method of the Institute of Crop Sciences of India, 95% of the level of trust was achieved. evaluated experimental methods for estimating runoff in Band-e-Mandar watershed of Fars province. In this study, 6 experimental methods of runoff calculation including Katain, Indian Agricultural Institute, Justin, World Meteorological Organization, Irrigation Department of India and Khozla were estimated.

Lake Urmia catchment area with geographical coordinates of 44 degrees and 7 minutes to 47 degrees and 53 minutes east longitude and 35 degrees and 40 minutes to 38 degrees and 30 minutes north latitude is located in northwestern Iran. The area of this basin is 51876 square kilometers, which is 15 / Covers 3% of the total area of the country. The amount, about 5822 square kilometers is the area of the lake itself, which is related to the height of the lake water and changes with its increase or decrease. The present study will simulate the runoff upstream of the Safakhaneh hydrometric station in the southern part of the catchment area of Lake Urmia in Kurdistan Province. The location of the catchment and 3 hydrometric stations are shown in Figure 0.3. Annual precipitation values and evapotranspiration potential as mentioned in the previous sections, in order to simulate the runoff precipitation process with the AWBM model, precipitation, potential, evaporation, transpiration data for modeling and runoff output from hydrometric stations are needed to calibrate and validate the model. For this purpose, precipitation data of Takab synoptic station were used to model the upstream basin of Safakhaneh station. Although data from the Ministry of Energy rain gauge stations upstream of these basins were also available, on the one hand, because the number of missing data from these stations is high and somehow modeled rainfall using these stations, there was no suitable representative for the desired basin, so we tried to use the data of the nearest synoptic station to this basin. Statistical criteria for model performance evaluation Nash-Sutcliffe Coefficient (NSE) The objective function is called a good fit measurement, and the optimal values of the parameters are values that represent the minimum value of the function. In each basin, the value of the objective function depends on the set values of the parameters. The point at which the objective function is minimized for the related parameters is called the optimal point of the parameters. The most common objective function used to calibrate hydrological models is the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient. The NSE coefficient is a coefficient that shows the relative difference between the observed and simulated values. In this study, this coefficient has been used to evaluate the simulated results and observational data in the selected statistical period. Shown below.NSE=1-(∑_i▒(Q_(m,i)-Q_s )_i^2 )/(∑_i▒(Q_(m,i)-(Q_m ) ̅ )^2 ) Observational flow rate Q_s: Indicates computational flow Q_ (m, i): Observed flow rates during the simulation period And all three are in terms of m ^ 3⁄s. The performance range of the NSE evaluation index in the simulations performed by the model is given in Table (3-2). Rainfall-runoff simulation In order to study climatic parameters on runoff, it is necessary to use rainfall-runoff models. In this study, support vector machine regression (SVR), gene expression programming (GEP) and IHACRES (IHACRES) were used to generate monthly runoff. All AWBMs provided (3) are all computers whose functionality is similar to that of a valid computer..The AWBM model uses surface storage capacities (C3, C2, C1) with areas (A3, A2, A1) to simulate runoff levels, and the water function of each storage surface is independent of the others in daily time steps (or Hourly) is calculated. The water balance equation of each surface is such that precipitation is added to the surface reserve and evaporation and transpiration are reduced. The equation of water balance in case n is the number of reserves in the basin is as follows:Store_(n+1)=Store_n+Rain-Evan (n=1,2,3)Where, zero is considered when the storage moisture content is negative, but if the storage moisture is more than the reservoir capacity, the excess moisture is converted to runoff and the storage moisture remains equal to the reservoir capacity .In the model, it is assumed that the two main sources of surface runoff and base water are runoff. This model has three surface storage capacities (C_3, C_2, C_1) and 3 levels corresponding to surface storage capacities (A_3, A_2, A_1) and an average storage capacity (C_ave), the relationships between these components are:A_1=0⁄133 A_2=0⁄433 A_3=0⁄433 C_1=0⁄01 C_ave/A_1 C_2=0⁄33 C_ave/A_2 C_3=0⁄66 C_ave/A_3 Calibrate this model with AWBM2002 subroutine. Initially, this subroutine is considered a C_ave and using BFI and K obtained from the NBFLOW subroutine and with the help of relations 2 and 3, the values of C3, C2, C1 with hypothetical levels A1 = 0⁄133, Gets A2 = 0⁄433, A3 = 0⁄433 and finally corrects these three tablets. C_ave is first calculated from the assumed values of 5, 50, 100, 150 and 300, which are considered by default in the model, in such a way that the runoff obtained and the actual runoff obtained from the following equation have a low The most differences are:Act=e1A1+e2A2+e3A3 The amount of actual monthly runoff e_n: Monthly computational runoff from each of the stored weapons A_n: The level of each storage capacity.

