جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "اسکوپولامین" در نشریات گروه "زیست شناسی"

In order to investigate the effect of humic acid foliar application on some morphological and phytochemical characteristics of Physalis peruviana L., a factorial experiment was carried out under complete randomized design with three replications at the research greenhouse of Nahavand Higher Education Complex in 2021. Experimental treatments included humic acid foliar application (0, 300, 600 mg.L-1) and harvesting stages (green fruit and red fruit). The results showed that the highest amount of fresh and dry weight of leaves created in the treatment of 600 mg.L-1 humic acid and first stage of harvesting (green fruit). The highest amount of fruit fresh weight was obtained in the treatment of 600 mg.L-1 of humic acid and in the second stage of harvesting (red fruit). Also, the highest amount of fruit dry weight and the number of leaves was obtained with the application of the highest amount of humic acid (600 mg.L-1) in the second stage of harvesting, which had not statistically significant different with the treatment of 300 mg.L-1 of humic acid. The highest amount of leaf scopolamine was obtained in the treatments of 600 mg.L-1 of humic acid and the first stage of harvesting, as well as the treatments of 300 and 600 mg.L-1 of humic acid and the second stage of harvesting. The highest amount of fruit scopolamine was obtained in the treatment of 600 mg.L-1 of humic acid and the first and second stages of harvesting. The highest amount of atropine was created in the leaf with the application of 600 mg.L-1 of humic acid and in the fruit with the application of 300 mg.L-1 of humic acid. In order to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers, prevent environmental pollution and achieve sustainable agricultural goals, it is suggested to use humic acid as an alternative to chemical fertilizers in field studies.

Scopolamine impairs memory by causing oxidative stress in brain cells, especially the cortex and hippocampus. Medicinal plants with various effective compounds can have antioxidant effects. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the methanolic extract of Zirfon plant on oxidative stress and working memory impairment induced by scopolamine in male Wistar rats. In this experimental study, thirty-six male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups of 6. The control group, Scopolamine group (1 mg/kg), Extract Group (300 mg/kg), and Extract groups 100, 225, and 300 mg/kg together with scopolamine which received extracts as gavage and scopolamine intraperitoneally for 10 days. After performing the behavioral test of the New Object Identification Test (NORT), hippocampal and cortex tissues were sampled to measure the activity of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Our results showed that injection of scopolamine reduces the discrimination index in NORT. The dose of 300 extracts had the highest effect, so even in its administration together with scopolamine, a significant (p<0.001) reduction in the number of working memory errors was created. Biochemical findings in hippocampus and Cortex Tissues showed that scopolamine decreased the activity of antioxidant enzymes (CAT and SOD) and increased the activity of AChE. Treatment with Zirofen extract restored the activity of SOD, CAT, and AChE. The results of this research indicate that Zirfon extract has a strengthening effect on working memory and generally exerts its effect through antioxidant activity.

Hyoscyamus reticulatus L. is a main source of tropane alkaloids, hyoscyamine and scopolamine. In the present study, hairy roots were prepared from two-weekly cultures of cotyledon transformed by A7 strain of Agrobacterium rhizogenes. The effect of different concentrations of Fusarium graminearum extract (0, 5, 10 and 20 mg/L) at different exposure times (24, 48 and 72 hours) on growth rate, antioxidant enzymes activity, total phenol, tropane alkaloids contents and expression level of Hyoscyanamine-6-beta-hydroxylase (h6h) gene were investigated. Data analysis results showed that fresh and dry weight under influence of high concentrations of Fusarium fungus extract was reduced. The activity of antioxidant enzymes including catalase, guaiacol peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase as well as total phenol content in treated hairy roots was enhanced compared to control. GC analysis showed that the highest levels of hyoscyamine and scopolamine (27.5 and 40.41% respectively) were found in 5 and 10 mg of elicitor at 48 h exposure time. RT-PCR expression analysis results revealed that the highest expression of this gene was obtained in Fusarium fungus extract (10 mg/l) at 48 h exposure time. Based on these results, it is concluded that the Fusarium graminearum elicitor can be used as an effective stimulant for the production of secondary metabolites, including tropane alkaloids.

