جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "الکتروفورز" در نشریات گروه "زیست شناسی"

In this study, the effects of drought stress and paclobutrazol on Anethum graveolans L. were investigated. The experiment was carried out as a factorial based on a completely randomized design with three replications in a greenhouse. Some growth and biochemical characteristics of dill under drought stress (irrigation-based) at three levels (30%, 50% and 70% field capacity) and paclobutrazol at two concentrations (20 and 40 mg/L) were investigated. Drought stress caused a significant reduction in the fresh and dry weight and length of both stem and root, as well as the contents of photosynthetic pigments and proteins, whereas this stress induced reduced sugar and proline content and catalase activity. Although fresh and dry weight and length of stem decreased in plants treated with paclobutrazol, paclobutrazol treatment significantly increased the root growth parameters and the contents of pigments and proteins in relation to drought stress and paclobutrazol treatment. In plants treated with paclobutrazol, the content of sugars, proline and catalase activity were significantly higher compared to non-treated plants and controls (P≤0/05). Moreover, the patterns of protein expression were different. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed a protein with a molecular weight of 11 KD under severe stress conditions and treatment with 40 mg/L paclobutrazol. This protein probably has a major role in dill resistance to drought and the stress amelioration effect of paclobutrazol.

S-layer proteins of Deinococcus radiodurans are the best self-assemble systems among other proteins that have an essential role in the fabrication of nanowires. Therefore, the purification of these proteins is necessary. The purpose of this research was to optimize the purification of s-layer protein from D. radiodurans with the response surface method. The three factors of SDS concentration, incubation time and mass percent in five levels were considered, and 20 runs were designed by Design-Expert software with a central composite method. Each run includes microbe culture, mass cell preparation, microbe incubation in specific SDS concentration and time and mass percent, separation of the bacteria from detergent with a centrifuge at 5000g, sedimentation of s-layer proteins from detergent solution with a centrifuge at 20000g, determination of protein concentration, and protein purity by Bradford and SDS-PAGE methods, respectively. Finally, the data obtained were analyzed.  Analysis of the results demonstrated that at the 95% confidence level, the effect of the detergent concentration factor on the purified protein percent was more than other factors. The optimization results of factors are 5.64% SDS concentration, 7.33% mass percent, and 3 hours incubation time. At optimized conditions the protein concentration and purity percent were obtained 0.584 mg/ml and 47.61% respectively.

To evaluate the production of beta-carotene, traits and patterns of protein band in D. salina microalgae in the presence of colchicine, after microalgae cultivation, colchicine treatments randomized design concentrations of 0, 0.05 and 0.1 and 0.2% Volumetric weight was applied. Changes in growth and beta-carotene, chlorophyll A, B and total and carotenoids produced by spectrophotometer measurements, as well as electrophoresis on SDS-PAGE analysis was used to investigate the protein patterns. The results showed that concentrations of colchinicine did not result in significant differences in protein pattern in 11 samples and it just affacted the production of certain proteins.. While this treatment causes a difference in beta-carotene, chlorophyll A, B, total carotenoids and growth. Beta-carotene is the most important metabolites increased in all concentrations of colchicine. Treatment increased the carotenoids, chlorophyll A, B, and total while reduced growth. So the treatment of colchicine reduced the growth and increase the production of beta-carotene, chlorophyll A, B, total  and carotenoids is in Dunaliella. While no significant effect on the pattern of protein expression. Therefore , it can be concluded that using treatment of colchicine will be useful in beta-carotene productions.

In order to investigate the interaction effects of cadmium as a heavy metal and salicylic acid as an antioxidant and anti-stress substance on sunflower plants, sunflower seeds were washed with distilled water after disinfection with 1% sodium hypochlorite solution and were planted in pots containing sandy soil in a growth chamber with a temperature of 34 ℃ during the day and 25 ℃ at night, and 16/8 hours of light/dark photoperiod. This research was performed as a factorial completely randomized design with four replications under greenhouse conditions. Sunflower plants were exposed to cadmium chloride treatment (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 µM) at two-leaf stage on a weekly basis. One week after cadmium treatment, plant leaves were sprayed with salicylic acid (0, 250 and 500 µM). After harvesting the plants, cadmium concentrations in roots and shoots were measured. Then, antioxidant enzymes were assayed. Total protein content of leaf samples was extracted and the pattern of leaf protein changes was investigated by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. Cadmium concentration in roots and shoots increased with increasing cadmium and salicylic acid treatment. Catalase enzyme activity decreased with increasing cadmium concentration, and salicylic acid had a very small effect on its activity. The activity of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase enzymes increased with increasing cadmium concentration while increasing salicylic acid concentration reduced the activity of these enzymes. Leaf protein electrophoresis under cadmium and salicylic acid treatments showed differences in leaf protein intensity compared with control plants. The expression of some proteins was increased or decreased in the treated plants. Therefore, cadmium and salicylic acid treatments made changes in the amount of cadmium uptake, antioxidant enzymes activity, and the pattern of sunflower leaf proteins.

