جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « محلول پاشی » در نشریات گروه « زیست شناسی »

In order to investigate the effect of biochar and selenium on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) under cadmium stress, a factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design with three replications in greenhouse conditions during the years 2022. The experimental treatments include the use of cadmium chloride at three levels (0, 10 and 20 mg/kg), biochar at two levels (0 and 5% of soil) and foliar spraying with sodium selenate at two levels (0 and 20 mg/l). The results of this research showed that cadmium treatment of 20 mg/kg caused a decrease in fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, chlorophyll a, b and total, relative leaf water content and increased activity of superoxide dismutase enzyme and soluble sugar. Phenol increased up to the cadmium level of 10 mg/kg, but decreased at higher cadmium levels (20 mg/kg). By reducing the effect of cadmium stress, selenium and biochar treatments increased the fresh and dry weight of roots and shoots, chlorophyll content, relative leaf water content, and essential oil yield, and decreased the characteristics of superoxide dismutase enzyme activity, soluble sugar, and cadmium accumulation in roots and shoots. The highest amount of essential oil yield (16.93 mg/plant) and percentage of essential oil (0.44%) was observed in the combination treatment of biochar 5% by volume and selenium 20 mg/l. Biochar and selenium improved coriander traits by modulating the effect of cadmium stress.

The present study was conducted in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications to investigate the effect of elicitors on the morpho-physiological characters and essential oil quantity and quality of Satureja bachtiarica. Three irrigation regimes (3, 6, 9 day interval) in main plots and foliar application of organic (chitosan, salicylic acid, phenylalanine) and alcoholic elicitors (ethanol, methanol, acetone) with control level (without any spraying) in sub plots were done. According to obtained results, applied elicitors significantly influenced the morpho-physiological and phytochemical characters of S.bachtiarica. In two years, the highest chlorophyll content (1.37-1.41 mg.g-1FW) and total phenol content (2.34-2.51 mg.g-1FW) were obtained in chitosan (0.25 mg.l-1), ethanol (10 %) and phenylalanine (1 mg.l-1) treatments by irrigation regimes 3 and 6 day interval, respectively. The highest essential oil contents (1.61-1.59%) were obtained from the plants treated by chitosan (0.25 mg.l-1) and phenylalanine (1g.l-1) by irrigation regime 3 day interval. The most important chemical compounds that determine the quality of S.bachtiarica essential oil included alcoholic monoterpenes such as P-cymene (35.4-20.1 %), gamma-terpinene (17.74-6.71 %), Carvacrol (36.54-22.14 %), Alpha-terpinene (2.56-0.65 %), Germacrene-D (2.01-0.65 %) and Thymol (1.45-0.54 %) made the most components of essential oil plants. Foliar application of chitosan (0.25 mg.l-1), ethanol (10 %) and phenylalanine (1g.l-1) significantly increased the monoterpene alcohols compounds in essential oils of S.bachtiarica. Generally, the application of chitosan at 0.25 gr.l-1 can be a good strategy to improve morpho-physiological characters and essential oil quantity and quality of S.bachtiarica in same climate.

In order to study the effects of the application of two-plant growth regulators/proline on some physiological characteristics in fennel under water-deficit stress conditions, an experiment was conducted as a split-plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research farm, agricultural faculty of Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz-Iran, in 2019. Factors were three irrigation regimes (irrigation at the field capacity (I1), irrigation after depleting 65 (I2) and 85% (I3) of the available water capacity) as the main plot and four foliar spraying (control, exogenous application of methyl jasmonate, uniconazole and proline + triton X-100) as a subplot. Results indicated that the minimum relative water content, membrane stability index, chlorophyll a, b, total (chl.), carotenoids and maximum proline, total soluble sugars, and malondialdehyde contents in leaves were obtained from severe water-deficit stress conditions. Maximum membrane stability index, chlorophyll a, total (chl.), carotenoids, and total soluble sugars were related to plant growth regulator application, especially methyl jasmonate. Interaction effects revealed that physiological growth characteristics were significantly reduced in the control treatment (except for proline and total soluble sugars) compared to foliar spraying treatments by increasing water-deficit stress conditions in the soil. The spraying with methyl jasmonate had a better effect on reducing the effects of water deficit stress on the physiological characteristics of the fennel by regulating of internal reactions and induction of antioxidant defenses. Therefore, methyl jasmonate can be used in water-deficit stress conditions in arid and semi-arid areas and reduce its harmful effects on the fennel plants.