Depression is still one of challenging, and widely encountered disorders with complex etiology. The role of healthy diet and oleuropein in ameliorating depression has been claimed. This study was designed to explore the effects of oleuropein on depression induced by scopolamine. In the present study, 35 male mice were randomly assigned to five groups (n=7). The control group received normal saline. The Sco group received intraperitoneal scopolamine at a dose of 1 mg/ kg for three weeks. The treatment groups received oleuropein in three doses of 5, 10, and 20 mg/ kg. At the end of the behavioral tests, blood samples and brain tissues of the animals were removed for determination of biochemical tests. Results show that in groups receiving oleuropein at doses of 10 and 20 mg/ kg, the duration of immobility significantly reduced compared to the scopolamine group. Prescribing oleuropein at a dose of 10 mg/kg significantly reduced the level of nitric oxide (NO) in serum and brain tissue. Oleuropein shows significant anti-depressant effects in mice receiving a scopolamine, possibly due to its antioxidant activity.

 Nowadays, the use of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacter (PGPR) as a biofertilizers is one of the ways to improve growth and phytochemical characteristics of medicinal plants. This study was carried out as a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in the research farm of the Institute of Medicinal Plants - ACECR in 2017.The growth-promoting bacteria as a first factor were non-inoculation, Pseudomonas, Azotobacter, Pseudomonas + Azotobacter, and Thiobacillus + Sulfur. The chemical fertilizers as a second factor were no fertilizer or control, 50% recommended fertilizer and 100% recommended fertilizer. At flowering stage, the alkaloids were extracted by using chloroform, methanol and ammonia solvents. The amount of atropine and scopolamine was measured by High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The biological and chemical fertilizers, as well as their interaction effect had significant effect (p<0.01) on growth traits, atropine and scopolamine content of leaf and root. The maximum biological yield was observed in Pseudomonas with 100% of recommended fertilizer. The highest amount of leaves atropine and scopolamine was related to Pseudomonas with 50% fertilizer and non-biofertilizer treatment with 50% recommended fertilizer, respectively. The highest amount of root atropine was related to Pseudomonas without chemical fertilizer application. The highest content of root scopolamine was observed in treatment of Pseudomonas with 100% recommended. Therefore, the highest biological yield and the amount of atropine in leaves and roots, as well as the scopolamine content of the root were obtained using Pseudomonas application.

Datura (Datura stramonium) is known as a rich source of tropane alkaloids, including scopolamine and hyoscyamine as parasympatholytics that competitively antagonize acetylcholine. Production of secondary metabolites often occurs in plants against the various elicitors or signal molecules. In this study, the effect of yeast extract as a biotic elicitor on tropane alkaloid production was evaluated. Surface-sterilized Datura seeds were cultured on 1/2 MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of yeast extract (0, 1.5, and 3g/L). One month after germination, alkaloid yield of Datura plantlets was measured by the use of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Also, total protein content and antioxidative enzymes activity were determined by spectrophotometry method. According to the results, the fresh weight of root and shoot parts of Datura plantlets at 1.5g/L yeast extract was increased about 2 and 4 times, respectively. Yeast extract (1.5g/L) caused to 1.7 times increase of hyoscyamine amount of root and shoot parts and 2.5 folds scopolamine of Datura plantlets. Moreover, on yeast extract (1.5g/L)-treated plantlets, total protein content, and activity of catalase and guaiacol peroxidase were almost the same as the control group. Altogether, yeast extract (1.5g/L) can be used as a good candidate for enhancement production of tropane alkaloids especially hyoscyamine and scopolamine with high medicinal value.

Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) is a perennial herbaceous plant of the Solanaceae family that like to other plants of this family such as Atropa and Datura produces pharmaceutical tropane alkaloids hyoscyamine and scopolamine. These medicinal valuable compounds have anticholinergic effects, and antispasmodic and sedative properties. One of the most cost-effective strategies to increase production of active compounds in medicinal plants is the application of the biotic and abiotic elicitors. In this study, the effect of Piriformospora indica and Yarrowia lipolytica on the growth and production of tropane alkaloids and also antioxidant enzymes activity was investigated. Henbane plantlets were placed in two mediums with fungus or yeast for two weeks. The results showed that the growth and antioxidant enzymes activities were increased in plants that were treated with fungus and yeast in compare with control plantlets. Hyoscyamine content in shoot and scopolamine content in both root and shoot of the fungus treated plantlets were significantly increased in comparison to control. Also, the amount of scopolamine in roots and especially shoots of treated plants with yeast was significantly elevated in comparing with control. Therefore, P. indica and Y. lipolytica, can be used as appropriate biotic elicitors, for increasing biomass and pharmaceutical secondary metabolites in Henbane.