Parameter A2 is the same as A1, except that the optimal range of variation is 0-0.3. The sensitivity of the objective function values to the values of the BFI parameter is completely opposite to parameters A1 and A2, so that the closer the value of this parameter is to one, the more optimal the objective function values are. The sensitivity of the model to the parameters C1, C2 and C3, however, is low in a wide range of their variation. Changing the KBase and KSurf parameters will also result in better values of the target function in the range of 0.8 to 1.The amount of rainfall recorded at the stations is not a good indicator of rainfall in the basin. Although in the AWBM model, it is possible to change the amount of input data with the Data Scaling tool, and from this tool, the results were obtained by defining the appropriate scale, but due to limitations, this scaling could not calculate the precipitation values in the months with peak flow. Increase in such a way that the simulated flow approaches the peak flow. On the other hand, because all three sub-basins are mountainous and there is a large difference in altitude in the basin, so considerable rainfall at higher altitudes is obvious, and since other than the Data Scaling tool, another tool to approximate rainfall values There is no entrance to the realities of the region. In some hydrological models such as SWAT, for hydrological simulation in mountainous areas, it is possible to define altitude bands and also to define the altitude gradient of precipitation, and this causes the precipitation modeled at altitudes far from the precipitation recorded in More stations to be considered. Overall, the performance of the AWBM model in precipitation-runoff simulation of the upstream basin station in the calibration period with a Nash-Sutcliffe index value greater than 0.7 is very good.

Kurdistan dam watershed with an area of 120.15 km2is located in the northeast of Saqez city.The purpose of this study is to analyze the tectonic activity of the basin and the relationship between faults and landslide risk using the information value model. First, the region is divided into 15 sub-basins using ArcHydro software and morphotectonic indexes including Stream Length Gradient Index (SL), Asymmetric Factor (AF), Hypsometric Integra (Hi), Transverse Topographic Symmetry Factor (T) and basin shape ratio (Bs) are calculated and the results are calculated. Their evaluation was evaluated with active tectonics index (IAT). In order to evaluate the relationship between faults and landslide risk, first a map of faults and maps of factors affecting landslides were prepared by processing satellite images of Landsat 8 sensor and ENVI software and field observations. Then, using the information value model, landslide hazard map of the basin was prepared and combined with the fault map and the relationship between faults and landslide risk in ArcGIS. 10.3 environment was reviewed. The results of calculating the relative active tectonics indices show that 77.77% of the basin is tectonically active in the active class and in the information value model 55.55% of the occurrence of landslides is in the range of high instability risk. Distance coefficients from faults in both positive models and most landslides occurred at a distance of less than 1000 meters and due to active tectonics there is a significant relationship between faults and areas with high landslide risk in the basin. The results showed that the information value model has better performance for landslide risk zoning. In general, diversity of lithology, topography, abundant national and local faults and climatic conditions can be mentioned as the most important factors in the occurrence and distribution of landslides.

The Ebrahim-Abad iron deposit, consisting of Paleozoic metamorphic rocks, Mesozoic plutonic bodies and metasomatic rocks, occurred in the northwest of Divandere and the Sanandaj- Sirjan structural zone.The metamorphic rocks including micaschist and marble are cut by plutonic intrusive rocks (granodiorite to milonitic and cataclastic granite). Mica schist and associated detrital sediments have been changed in the low- grade greenschist facies. Marbles and plutonic rocks have also undergone cataclastic metamorphism along shear zones. Metasomatic rocks are garnet- amphibolite to garnititic skarn composition crosscutting by magnetic veins. Iron mineralization as magnetite, chiefly occurred as lenses, veins and veinlets as well as dissimented grains. Massive, dissiminated, replacement, and network textures are the main textures of this deposit. Magnetite developed as amorphous, fine (less than 1 mm), or dissiminated. Chlorite, trermolite- actinolite, epidote, garnet, and quartz with minor clay minerals and calcite are the gangue minerals of the studied ore deposit. Iron oxide grade varies from 14 to 47 FeO%. Fe shows a negative correlation with S, and Si, Al, Mg, Mn, Ca, K oxides but positive correlation with Cr and Co. Ti/Ni+Cr and Ni/Cr diagrams point to the hydrothermal origin of the iron ore under study. The variations in the cobalt, nickel, vanadium, and titanium contents indicate that the skarn- hydrothermal origin of the Ebrahim- Abad iron deposit. It seems that the iron oxide remobilized by hot hydrothermal fluids originated from intrusive bodies and redeposited in marble, mica schist, greenschist, and skarn.

