جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « growth performance » در نشریات گروه « زیست شناسی »

Selenium, as an essential dietary trace element, has an important biological role in the health and growth performance of cows and dairy cows. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of replacing mineral selenium supplement with nano selenium particles in the feeding of suckling calves and its impacts on the growth performance and skeletal structure of suckling calves. The number of 32 newborn Holstein calves with an average body weight of 37.85 ± 4.35 kg in the form of a completely randomized design with 4 treatments (eight calves in each treatment) for 83 days according to the supplemental consumption of milk or drinking water with sources different selenium were placed. Treatments include: 1) inorganic selenium: providing 0.3 mg of selenium per kilogram of dry matter with sodium selenite, 2) low level of nano selenium: providing 0.15 mg of selenium per kilogram of dry matter with nanoparticles prepared from selenium, 3) Medium level of nano-selenium: providing 0.3 mg of selenium per kilogram of dry matter with nanoparticles prepared from selenium, 4) High level of nano-selenium: providing 0.45 mg of selenium per kilogram of dry matter with nanoparticles prepared from selenium. . The results showed that supplementing milk with selenium nanoparticles did not affect the performance of calves during the pre-weaning period, but significantly improved it after weaning compared to calves fed sodium selenite. So the daily gain and feed efficiency in the second period increased secondarily (p < 0.01) and the medium level was the highest

In this study, the effect of adding prebiotic, synbiotic and phytobiotic supplements in the diet on growth performance, carcass traits, apparent digestibility of nutrients and some blood parameters of fattening Zell lambs was investigated. For this purpose, 24 Zell male lambs with an avrage age of about 5 months and an avrage weight of 25.4±0.50 were used for 90 days. The experimental treatments included 1- control group (no supplement), 2- treatment containing 2 g of A-Max prebiotic supplement, 3- treatment containing 4 g of Biomin IMBO synbiotic supplement, and 4- treatment containing 6 g of Bioherbal phytobiotic supplement per head of lamb per day. The growth performance results showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental treatments in the fattening weight, dry matter intake, daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05). The highest weight at the end of the fattening period, dry matter intake and daily weight gain were observed in the treatment of 4 g of synbiotic supplement. The treatment with 6 g of phytobiotic supplement had the lowest feed conversion ratio. The highest apparent digestibility of dry matter, NDF and ADF was observed in the treatment of 4 g of synbiotic supplement (p < 0.05). The results of some blood serum parameters showed that there was a significant difference in the concentration of glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride and blood urea nitrogen between the experimental treatments (p < 0.05). The highest concentration of glucose was in the treatment of 4 g of synbiotic supplement, the lowest concentration of cholesterol was in the treatment of 6 g of phytobiotic supplement. Blood urea nitrogen had the lowest concentration in the treatment of 4 g of synbiotic supplement. The treatment with 4 g of synbiotic supplement had the highest hot carcass weight, hot carcass percentage, cold carcass weight, cold carcass percentage, thigh percentage and shoulder percentage (p < 0.05). The present research showed that the addition of 4 g of synbiotic supplement in the diet improved the growth performance, valuable parts of the carcass and the apparent digestibility of nutrients in fattening lambs.

Over the last few decades, the aquaculture industry has grown and developed as one of the major food production industries. Increased stocking density and cultivated area are two ways to increase aquaculture production. Stocking density increases result in a decrease in water quality and the spread of pathogens. As a chemical substance, antibiotics are not widely accepted by consumers as a means of reducing pathogenic agents in aquaculture. Nowadays, probiotics are crucial to maintaining the health of farmed aquatic animals and increasing production performance without negatively affecting consumers. Probiotics are being used in more studies to achieve environmentally friendly sustainable aquaculture goals. Probiotics have been shown to improve water quality, feed efficiency, growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, immunity, and resistance to pathogens in shrimp aquaculture. The presence of probiotics helps shrimp under stressful conditions, such as handling, grading, transportation, vaccination, and disease treatment. In the aquaculture industry, probiotics are mostly Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Micrococcus, Enterococcus, Lactococcus, Streptococcus, and Carnobacterium species. This study examines the use and importance of probiotics in shrimp aquaculture, as well as their effects on water quality, growth performance, and immunity.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different levels of supplementation of Sargassum ilicifolium on the growth performance, blood parameters and digestive enzymatic activities of goldfish (Carassius auratus) for 60 days. Goldfish (with an average initial weight of 5.25±0.45g) were divided into four experimental treatments with three replicates (30 fish/replicate) inluding control treatment (without algae extract) and three treatments supplemented with Sargassum extracts 5, 10 and 15g/kg diet. The results showed that the highest final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate and condition factor were observed in fish fed with 15g/kg S. ilicifolium extract. Hemoglobin and MCH in fish fed with diets containing S. ilicifolium extracts showed significant difference compared to control group. The levels of triglyceride and cholesterol in fish fed with control diet were significantly higher than that of fed diets containing S. ilicifolium extracts (P<0.05). The highest proteases, amylase and lipase activities were recorded in Sargassum extract at 15g/kg diet. The results of this study showed that goldfish fed the diet containing 15g/kg S. ilicifolium had better growth performance and activity of digestive enzymes compared to other groups. Therefor the administration of 15g/kg of S. ilicifolium extract is recommended to use in goldfish diet.