Physalis divaricata D. Don.is a medicinal plant belonging to Solanaceae family. It consists of different tropane alkaloids, especially atropine, scopolamine, and physalin. In this study, P. divaricata was cultivated at greenhouse conditions in the field experimental of Islamic Azad University of Shahrekord. So various parts of plant, including root, stem, leaf, fruit, and flower at the late flowering stage were harvested in Spring 2015 and then the ethanolic extracts of the samples were obtained by soxhlet extraction method. The contents of atropine, scopolamineand physalin B were measured by calculating the curve of HPLC with three replications. The comparison results at the 5% level indicated that the fruits extract had the highest content of physalin B, the highest content of atropine was reported from the leaves extract and the highest content of scopolamine was reported from the flower extract. In conclusion, the main source of the secondary metabolites seemed to be a difference in type parts of the herb.

Datura stramonium as a well-known medicinal plant is rich in tropane alkaloids such as hyoscyamine and scopolamine and currently the vast majority of the studies have been focused on optimization of production conditions of these valuable materials in the world. In this research, the effect of sucrose (15, 30 and 45 g/L) as an abiotic elicitor was investigated on fresh weight (FW), hyoscyamine and scopolamine production, protein content, activity of catalase (CAT) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) of D. stramonium. The amount of hyoscumine and scopolamine were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and spectrophotometery method was applied for studying of total protrin content and activity of CAT and GPX. According to the results, the highest amount of fresh weight (0.82 g), production of hyoscyamine (5 mg/g FW), scopolamine (20 mg/g FW) and CAT activity (0.5 U/mg protein) were recorded on the root of 45 g/L-treated plantlets but the highest amount of protein (0.24 mg/g FW) was observed on shoot of 30 g/L ones. In addition, the maximum GPX activity was determined on root of plantlests treated with 30 g/L sucrose (1.52 U/mg protein). In conclude, the concentration of 45 g/L of sucrose can be a good elicitor to increase production of hyoscyamine and scopolamine with high medicinal value in D. stramonium which probably due to the fact that sucrose does not only act as a carbon and energy source but also induces signaling pathway of tropane alkaloids synthesis.

Previous studies show that ethanol and scopolamine induce amnesia and state-dependent learning. Based on these findings, in the present study, the effect of ethanol on scopolamine induced amnesia and state-dependent learning has been evaluated in the elevated plus-maze task. In this experimental study we used adult male NMRI mice. Mice were anaesthetized and cannulae implanted bilaterally in the CA1 regions of the dorsal hippocampus using stereotaxic method. Seven days after recovery from surgery, the effect of ethanol on scopolamine amnesia and state dependent learning in mice was examined. Pre-training intra-CA1 injection of scopolamine induced amnesia. Pre-test administration of scopolamine or ethanol restored amnesia induced by pre-training scopolamine. Pre-test injection of ethanol by itself impaired memory but potentiated the reversal effect of pre-test scopolamine on amnesia induced by pre-training scopolamine. These results show that ethanol could influence scopolamine state-dependent learning in the dorsal hippocampus. Furthermore, the data proposed a cross state-dependent learning between ethanol and scopolamine in the mouse dorsal hippocampus.

Adrenergic and cholinergic systems of the brain play an important role in learning and memory. Previous studies indicate that scopolamine impair inhibitory avoidance memory and induce state-dependent learning. In the present study, the effects of β1-adrenoceptor antagonist on scopolamine state-dependent learning were examined in rat dorsal hippocampus. In this experimental study 155 adult male rats were anaesthetized and cannulae implanted bilaterally in the CA1 regions of the dorsal hippocampus using stereotaxic method. Seven days after recovery from surgery, the behavioral testing was started in inhibitory avoidance task. In this study Scopolamine as muscarininc receptor antagonist and atenolol as β1-adrenergic receptor antagonist were used. Pre-training intra-CA1 injection of scopolamine (1.5 and 3 µg/rat) impaired inhibitory avoidance memory. Amnesia produced by pre-training scopolamine was reversed by pre-test administration of the same dose of scopolamine that is due to a state-dependent effect. Pre-test intra-CA1 injection of atenolol (0.09 μg/rat) also impaired inhibitory avoidance memory. Furthermore, pre-test injection of atenolol (0.09 μg/rat) 2 min before the administration of scopolamine inhibited scopolamine state-dependent memory. It can be concluded that the β1-adrenergic receptors of dorsal hippocampus may play an important role in scopolamine state-dependent learning.