In this study, the effects of application of titanium dioxide nanoparticles under water deficit irrigation stress in the pre-flowering and grain filling stages on wheat were investigated. For this purpose, this plant was sprayed with %0.02 titanium dioxide in tillering and heading stages and some traits such as plant height, leaf area index, number of fertile tillers, number of seeds, 1000 seed weight, biological yield, harvest index, relative leaf water content, total chlorophyll content, proline and malondialdehyde content and ascorbate peroxidase as well as superoxide dismutase activity were examined. The results showed the positive effects of the application of these nanoparticles on the vegetative and reproductive growth of wheat under normal conditions and stress, so that under drought stress increased the number of fertile tillers, increased the number of seeds  and 1000 seed weight was compared with the non-application of nanoparticles under stress conditions.Under normal conditions and low irrigation stress, application of these nanoparticles during tillering had more favorable effects on vegetative and functional characteristics of the plant compared to the clustering time and increased wheat harvest index in drought conditions. On the other hand, the application of titanium nanoparticles effectively reduced the adverse effects of drought stress in the pre-flowering and grain filling periods whereas increased proline activity. Recent events have increased the ability of wheat to withstand drought stress.

Anthocyanins are important compounds in strawberry fruit quality. There are different genes involved in the production and accumulation of these metabolites. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of foliar application of iron, determine the optimal concentration and study its effect on the expression pattern of genes involved in the biosynthesis of anthocyanins of strawberry fruit of Camarossa cultivar during developmental stages. The experiment was factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. So that, first in a preliminary experiment strawberry plants were sprayed with 14% iron chelate at concentrations of 0, 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000, 1200, 1400, 1600, 1800, and 2000 µmol/L. Then properties were evaluated after foliar application. According to the results, fruits sprayed with iron at a concentration of 1400 μmol/L showed the highest level of total anthocyanin. Also, the application of selective concentrations of iron accelerated the ripening of fruits, which in the end, a concentration of 1400 μmol/L was considered as the optimal concentration. Increased expression of FaSUT1, FaMYB1, FaPAL, FaCHS genes and decreased expression of FaMYC1 gene in fruits treated with iron chelate 14% at a concentration of 1400 μmol/L can be a reason for increased accumulation of anthocyanins. Therefore, in order to produce strawberry greenhouses and cultivate them in a soilless environment, according to the results of this study, in order to increase anthocyanins contents, a concentration of 1400 μmol/L of iron can be suggested by foliar application.

In order to investigate the effect of foliar application of ascorbic acid on the activity of antioxidant enzymes in mung bean (Vigna radiate L.) under water-deficit stress, a field trial was performed in a split-plot design arranged in completely randomized block design with three replications in the Education and Research Center of Natural Resources Safiabad, Dezful during the two cultivation years (2017 and 2018). Four levels of water-deficit stress treatments were considered in the main plots (25, 50, 75, and 100% of plant water requirement) and combined treatment of foliar application of ascorbic acid in three levels (control, 10, and 20 mM) and genotype including Omidbakhsh VC6173 and Partow cultivars as subplots. The results of mean comparison showed that the highest levels of superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase were observed in water-deficit stress of 25% water requirement and no foliar application of ascorbic acid. The highest activity of catalase enzyme was observed under water-deficit stress of 50% water requirement and no foliar application of ascorbic acid. Also, the highest activity of guaiacol peroxidase enzyme was observed in Omidbakhsh VC6173 cultivar under water-deficit stress of 25% water requirement and no foliar application of ascorbic acid. The highest glutathione peroxidase activity was observed in VC6173 cultivar under water-deficit stress of 75% water requirement and 10 mM foliar application of ascorbic acid. Results showed that dehydration stress significantly increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes while foliar application of ascorbic acid due to its antioxidant properties reduced the effects of stress and thus reducing the activity of antioxidant enzymes