In the present study, the effects of startup and addition of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) and sodium nitrite (NaNO2) salts for 4 weeks before fish stocking on efficiency of biofilter for removal of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) from water, survival rate, growth performance, ammonia metabolizing and urea cycle enzymes activities as well as mucosal immunity of African cichlid (Labidochromis lividus) fingerling. The experimental unit was a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) with water holding capacity of 200 L in which 20 fingerling fish with average weight of 3.06±0.07 g were stocked and cultured for 30 days. The experimental groups included the RAS without startup and adding salts (control, group 1), startup of RAS before fish stocking (group 2) and startup RAS with adding salts (group 3). Water from each experimental unit was sampled after 0, 10, 20 and 30 days of fish stocking. The results showed that the TAN concentration in the groups 2 and 3 was significantly lower than the control group (P<0.05). Nitrate concentration in the groups 2 and 3 was higher than the control group (P<0.05). The highest nitrate concentration was observed in the group 3 (P<0.05). Growth performance including final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR%), daily growth index (DGI) and body weight increase (BWI%) were higher in the groups 3, 2 and control, respectively (P<0.05). The food conversion ratio (FCR) in the groups 2 and 3 was lower than the control (P<0.05). The activities of glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamine synthetase and ornithine carbamyl transferase enzymes in liver and muscle tissues increased in the control and group 2 compared to the group 3 (P<0.05). The total immunoglobulin, lysozyme and alternative complement pathway activity (ACH50) of skin mucus increased in the groups 2 and 3 compared to the control; the highest levels were observed in the group 3 (P<0.05). The findings indicate that the startup of RAS with the addition of salts before fish stocking can be an effective way to improve the efficiency of biofilter in converting water ammonia to nitrate, survival rate, growth performance and health of the fish.

The aim of this study was to investigate the growth performance and body composition of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in biofloc system. Firstly, 750 fingerling fishes with an average weight (17±0.05gr) were randomly divided into 30 polyethylene tanks with a volume of approximately 250 liters of water (25fish/tank). The treatments consisted of 3 levels of carbon to nitrogen ratio including 15, 20 and 25 and 3 levels of dietary crud protein content of 25%, 30% and 35% with three replicates for each treatment was performed over a period of 56 days. The highest feed conversion ratio and also lowest percentage of weight gain and specific growth rate were observed in treatment with protein 35% and C/N25 compared with control group (P0.05). The lowest amount of crude lipid was obtained in control treatment that it was significantly different compared with some treatments (P

To investigate the effect of dietary folic acid (FA) on growth performance, serum biochemical indices and liver enzymes status of Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii Brandt 1896), six isonitrogenou and isolipidic experimental diets were formulated to contain graded levels of FA including 0.60, 1.63, 2.71, 3.59, 4.82 and 5.68 mg/kg). Each diet was fed to fish (4.36±0.18g) in a flow through water system for 8 weeks. Examined indices in this study included relative growth rate, daily growth coefficient, feed conversion ratio as well as amount of cholesterol, triglyceride, alkaline phosphatase activity, glutathione S-transferase and malondialdehyde. The results showed that the use of folic acid at the level of 2.71mg/kg increased the growth performance and daily growth coefficient of Siberian sturgeon and caused a statistically significant increase in daily growth percentage of fishes (P<0.05). On the other hand, feed conversion ratio decreased with increasing dietary folic acid level from 0.60 to 2.71 mg/kg and then increased. No statistically significant difference was observed in the alkaline phosphatase activity of fish fed with different levels of folic acid (P>0.05). Glutathione S-transferase activity was not affected by different concentrations of dietary folic acid. Furthermore, different concentrations of dietary folic acid could not make a statistically significant effect on the level of triglyceride, cholesterol and malondialdehyde (P>0.05). The folic acid requirement of Siberian sturgeon based on the daily growth coefficient was estimated to be 1.65 mg/kg diet.