Atropa belladonna، a member of Solanaceae family، is a very important pharmaceutical plant. Its roots are composed of significant amount of important alkaloids atropine and scopolamin. In this study the effect of different concentrations (0، 0. 01 and 0. 1 mM) of salicylic acid as a signal molecule was evaluated on gene expression levels of hyocyamin 6-β hydroxylase (H6H) and putrescinN-methyl transferase (PMT) in the hairy roots and plantlet. Expression level of these genes was evaluated by semi quantitative RT-PCR. The results showed that different concentrations of salicylic acid have different effects on gene expression levels. Isozymes of PMT and H6H in different organs and in response to the concentrations of salicylic acid were differentially expressed. H6H and PMT2 genes expression were increased at 0. 01mM in the hairy roots. Expression of PMT2 in the roots was increased at 0. 01mM. But the level of gene expression in shoot was not significantly affected.

Atropine and scopolamine are two important tropane alkaloids, widely use as anticholinergic drugs. Such as most solanaceae plants, Atropa belladonna produces these two tropane alkaloids. Carbohydrates are not only act as carbon sources for solanaceus plants in vitro cultures, but also have some effects as signal molecules on tropane alkaloids metabolism. Effect of sorbitol, mannitol and sucrose on growth, chlorophyll, hyoscyamine and scopolamine contents, and hyoscyamine 6- beta hydroxylase (H6H) gene expression, investigated. These treatments decreased the growth of plantlets but increased chlorophyll, hyoscyamine and scopolamine contents. The treatments increase h6h gene expression in different organs of Atropa belladonna plantlets. There was an agreement between h6h expression pattern and scopolamine contents.

Behavioural studies have suggested interactions between cholinergic and glutamatergic systems. In the present study, the effect of intra-VTA pretest administration of a nonselective muscarinic acetylcholine antagonist, scopolamine, glutamatergic drugs and their interaction on inhibitory avoidance response was investigated.Rats were anesthetized with intra-peritoneal injection of ketamine hydrochloride, plus xylazine and then placed in a stereotaxic apparatus. Also, two stainless-steel cannuale were placed in the ventral tegmental area. A step-through inhibitory avoidance task was used for memory assessment in male Wistar rats. The drug injected 5 min before testing and the step-through latency was measured with a stopwatch as inhibitory avoidance memory.The results showed that intra-VTA pretest administration of scopolamine (3 and 4 μg/rat) and NMDA receptor antagonist, MK-801 (1 and 2 μg/rat) impair memory retention. Interestingly, co-administration of an ineffective dose of MK801 (0.5 μg/rat) with ineffective doses of scopolamine (1 and 2 μg/rat) significantly decreased the inhibitory avoidance memory. Although pretest intra-VTA injections of NMDA (0.001 and 0.01 μg/rat) had no effect by itself,but its co-administration with scopolamine (4 μg/rat) prevented the decreasing effect of scopolamine on inhibitory avoidance memory retention.Our data may indicate that muscarinic and NMDA receptors in the VTA may be involved in the mechanism(s) modulating inhibitory avoidance memory retention through the VTA dopaminergic projections.

In the present study, the effects of muscarinic agents on WIN55, 212-2 induced state-dependent memory of passive avoidance task were examined in mice. One-trial step-down paradigm was used for the assessment of memory retention in adult male NMRI mice. Post-training intra-CA1 administration of cannabinoid receptor agonist, WIN55, 212-2 (0.5 and 1 µg/mouse) decreased the memory retrieval. Amnesia induced by post-training WIN55, 212-2 (1µg/mouse) was significantly reversed by pre-test administration of WIN55,212-2 (0.5, 1μg/mouse, intra-CA1), and induced WIN55, 212-2-state-dependent memory. Administration of scopolamine (4 µg/mouse) but not physostigmine (0.25, 1 and 4 µg/mouse) intra-CA1, 5 min before test by itself decreased the memory retrieval. On the other hands, the animals in which retrieval was impaired, due to WIN55, 212-2 (1µg/mouse) post-training administration, pre-test administration of physostigmine (1 and 4 µg/mouse) and scopolamine (4 µg/mouse) intra-CA1 24 hr after train in day’s test restored, memory retrieval. Furthermore animals under influence of post-training administration of WIN55, 212-2 (1µg/mouse), pre-test co-administration of non-effective doses of WIN55, 212-2 (0.25 µg/mouse) and scopolamine (1 µg/mouse), increased the restoration of memory by the WIN55, 212-2. These findings may implicate the involvement of muscarinic receptor in state-dependent memory induced by intra-CA1 administration of the WIN55, 212-2.