The use of various molecular techniques to improve plants and fungi requires high quality DNA extraction. In most plant and fungal DNA isolation methods, common techniques that are used include the use of CTAB, enzymes (such as proteinase K), toxic solvents (such as phenol), liquid nitrogen, SDS, or the use of DNA extraction kits each have their own advantages and disadvantages. In most DNA extraction procedures, it is necessary to use liquid nitrogen to make powdered plant or fungi material. It is recommended that no liquid nitrogen be used in closed spaces because its evaporation causes an increase in nitrogen levels in the air, resulting in a decrease in oxygen that can cause headaches, anesthesia or even death. Contact with liquid nitrogen causes severe burns, which can lead to death of organs or even death. On the other hand, the sample of the fungus or plant should be transferred to the laboratory in an ice box, which requires a sample transfer equipment and refrigerator at -40 ° C. In this research, after collecting leave of wheat and Rhizoctonia solani samples, we first put them in unopened paper bags at a temperature of 25 to 30 ° C in the oven and dried. Two type extraction buffers were prepared and extraction of heredity materials from the samples was done according to the instructions provided and its quantity and quality was evaluated using spectrophotometric apparatus and using ISSR primers by polymerase chain reaction, respectively. The method presented in this study is a fast, secure, economic and simple approach. This instruction is very useful for isolating DNA from leaves of species of cereals and fungal species similar to rhizoctonia. The results showed that the quality and quantity of extracted DNA was high and its multiplication was very well.

This experiment was conducted to study three types of Ruminal degradability of protein whey powder brands with product Shyzr Gloshad Mashhad Food Industries (WP1), whey powder brand Nasr Dalia (WP2) and whey powder product Khorasan Pegah (WP3 ) with 2 Holstein male calves with Ruminal fistula .first, The chemical properties include: moisture, ash, fat, lactose and protein were measured. Later, using Tris buffer samples were extracted proteins and the extracted proteins were determined electrophoresis. For nylon bag technique, the amounts of 5 gram of whey powder samples were placed inside the bag. Incubation times were: 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48 and 72 hours. Gel electrophoresis showed that the major protein in whey powder consisted of β- lactoglobulin .lactalbumin, bovine serum albumin and immunoglobulin. These proteins are respectively 50, 20, 10 and 10 percent of total whey proteins in powder form nylon bag  Results showed that at 0, 2, 4 and 48 hours incubation, WP1 and WP2 and 72 hours incubation, WP2 highest amount of protein degradability (p<0.05). At the same time, results also showed that WP1 the highest of soluble protein amount and WP2 highest of protein effective degradability in rumen (p<0.05). It is also, WP1 and WP2 samples had the highest rate of degradability in 0.20 per hour (p<0.05). This study showed the highest effective Ruminal degradability of protein whey powder samples related to WP2, WP1, respectively.

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is one of the most important edible oil grains of legume in the world, that understanding the genetic variation among its varieties in choosing the variation and transferring the useful genes is valuable.To study the genetic relationships and diversity of peanut varieties, 10 varieties of peanuts were planted in a research farm in Lasht-Nesha (Guilan) in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2016. After harvesting the seeds peanut varieties, soluble protein was performed by the Bradford method and SDS-PAGE electrophoresis of seed proteins. In survey of the soluble protein, a local variety of Guilan (Goli) was in group A alone Separately, than the other varieties. Analysis of protein bands with Total lab software showed 17 bands visible on the vertical gel. The highest level of expression of protein was band 11 with a molecular weight of 26 kDa were observed in all genotypes. Cluster analysis of protein bands by Ward method and cut it in 50% similarity, divided genotypes in four groups. Genotypes 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 in the first group, genotypes 3, 4 and 5 in the second group and genotypes 1 and 2 were separately in groups third and fourth. In general, the results showed that enough diversity in the seed proteins was observed among peanut varieties.