Zinc as an essential micronutrient element has an important impact on the growth and metabolism in plants. This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of foliar application of zinc on growth, photosynthesis pigments, and essential oil quantity and quality of basil under greenhouse conditions. The treatments were four levels zinc oxide (0, 25, 50, 100 mg/L) and four levels zinc oxide nanoparticles (0, 25, 50, 100 mg/L). The results showed that foliar application of zinc had significant influence on the evaluated parameters. Treatments of Zinc oxide and zinc nanoparticle significantly increased plant length, plant wet and dry weights, leaf number per plant, photosynthesis pigments contents and essential oil percent, and in this regard, zinc nanoparticle impact was more effective than zinc oxide. The highest growth parameters and pigments content were observed at 100 mg/l zinc nanoparticle. Based on the results, 34 components were identified in the basil essential oil that maximum amounts were oxygenated monoterpenes, and three main components were methyl chavicol, linalool and alpha-cadinol. Also, maximum amount of methyl chavicol and alpha-cadinol was observed under 50 mg/l nanoparticles. Zinc has probably increased growth and production of essential oils in basil by increasing the growth hormones, improving the uptake of some nutrients, and increasing the synthesis of precursors of secondary metabolites. The findings of this study showed that the effect of zinc nanoparticle was more effective than zinc oxide in increasing growth and active substances of basil.

To avoid more environmental pollution, it is important to find an appropriate way to reduce the accumulation of heavy metals in metropolitan cities. The use of ornamental plants is a good choice to replace edible crops in soils of heavy metals contaminated. So, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect foliar application of humic acid (0, 250 and 500 mg/l) and cadmium application in different concentrations (0, 50 and 100 mg/kg) on growth and cadmium accumulation of sport turfgrass as a factorial experiment based on completely random design. The results showed that cadmium at 50 mg/kg concentration reduced growth characteristics. The growth of shoots was reduced at 250 mg/l of foliar application of humic acid. These results revealed that foliar application of humic acid can be used to remediate cadmium from soil in sport turfgrass. So, the humic acid at 500 mg/l concentration was achieved the highest amount of shoot cadmium accumulation from soil contaminated at 50 mg/kg cadmium concentration. According to the results of this experiment, since the amount of accumulation in mowed shoot was higher than others organs, this turfgrass can be recommended in phytoremediation of cadmium in contaminated areas with this metal.

In order to investigate the effect of different carbon sources (ethanol and methanol) on some morphological and physiological characteristics of Melissa officianlis L., a pot experiment was conducted in factorial based on completely randomized design with three replications in the research greenhouse of Shahed University in 2018. Foliar treatments included different concentrations of 0, 15, 30 and 45% ethanol and methanol. The results showed that ethanol 15% had the most effect on leaf number per plant and total flavonoid. As ethanol concentration increased by 15%, the flavonoid content decreased, so that at 45% ethanol concentration, its inhibitory effects appeared. The highest plant height and protein percentage were obtained in 15% methanol and 45% ethanol treatments, respectively. The highest percentage and yield of essential oil were obtained from methanol treatment with 45%. The combined application of 15% ethanol and 45% methanol, produced the highest biological yield, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll. Therefore, the use of alcoholic compounds such as methanol and ethanol is one of the appropriate strategies to improve the yield and quality of Melissa officianlis L.

Due to the dry climate and water shortage in Iran, the use of substances that can increase the plant's tolerance to water stress is very important. In this study, the effects of exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA) and kaolin (KL) on drought stress tolerance of tomato plants was evaluated in field conditions. Experimental factors included foliar application (including control, 0.5 mM SA, 2.5% KL and simultaneous application of SA + KL) and irrigation intervals (at four levels of 2, 4, 6 and 8 days). The results showed that increasing the irrigation interval in tomato plant led to a decrease in growth and yield in this plant. As compared to the controls, irrigation intervals of 4, 6 and 8 days decreased total yield as much as 9, 11 and 21%, respectively. The relative water content, total chlorophyll, transpiration and photosynthesis decreased while malondialdehyde, proline, peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide increased with the increase of irrigation intervals. Both SA and KL were effective in reducing the adverse effects of drought stress on plant growth and productivity.  Application of SA and KL improved plant growth and yield by increasing chlorophyll, relative water content, peroxidase activity, photosynthesis rate and transpiration. The highest effect of foliar spraying was observed at irrigation intervals of 6 and 8 days. The results also showed that the simultaneous application of SA + KL did not have a synergistic effect on plant growth and productivity in comparison to their separate application. According to the obtained results, the use of KL or SA is recommended to reduce the effects of prolonged irrigation on the tomato plant.