The Iranian plateau is part of the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt, which consists of several continental fragments separated from each other by major boundary faults and/or ophiolitic suture zones (Gansser, 1981). Generally, the tectonic evolution of Iran has been controlled by the opening and closure of the Proto-Tethys, Paleo-Tethys and the Neo-Tethys during the Precambrian-Cambrian, Paleozoic and Cenozoic, respectively.The study area is located in the northwest of Iran (the Kurdistan province) and 20 km northeast of the city of Saqez. This area is a part of the northern Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone (Aghanabati, 2005). This belt is response to opening and subduction of Neo-Tethyan oceanic crust beneath the Central Iran (Alavi, 1994). During Cretaceous-Tertiary eras, numerous granitoid bodies were formed in this belt. The Saheb granitoid is one of these granitoid bodies which mainly consists of monzogranite, quartz monzonite and quartz monzodiorite. The aim of this research study is to discuss the evolution of the Late Cretaceous-Early Paleocene Saheb granitoids in the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone based on geology, petrography and geochronology results.

In this study, 70 rock samples were collected from different types of intrusive rocks from which 30 thin sections were prepared for petrographic studies. Furthermore, four samples from the granitoid bodies (quartz monzonite, quartz monzodiorite and monzogranite) were selected for U-Pb dating. Approximately 100 to 150 zircon grains were hand-picked by a binocular microscope from each sample. Cathodo-luminescence imaging and dating of zircon grains were examined at the China University Geosciences (Wuhan branch). Geochronological analysis were performed by using the (LA)-ICP-MS method at the China University Geosciences (Wuhan branch). The detailed analytical method is presented in Liu et al. (2010a, 2010b).

Geology of the study area:

The Saheb granitoid body is located in the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone. According to the geological map of Chapan (scale: 1/100000, Kholghi khosraghi, 1999), the Precambrian to Quaternary units are exposed in the study area. The oldest units are the Kahar, Bayandor and Soltanieh Formations with Precambrian to Cambrian age. The Permian sediments, the Ruteh and Doroud Formations, include sandstone, shale and carbonate. The Jurassic units are found in the northwest of the region, and include sandstones and shale. The Cretaceous sedimentary units are located in the south of the study area. These sediments contain sandstone, limestone, silty-limestone, shale and dolomitic limestone. During Late Cretaceous-Early Paleocene era the Saheb granitoid intruded within the oldest units and caused Fe skarn type deposits in the Saheb area. The Saheb granitoid have been cut by a series of diabasic dikes.

The Saheb granitoid consists of several intrusive bodies containing quartz monzonite, quartz monzodiorite and monzogranite. The major minerals in the quartz monzodiorite consist of plagioclase (35- 40%), quartz (15- 20%), orthoclase (20- 25%), and mafic minerals such as biotite and amphibole (10-15%) with granular texture. The quartz monzonitic rocks show granular and poikilitic textures. Plagioclase (25- 35%), quartz, orthoclase (30- 40%), biotite and amphibole (10-15%) are the main important minerals in the quartz monzonite. Plagioclase (20-25%), quartz (20-30%), orthoclase (30-40%), biotite and amphibole (15%) are the major minerals in the monzogranite.Zoning in zircon crystals from all four samples is well developed representing their magmatic origin (Hancar and Miller, 1993). Measurements of U-Pb in the Saheb granitoid zircon grains of quartz monzonite samples show their ages to be 62.03±0.56 Ma and 58.9±0.9 Ma. The age of monzogranite is 67.9±1.3 Ma and the age of quartz monzodiorite is 61.1±0.56 Ma. Generally, the age of this granitoid body indicates that the Saheb granitoid has occurred during the Cretaceous- Paleocene time.