Trichoderma species have been famous for production of cellulases with relatively high enzymatic activity. However, attempts to use their cellulolytic enzymes in the bioconversion of cellulosic wastes have not been successful because of high cost of production and low enzymatic yields. This study aimed to obtain gamma-induced mutants of T. viride with enhanced extracellular cellulase production. Spore suspensions were exposed to γ-rays at 250 Gy as optimum dose. After irradiation, all germinated spores were grown onto PDA plates and mutant strains with better sporulation were selected and subcultured five times to test their stability. Cellulase activity was tested using Whatman No. 1 filter paper, carboxymethyl cellulose, avicel, bacterial cellulose and walseth cellulose according to the IUPAC recommendation. Extracellular proteins profiles of mutant strains were studied via SDS-PAGE. The maximum activity of total cellulase and avicelase were observed in the isolate of M21 (92.43 and 74.40 U/mg, respectively) and maximum endo-glucanase activity was observed in M18 mutant. The results of this study showed that the application of gamma ray led to a significant increase in Cellulose activity of 38 percent of mutant strains. Thus, this method could be used as a simple and efficient way to achieve strains with the ability to produce high levels of enzymes and other biological metabolites.

Alpha-glucose oxidase, amylase and glucose oxidase, as part of digestive enzymes are the most important proteins in the milk glands of forager bees and expressed with three other proteins as the main protein for the production of royal jelly in worker bees. According to expression of proteins in different ages, effect on production of honey and royal jelly, the aim of this study was to investigate these changes. The proteins extracted from milk glands with four methods of tris, phosphate, tri-chloro acetic acid and phenol and stained with three methods included Cumasi Brilliant Blue R-250, Brilliant Blue G-250 and Silver nitrate. After determining the best method of extraction and staining, protein concentrations were be equal by Bradford method and their expressions were evaluated at five age period of birth, 5, 10, 15 and 20 days. The results showed that the highest protein expression involved in royal jelly of milk glands, corresponding to 10 days of age and the lowest protein expression was in 20 days. The highest expression level of proteins involved in honey production was in glucose oxidase, at 20 days and the lowest expression in amylase protein and glucose oxidase at the ages of birth, 5 and 10 days. Most of the major royal jelly protein expression was related to the ages of 5 and 10 days. The results show that there were large differences in the expression of these proteins in different ages that can affect the quality and quantity of honey and royal jelly.

This experiment was laid out in order to study on effect of natural storage and accelerated ageing on quantity and quality changes in storage proteins and catalase enzyme in chickpea seeds (Cicer arietinum L.) in Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resource seed laboratory at 2015. Experiment was in complementary randomized design arrangement with four replications. Treatments were 2 and 4 years natural storage and 1-5 days of accelerated ageing with control treatment. After treatments performance, traits such as germination percentage, germination rate, seedling dry weight, seed vigor index, soluble protein, protein carbonylation, protein electrophoretic pattern and catalase activity and their present in gel was investigated. The results showed that, with increasing of accelerated ageing level and storage duration, germination percentage and rate, seedling dry weight and seed vigor index were decreased. Soluble protein decreased and protein carbonylation decreased as ageing level increased that this procedure in4 and 5 days of accelerated ageing was higher than natural storage treatments. Results of SDS-PAGE pattern of chickpea seed proteins showed that there are not significant difference between accelerated ageing and control but in 4 years natural storage treatment deleted a light and 9.9 kDa protein band. This protein band was recovered after 4, 8 and 12 h imbibition of seeds. Catalase enzyme activity was higher in control treatment and increasing of accelerated ageing until 3 days catalase activity was increased then decreased. Decreasing of catalase enzyme activity in 4 and 5 accelerated ageing treatments was higher than natural storage treatments. Native-PAGE results showed that there is one catalase activity band in chickpea. With increase of accelerated ageing and natural storage catalase band intensity was reduced that indicates the reduction of enzyme presence in the above treatments and supporting the enzyme activity in different ageing treatments. Results of the present study showed accelerated ageing and natural storage changed seed storage proteins quality and quantity and reduces catalase activity. These factors related to reduction of seed vigor and germination percentage and rate and seedling dry weight that this reduction in severe accelerated ageing was higher than natural storage.