In order to investigate the effect of mycorrhizal symbiosis and foliar application of salicylic acid on yield and photosynthetic pigments of corn, an experiment was conducted in the form of split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications during two cropping years 2018-2019 in the research farm of Islamic Azad University, Chalous Branch. Experimental factors included mycorrhiza species (G. mosseae), (G. geosporum), and (G. intraradices) at two levels (no consumption and consumption of mycorrhiza) and salicylic acid at two levels (no consumption and consumption of 1 mM salicylic acid). Results showed that the dual effects of mycorrhiza × year and mycorrhiza × salicylic acid had a positive and significant effect on all studied traits. The highest plant height was obtained in the treatment with G. intraradices and salicylic acid. Also, 1000 grain weight, seed yield, phosphorus, potassium, and nitrogen contents of seeds, and chlorophyll a and b levels were higher in salicylic acid foliar treatment compared with the other treatments. In general, the results showed that mycorrhizal application with salicylic acid spray increased vegetative and reproductive growth. This enhancement is due to the increase in photosynthesis index and, consequently an increase in photosynthetic materials dedicated to the development of reproductive organs, which ultimately improves corn yield.

Cumin (Cumin cyminum L.) the only cumin crop in Iran, which is rich in secondary metabolites has great economic value and is. In order to evaluate the effect of foliar application of growth stimulant of pluramin and bioxa on this plant, a field study was conducted as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with four replications in the research farm of Shahid Madani University of Azerbaijan in 2017- 2018. Experimental factors included foliar application of pluramin at the concentrations of 0, 2.5 and 5 g.l-1 and bioxa at the levels of 0, 5 and 10 ml.l-1. The essential oil was extracted using hydro-distillation method in Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by GC/MS. The effect of foliar application of pluramin on 1000-seed weight, number of seeds per umbel and essential oil yield and the effect of foliar application of bioxa on plant height, number of seeds per umbel and content and yield of essential oil were significant. The interaction of experimental factors on the number of seeds per umbel, content and yield of essential oil was significant. Comparison of means showed that the highest content and yield of essential oil with a significant difference belonged to the foliar application of 10 ml.l-1 bioxa; after that, spraying 2.5 g.l-1 of pluramin produced the highest content of essential oil. The major compounds identified in all treatments included 3-carn-10-al, para-cement, p-comic aldehyde, gamma-terpinene, beta-pinene and 2-carn-10-al. The highest essential oil yield was obtained from foliar application of 10 ml.l-1 bioxa, which was significantly different from the other levels of foliar application. That is, simultaneous foliar application increased this compound. The highest amount of para-cymene, gamma-terpinene and beta-pinene was obtained by spraying 10 ml.l-1 bioxa and the lowest amount of these compounds were obtained by spraying 5 g.l-1 pluramin and 5 ml.l-1 bioxa. Overall, the results showed that foliar application of growth stimulants of pluramin and bioxa can improve the yield and composition of cumin essential oil under the rainfed conditions.

