جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "almond" در نشریات گروه "زیست شناسی"

One of the important effects of salinity in plants can be noted in growth trend and the process of changes in the activity of the enzyme system and their antioxidant properties. In this research, the effects of salinity stress on the enzyme system and their antioxidant properties of almond (Shahrood 12) on some of the prunus rootstocks (Bitter Almond, Tetra, GF677, GN15) and non-grafted rootstocks under salt stress in a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with Two factors including 8 scion-rootstock compositions and five levels of irrigation water salinity were performed in three replications. The results showed that different levels of salinity significantly reduced the number of leaves in the main branch, as well as the total number of leaf in rootstocks, the diameter and height of the scion, and the fresh weight of the aria parts. The highest total antioxidant activity was observed in Shahrood 12 on GF677, at a salinity level of 8dS m-1, with a rate of 30.97%, which had a significant difference with other graft compounds and without graft rootstocks. The lowest total antioxidant activity was observed in the combination of Shahrood 12 on the Tetra rootstock at 10.1%. The antioxidant capacity, soluble sugars, activity of catalase enzymes, ascorbate peroxidase in all studied graft compounds and without graft rootstocks increased with increasing salt concentration, and then, with increasing salinity levels, the amount of them decreased. In general, based on the results, it can be concluded that among the linkages and bases studied, the Shahrood 12 cultivar grafted on the GF677 rootstock and on the almond seedling was the most tolerant compound and susceptible to the salt stress respectively.

. In this research, response of almond cultivars included Tuono, Nonpareil,Mamaee, Shokofeh, Sahand, Azar, A200, A230 and 7-9 on GF677 and the GF677 in alkali conditions base on factorial experiment in completely randomized design with two factors and with three replication was investigated. The results showed that, with the increasing concentration of potassium bicarbonate in the water of irrigation,% nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus, and the content of zinc and ironwas reduced and necrotic leaves increased but the rate of increase or decrease in the traits measured in the between cultivars together showed significant differences. In total the traits measured showed that Sh 12 anymore and then the cultivars of the A230 and Shokofeh as the most tolerant cultivars and sahand, 7-9 as the most susceptible cultivars in the high potassium bicarbonate concentrations were detected. Also, Sh12, A230 and Shokofeh could well tolerant in 15 mg potassium bicarbonate concentration in irrigation water. Also Sh 12 30 mMpotassium bicarbonate concentration partly would tolerant in the water of irrigation. As well as the results of this study showed that the type of a scion in increase the resistance the rootstock of GF677 to the high concentration of potassium bicarbonate was effective . Most scions (except Sahand and 7-9), has more resistance to high concentrations of potassium bicarbonate in comparison with non-graft rootstock.

This study was carried out during 2011 and 2012 on randomized complete bloke design (RCBD) in triplicate with the aim to assess the effect of pollen of A230, Shahrood12 and Tuono on seed germination rate and some of the changes the inner material of seed of A-200 cultivar (mother parent) such as the amino acid, protein, soluble sugar and fatty acids in Steps of before and after germination. The overall results of this study showed that the effect of pollen of A230, Shahrood12 and Tuono on inner material of seeds of A-200 cultivar was significant. The maximum amount of soluble sugars in seed of A-200 from the hybridizing of A230 before germination (29.77%) was observed while the minimum amount of soluble sugars in seed of A-200 from the hybridizing of Shahrood 12 after germination (14.94%) was obtained. Also the maximum amount of total protein in the seeds of A-200 from crossing with of A-230 was observed while the minimum amount of total protein in seed of A-200 from the hybridizing of touno after germination was obtained. Check the resulting of fatty acids levels in seed of A-200 from the hybridizing of A-230, Shahrood 12 and Touno, showed that showed that the effect of pollinizers on fatty acids of seeds of A-200 cultivar was significant. So that, the most and lowest of the fatty acids (methyl oliat) with 74.74% and 71.79% correspond to Touno and A-230respectively. As well as, in this study, it was found that the effect of pollen on the amount of amino acids in seed of A200 from the hybridizing of A-230, Shahrood 12 and Touno, the before and after germination was significant difference. So that, the most and lowest of the Aspartic acid with 0.570% (before germination) and 0.136% (after germination) was correspond to Shahrood 12 and Shahrood 12 respectively.

Self-incompatibility is one of the most important difficulties in almond production which dramatically reduces fruit set and makes orchard management difficult. Therefore، breeding almond to produce self-compatible genotypes is very important. In this study، identification and screening of 100 almond hybrids obtained from cross between Touno (male parent) and A200 (female parent) after the self pollination by PCR reaction with specific primers of SfF and SfR. PCR results confirmed the situation of self-compatible hybrids. In addition، it indicated that، frequencies of Sf، S1 and S9 were 64%، 54% and 72% respectively، among hybrids. Hybrids and their parents vegetative traits (tree height، crown diameter، canopy diameter، branch number، the highest branch، leaf fall، lad length and across petiole length and glad number) using randomized complete bloke design (RCBD) in triplicate was done. PCR results confirmed the situation of self-compatible hybrids. In addition، it indicated that، 50% of genotypes were realized as self-compatible and another 50% were self-incompatible. Also primary evaluating of morphological traits of hybrids and their parents showed that most measured characters of hybrids was ranked between parents at present research، identified Self-compatible hybrids had been identified that can be used in almond breeding programs particularly to development the monoculture orchards of almond.

In order to evaluate the tolerance of some almond genotypes to salinity a pot experiment was carried out with 3 factors; cultivar in 11 levels including Touno, Nonparaeil, Mamaie, Shokofeh, Sahand, Fragness, 1- 16, 1-25, A200,13-40 and GF677 and salinity in five levels including 0, 1.2, 2.4, 3.6 and 4.8 g/l of sodium chloride with electrical conductivity 0.5, 2.5, 4.9, 7.3 and 9.8 ds/m, respectively; during 30, 60 and 90 days in 2013. The results showed that salinity stress affected the young trees through increasing the amount of minimum fluorescence (FO) and decreasing the maximum fluorescence (Fm) and reducing variable fluorescence (Fv) as well as the ratio of variable fluorescence to maximum fluorescence from 0.83 in the control plants to 0.72 in the upper leaves and 0.70 in the bottom leaves of Sahand and GF677. The result of morphological characteristics showed that GF677 was tolerated to water salinity up to 4.9 ds/m; however, higher range of salinity had negative impact on the above factors. Also, the results revealed that salinity stress duration is a key factor causeing several visible damages. Overall, according to morphological characteristics and leaves visual damages and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, Feragness and Sahand cultivars were the most tolerant and sensitive genotypes to salinity stress, respectively.