Coumarins are regarded as a class of plant secondary metabolites of phenyl propanoid group distributed in Apiaceae family. The simple coumarin is the first compound of the class. In the present work, allelopathic potential of coumarin on Lactuca sativa cv.siahoo from physiological and biochemical aspects, was investigated. At first stage, the effects of different concentration of the compound on some growth parameters of the plant such as seed germination, radicle and gemmule growth were studied. After determination of the compound optimal concentration, the germinated seeds of lettuce were cultured in peat contained pots and then were watered with Hoagland nutrition solution enriched with 2 and 10 µg/mL of coumarin. After plant growth, the effects of coumarin on some physiological and biochemical parameters were evaluated. Our results showed that lettuce seed germination was reduced by coumarin in a dose dependent manner. At the concentration of 1mg/mL the germination was inhibited entirely. Radicle and gemmule growth, fresh and dry weight of roots and aerial parts of treated plants and SPAD chlorophyll significantly reduced by coumarin treating, as well as. However, no significant difference was recorded in chlorophyll florescence between control and coumarin treated plants. The specific activity of some antioxidant enzymes like catalase, protease and poly phenol oxidase were increased in treated plants than control, however, the activity of ascorbate peroxidase was decreased. Total protein decrease and quantitative and qualitative changes in electrophoretic pattern of aerial parts proteins were observed in treated group than control, as well as. It was concluded that coumarin as an allochemical afected lettuce of different physiological and biochemical aspects. The plant response to the stress as allochemical stress is similar to some abiotic stress such as drought or salinity.

The genus Salvia (Lamiaceae) comprises over 900 species in the world, with a relatively wide dispersion in the Iran’s flora. Until now, about 58 species of the genus have been reported and identified in Iran, in which 17 of them were endemic. In order to study, investigate and evaluate the intraspecific diversity, similarity and dissimilarity among Iranian Salvia officinalis accessions, an experiment was carried out using SDS-PAGE technique. In this study, the seeds from five accessions were collected from gene bank and were evaluated. The seed storage proteins were extracted by buffers and were measured. Phylogenetic relationships were analyzed according to presence and absence of bands on the gel. A dendrogram was prepared using calculation of the accession’s similarity index. Mean comparison were done by Tukey’s test. The seed protein contents showed significant differences (p≤0.01) among accessions. A total of 39 bands were indicated on the gel. The maximum diversity was detected in the accession No. 2 while, the lowest band’s number were recorded with the accessions No. 1 and 5. Based on dendrogram, the accessions were divided into two groups; one includes accession No. 1 and 4 other accessions were located in the second group further classified into two subgroup including accessions No. 2 and 3 in one clade and accessions No. 4 and 5 in the other ones.

The country Iran is one of the most important centers for diversity of the genus Verbascum. This study was carried out to determinate intraspecific diversity of the V. speciosum populations collected from East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan, Kordestan, Kermanshah and Hamedan provinces. With using the D.S.S. method seventeen special habitats were determined for V. speciosum and floristic-ecologic data collected from each special habitat. Seed storage proteins were subjected for electrophoresis studies. In the survey of all special stations, 109 plant species were distinguished as associated species. As the result of analysis of floristic data, as floristic marker, four groups were determined that this grouping is distinguished the existence of intraspecific diversity in V. speciosum. Analysis of ecologic data was also confirmed the above mentioned grouping. The analysis of seed storage protein banding pattern showed four quite obvious groups. In the survey of electrophoresis pattern, existence of differences regarding number and density of the protein bands indicating existence of intraspecific diversity in the populations of V. speciosum. Therefore in this species, the grouping that introduced with floristic marker, mostly confirmed also with ecological and electrophoresis markers. This means that floristic grouping can only be used as a cost-effective and efficient method for studying of intraspecific diversity.

Ecotourism and ecological and conservational importance of Hyrcanian forests are among the most important reasons for studying arboreal species of Hyrcanian forests. The main purpose of this study is to explore genetic diversity of
Carpinus orientalis in the study area; north of Iran, by using of morphological and SDS-PAGE of the seed storage proteins patterns. Seed samples were collected from different populations of provinces, Gilan, Mazandaran, Golestan and Khorassan-e-Shomali. The morphological studies performed by 28 characteristics analysis. Seed proteins extracted by Tris-Glycine buffer and then total protein quantified by Bradford assay and protein pattern of the populations was determined by SDS-PAGE technique. Morphological and bands electrophoresis patterns data were analyzed by PAST software. Results showed that, SDS-PAGE electrophoresis pattern of populations have 10 band polymorphisms. The maximum numbers of bands are related to Chalus and Kiasar populations, in the Mazandaran, and minimum numbers of bands are related to Chichal populations, in the Guilan. Resulted clusters from morphological and seed storage protein were different forms. Furthermore, the speed of morphological and genetic changes are not comparable.