In order to evaluate the foliar application of iron and zinc on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Orlando Tangelo, an experiment was performed on 5-year-old trees in a garden in Manojan city in Kerman province. Experimental factors included zinc and iron each at 3 levels (0, 1 and 2 per thousand). Results showed that the application of iron and zinc significantly increased the flowers and fruits. The highest flowers and fruits were observed in trees treated with iron in combination with zinc (2 per thousand). Application of iron and zinc had no significant effect on fruit size (diameter and length and length to diameter ratio) and juice volume. The fruit weight decreased as a result of fertilizer application. But no significant difference was observed between the control and iron (2 per thousand) in combination with zinc (1,2 per thousand). The highest pulp to peel ratio was obtained in treated tree with 1 per thousand (3.58) and 2 (3.25) per thousand zinc. The lowest TSS / TA ratio (1.34) was observed in fruit treated with iron (2 per thousand). Except for iron (2 per thousand) along and in combination with different concentrations of zinc, other treatments significantly increased the ascorbic acid content. Although application of zinc (1 per thousand) alone and iron (1 per thousand) along and combination with zinc (2 per thousand) increased the total phenol, but did not show a significant difference with the control. The application of all treatments improved the fruit color. The highest a* (more orange color) was observed in iron (1 per thousand) combined with zinc (1 and 2 per thousand). Generally, application of zinc and iron had an effective role in increasing the number of flowers and fruits of Orlando Tangelo and improving some quality characteristics such as increasing the ratio of pulp to peel and ascorbic acid of the fruit.

To investigate the effect of zinc and iron foliar application on the morph-physiological and biochemical traits of marshmallow (Althaea officinalis L.) under salinity, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with three replications in Esfahan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Iran. The factors included NaCl at 3 levels of 0, 4 and 8 dS/m, zinc sulfate at 3 levels of 0, 1.5 and 3 ppm and iron sulfate at 3 levels of 0, 1.5 and 3 ppm. The sodium and potassium content was measured using a flame photometer. The iron and zinc content was measured using an atomic absorption spectrometer. The mucilage was dried to determine its weight and total phenol was measured using a spectrophotometer. With increasing salinity, the amount of potassium, zinc and iron significantly (P ≤0.01) decreased but the sodium content increased. With increasing the zinc concentration in saline and control conditions, the potassium amount significantly (P ≤0.01) increased. Foliar application of zinc and iron significantly (P ≤0.01) increased the zinc and iron amount in the leaves. Although flowers fresh weight was reduced under saline condition compared to non-stress conditions, the zinc and iron spraying mitigated the effects of stress. Also, mucilage content was increased by 49 and 20% under 8 and 4 dS/m salinity, respectively, in comparison with non-stress conditions. The iron and zinc spraying significantly (P ≤0.01)increased the amount of mucilage. With increasing salinity, the phenol content significantly (P ≤0.01) increased and the highest content of phenol (65.2 mg / ml) was observed in the salinity of 8 dS/m3 + 3ppm of iron sulfate + 0 ppm of zinc sulfate. Generally, spraying of iron and zinc sulfate in saline conditions not only improved the nutritional status of marshmallow, but also increased the flowers yield and mucilage.

Moisture stress is one of the most important factors reducing crop yield, including oilseed crops, in Iran. Therefore, this study aimed to study the effect of different moisture levels on amino acid content of methionine, proline, soluble sugar and protein of sesame leaf in the 2018 crop year. Data water collected in a split plot-factorial experiment with a randomized complete block design with three replication at the Birjand University of Agriculture Research Farm. In this experiment, moisture at three levels (100, 75 and 50% of sesame water requirement) as the main factor application of calcium nitrate at three levels (0, 5 and 10 Mm) and putrescine at two levels (0.5 Mm and water spraying solution) were considered as sub-factors. The result showed that the interaction of moisture levels, calcium nitrate, and putrescine were significant (p <0.05) for methionine, lysine, proline amino acids and grain yield. The highest amount of methionine amino acid (0.060 mg/g fresh weight) was obtained in the case of 10 Mm calcium nitrate foliar application with putrescine use at 50% water requirement level. The dual interaction of calcium nitrate and putrescine, moisture levels and putrescine, as well as moisture levels and calcium nitrate, were significant on soluble sugar and protein of sesame leaf. In general, foliar application of calcium nitrate and putrescine was the best treatment to reduce the effect of moisture levels on sesame and indicating a synergistic relationship between them in reducing the effect of moisture stress.