Based on field and microscopic studies, the Saheb granitoid bodies have been divided into three types of quartz-monzonite, quartz-monzodiorite and monzogranite. The field and mineralogical studies suggest that the Saheb granitoid is an I-type granitoid. The mineralogical variations in this granitoid suggest that the fractional crystallization has played an important role in differentiation of different compositional phases in the Saheb granitoid.According to the geochronological results, during Late Cretaceous to Early Paleocene, the Saheb granitoid intruded within the Permian and Cretaceous units in the magmatic-metamorphic Sanandaj-Sirjan zone. These granitoids were formed by subduction of Neo-Tethys Ocean beneath the Iranian plateau. It should be mentioned that the intrusion of these granitoids into the Permian carbonates and Cretaceous carbonate and shale caused formation of skarn type iron oxide mineralization.

Today, the energy sector has an important role in modern society, and a comprehensive understanding of its performance is needed not only to decide on domestic energy policies but also to develop sustainable economic policies. With more than 60 billion barrels of oil reserves and about 200 trillion cubic feet of natural gas, the Kurdistan region has attracted the attention of industrialized nations who need more energy of oil and natural gas. It is the eighth largest oil-producing region in the world that is divided into more than 57 oilfields. Considering the importance of this area and the vast environmental impacts of oil and gas, the purpose of this study was to identify the influential environmental factors in oil and gas policymaking.

The present study was applied research that used field evaluating and interviews with experts to obtain the required information. In this research, data were collected by the Delphi method and through a questionnaire. The SWOT & PESTLE model was used to analyze the information and identify the effective environmental factors in oil and gas policymaking.

According to the results of the internal factor evaluation matrix, the number of weaknesses was higher and the oil and gas industry and environmental experts gave it the highest score. Results also indicated that the oil and gas industries, although having different strengths and effectiveness, but weaknesses were more effective. Strengths such as the existence of vast oil and gas reserves in the Kurdistan region, the existence of relative democracy, the preservation of civil and political rights, economic development, and the growth of GNP and GDP, obtained the highest scores. On the other hand, deficiency in strategic planning and macroeconomic policies, lack of a coherent and robust management system in line with financial and contracts transparency, and the ineffectiveness of the tax and customs system were the weaknesses. Therefore, it can be concluded that the oil and gas industry, despite its normal growth and development, needs to use great strategies to prioritize environmental preservation, sustainable development, transparency, and management. Also, according to the results obtained in the external factors assessment matrix, it was observed that the oil and gas industries had more opportunities than threats. According to the scores given by experts, the most important opportunities and threats were the future energy needs of the world and the lack of political boundaries and connection to the free seas of the world.

It was observed that the strategic position of the oil and gas industries in the Kurdistan region was in the conservative strategies section (overcoming the opportunities points on threats and weaknesses on the strengths) with the approach of environmental protection and preservation policies to achieve sustainable development. Therefore, macro strategies are proposed in line with the current conditions for the development of oil and gas industries, and the presentation and implementation of environmental policies, so that we reduce the existing threats using existing opportunities and turn the weaknesses into strengths.

In this study, changes in flood characteristics due to the failure of Vahdat Dam (Gheshlagh) in areas where the cross section of the river has changed, because of human activities, were investigated. For this purpose, the HEC-RAS model was used to simulate the failure of the dam and the resulting flood flow. Data on the dam structures and flow of the Gheshlagh River in Kurdistan Province, on which the Vahdat Dam is located, were obtained from the Kurdistan Regional Water Company. Using the ArcMap software, after converting the digital elevation model (DEM) to a three-dimensional model (TIN), the required parameters and lines related to the cross sections on the river were drawn. This data was transferred to the HEC-RAS model. Through field studies, cross sections were corrected and Manning coefficient was measured in different zones. After preparing images of bridges and embankments along the flow path, the height of the bridge and the embankments in the flow path were measured using station GPS. The Grize Bridge and the location of the studied embankments in this study located 23 and 33 km downstream of the Vahdat Dam, respectively, were selected to investigate the changes in flood characteristics due to local narrowing. Changes in water height and width in the study areas were investigated. At the site of the Grize Bridge, the peak of flooding due to dam failure and water depth was 4773.79 m3/s and 10 m, respectively. These values ​​at the embankments were 4330.04 m3/s and 10.8 m, respectively. Comparing these numbers with the data calculated in the previous sections of these contracted sites indicates a significant reduction in the flow capacity.