Prosopis (Fabaceae) is one of Mimosoideae genera with 4 native and cultivated taxa with edible and forage importance in Iran. Seeds of Mesquite comprise a great amount of protein and sugar compounds. In this project electrophoretic characteristics of seed proteins of four species of Prosopis in Iran as P. cineraria، P. farcta، P. juliflora and P. koelziana were studied by collecting five accessions from nature. The aim of this study was to define the diagnostic value of seed protein electrophoretic data in species separation and taxonomy in Iran. By use of SDS-PAGE method totally 22 bands were achieved. Data was analyzed and evaluated by multivariate statistical methods. It is the first seed protein electrophoretic study for Prosopis species in Iran and for P. farcta (both varieties) and P. koelziana in the world. Seed storage protein profiles were studied and species separation was confirmed. Seed stored Albumin was studied for the first time in Prosopis farcta var. farcta، P. farcta var. glabra and P. juliflora. There were differences in electrophoretic profiles of two varieties. P. juliflora represented a separate position from other taxa. P. koelziana show more similarities to P. juliflora in seed storage protein profiles. Diagnostic value of electrophoretic data is discussed.

Saffron (Crocus sativus l.), member of Iridaceae which was used as spice and also in medicine. An investigation was set up in order to select suitable samples to improve saffron production. The activities and isoforms of antioxidant enzymes which were affected on H2O2/O2 ratio, that represented the potential of organogenesis was carried out by using electrophoresis and five different segments of saffron immature flora. The number of peroxidase isoforms which were specific-tissue and developmental stages that consumer of H2O2 and Superoxide dismutase which produce H2O2 from superoxide showed high ratio in ovary and low in perianth segments. Catalase was repressed by higher but responses by lower level of H2O2, acts versus peroxidase. The other Three enzymes, Polyphenoloxidase is specific-growth and represent defense system, Malatedehydrogenase, showed relationship between organs and their growth and also produced H2O2 and Estrase was specific- organization of tissue all gave us useful information to select right segments for our propose.

Chamomile (Anthemis sp) is an important medicinal plant in the world that is widely used today. In order to investigate the proxidase diversity of three species of Anthemis (A. pseudocotula، A. haussknechtti and A. triumfetti) nine population were studied. From eleven abserved- alleles، there were three rare alleles in A triumfetti species. Four private alleles were seen in pseudocutula and triumfetti species (in PXA and PXB locus). The higher and lower genetic distance were obtained between pseudocutula and triumfett and between triumfetti and haussknechtti respectively. Using principal components analysis. Result showed that the psudocutula had the most distance from other species and cluster analysis was performed in a separate cluster. There was no correlation between ecological data and genetic character but correlation between latitude and longitude with genetic characters was significant at the 1% level. Analysis of molecular variance among populations was 18% and within of the population each species was 44%.

The purpose of this study is evaluation of seven different varieties of soybean seeds cultivated in Iran based on seed storage protein patterns using SDS-PAGE method. First, total soluble protein extracted from seeds of seven different varieties of soybean cultivated in Iran including: GK, L17, Sari, 033, 032, Talar and Sahar were measured. The electrophoretic pattern of storage proteins of soybean seeds was evaluated by SDS_PAGE method. Relative density of protein bands was analyzed. Relationships among the seven varieties of soybeans were evaluated based on the presence or absence of protein bands and cluster analysis. Protein content of soybean seeds showed that total protein in only one variety decreased compared to other varieties. In this study, 11 polymorphic bands on a gel for evaluation of genetic variation were detected and analyzed. Differences in intensities of protein expression were observed among different genotypes. Relationships among the seven varieties of soybeans were studied based on protein patterns and the highest and lowest similarities among varieties were identified. The protein pattern of soybean seeds based on the presence or absence of protein bands can identify genetic variation and will also introduce specific protein markers that might be used to identify different varieties.

Identification and recognition of rice cultivars help to improve the nutritional quality of this product. In the present study، four rice cultivars including Lenjani، Feridonkenar، Tarom and Indian known as Sarashpaz were analyzed based on the electrophoresis pattern of Glutellin، Globulin، Albomin and Prolamin. Glutellin and globulins showed higher number of protein bands while prolamins had lower protein content as well as number of bands. The relationship among cultivars showed that، cultivars Lenjani and Ferindonkenar were very close to each other while cultivar Indian (Sarashpaz) had the higest distance and cultivar Tarom was somewhere in between.