Due to the calcareous and high pH of the soil in most pistachio growing areas of Iran, the absorption of some elements such as iron and zinc from the soil by pistachio trees is difficult. Under these conditions, foliar application of nutrients is a better way to supply nutrients to deficient plants than to soil application. For this purpose, the efficiency of foliar application of different sources of iron along with zinc sulfate on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of pistachio ‘Ahmad Aghaei’ was investigated in a completely randomized design with three replications. The experiment was carried out on 8-years old pistachio trees (cv. Ahmad Aghaei), which had been grafted on Fandoghi rootstock, at a commercial orchard in Pakdasht, Iran. Iron citrate (0.2 and 0.4%), iron sulfate (0.2 and 0.4%) or iron chelate (0.1 and 0.2%) in combination with zinc sulfate (0.1 and 0.2%) was carried out in early June and early July (at the filling stage). Pistachio fruits were picked up during the commercial harvest period, when the fruit reached a physiological maturity stage signalled by a reddish hull. The results of analysis of variance revealed that the effect of treatments on all studied traits was significant. The highest splitting rate (%) was obtained by iron citrate 0.4% + zinc sulfate 0.2%. The results of the Pearson correlation coefficients among the traits showed that there is a negative correlation between splitting rate (%) with small nut (%) and blankness (%) as well as a positive correlation with dry weight of 100 nuts, which shows that weight of nuts is the main cause of splitting rate. Foliar application of different sources of iron in combination with zinc sulfate led to a significant reduction in small nut (%) and blankness (%) so that the highest these two traits were related to control 1 (distilled water) and control 2 (common fertilization in the region). The fresh weight of 100 nuts from 140 g in control 1 reached to highest level (162.3 g) in iron citrate 0.4% + zincn sulfate 0.2%. The highest dry weight of 100 nuts was also related to this treatment. Foliar application of different sources of iron with zinc did not significantly increase total chlorophyll compared to controls. According to this study, in pistachio orchard with sandy loam soil in Pakdasht region, spraying of trees with different sources of iron (especially iron citrate) in combination with zinc sulfate could improve the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of pistachio.

This research was carried out to evaluate the effect of spraying different concentrations of Gibberellin (GA3), Benzyladenin (BA) and Ethanol on growth and flowering of Zontledechia ethiopica. Experiments were carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications in greenhouse and with 12 spraying treatments include: GA3 (500, 250, 100 and 1000 mg L-1), BA (100, 200 and 500 mg L-1) and ethanol (20, 40 and 60% v/v) and control (distilled water) were evaluated. The highest height of cut-flowering and vase life were observed in 1000 mg L-1 GA3 treatment. The highest length and diameter of spathe and plant height were observed in 500 mg L-1 GA3. The highest height of overlapping part of spathe, length and width leaf were observed in mg L-1 GA3. Ethanol treatment 20% had a significant effect on spathe length, height of overlapping part of spathe, spadix, leaf length, leaf number, total chlorophyll, cartenoid and chlorophyll a. Foliar application of different levels of ethanol had a significant effect on vegetative and physiological traits. Different levels of BA had no significant effect on quantitative and qualitative traits in calla lily. Therefore, due to the positive effect of ethanol and GA3 on the growth of vegetative growth and physiological traits in calla lily, their recommended.

The use of plant growth regulators to improve the quality of the fruit has long been considered. In order to evaluate the effect of salicylic acid (0,1 and 2 mM/ L) and gibberellic acid (0, 50,100 mg / L) and their interaction on some of the characteristics of mandarin Kinnow fruit, experiment with 9 treatments and 3 replications was carried out as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design in Minab city in 1396. Foliar application was carried out in two stage (mature green and changing color). The fruits were harvested and evaluated at the commercial maturity stage. Based on the results, gibberellic acid at concentration of 50 mg/L significantly increased the diameter and length of the fruit. Salicylic acid at a concentration of 2 mM /L caused a significant increase in pulp of fruit. Controlled fruits showed higher soluble solids than other treatments. The highest ratio of sugar to acid was obtained at a concentration of 50 mg/ L gibberellic acid with 2 mM/L salicylic acid. The highest amount of phenol content was observed at a concentration of 2 mM/L salicylic acid (7.14 mg/ g) and the highest amount of flavonoid in concentrations of 50 mg/ L gibberellic acid plus 2 mM/L of salicylic acid (0.420 mg /g FW) was observed. The highest amount of a* (2.35)(redness) was observed at the highest concentration of treatments and the control fruits showed the highest L* (whiteness) value.