Tomato pulp is one of the by-products of the food industry that is produced in large quantities in Iran and due to the high percentage of fiber, its level of consumption in broiler diets may be limited.Therefore, the aim of this study was to improve the nutritional value of tomato pulp using a multivalent enzyme in the nutrition of broiler chickens.

In this experimentthebroiler chicks fed diets without tomato pulp and enzyme (control), containing 5% tomato pomace without enzyme, containing 5% tomato pomace and 0.2% multi-enzyme, containing 10% tomato pomace without enzyme and 10% tomato pomace and 0.2% multi-enzyme for 42 days.

During the Finisher and the whole the experiment period, chicks fed different levels of tomato pomace with enzyme had a higher weight gain than enzyme free comparable diets (P<0.05). There was an increase in the the empty gizzard weight in chickens fed 5% tomato pomace with enzyme compared to the control group and also the 10% tomato pomace and enzyme group (P <0.05).Serum lipids including cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL were not affected by the experimental diets, but diets containing tomato pomace had higher HDL concentration than the control group (P <0.05). The villi height of jejunum and ileum of chicks fed 5% tomato pomace with enzyme was significantly higher than other treatments, but highest amount of villi of jejunum and ileum was observed in the group fed 5% tomato pomace without enzym. (P <0.05).The 10% level of tomato pomace reduced feed cost per unit of live weight gain by 5%.

The results of this study showed a positive effect of multi-enzyme use on increasing the nutritional value of tomato pomace up to 10% of broiler diet.
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To investigate the effects of replacement vitamin E with dietary grape pomace in the diets containing oil or beef tallow on growth performance, blood chara cteristics, oxidative status, and gut morphology of broiler chickens, the present study was carried out. Four hundred and fifty-one-day-old broiler chickens were used in a completely randomized design with six treatments and five replicates. Experimental treatments were as follows; 1- control oil (CO, basal diet containing 3.5 percent soy oil) with 200 mg/kg vitamin E, 2-contraol tallow (CT, basal diet containing 3.5 percent tallow) with vitamin E, 3- CO with 9 percent grape pomace (GP), 4- CT with 9 % GP, 5- CO with 9 percent GP and vitamin E,6- CT with 9 % GP, and vitamin E. The results of this experiment showed that in the whole period, the birds fed diets containing soy oil, GP and vitamin E had the highest body weight gain and production index and the lowest feed conversion ratio compared to the others. The blood concentration of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and high-density lipoproteins were reduced when GB was used in diets. Blood superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase concentrations were increased, and malondialdehyde concentration was decreased when GP was used in broiler diets. In the duodenum part of the small intestine, villus height, crypt depth, villus height to crypt depth ratio, and muscularis thickness were increased when GP was used in broiler diets. To conclude, the result of this experiment suggests that although the GP has strong antioxidant properties, the simultaneous using vitamin E has a better effect on broiler growth performance.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of prebiotic (Fermacto) on performance and some blood parameters of broiler chicks under induced ascites. 240-old chicks from Ross 308 strain were randomly divided into three treatments and each treatment was divided into four replicates. The dietary treatments included: control and two levels (2 and 4 g/kg feed) of prebiotic (Fermacto). For ascites induction, all birds received 1.5 grams salt per liter from day 6 to day 13. The relative weight of the intestines was measured relative to the body weight at end of experiment. The birds of the negative treatments were subjected to an induction program. Prebiotic supplements were added to the feed from the 12th day of the experiment. Both prebiotic levels significantly reduced feed intake & reduced feed conversion and increased weight gain in comparison with control treatment (P<0.05). Both prebiotic levels significantly decreased the hemoglobin, red blood cells, protein and hematocrit in birds were induced ascites (P<0.05). Both prebiotic levels significantly decreased ascites and RV / TV index (P<0.05). The results of intestinal morphology indicated that the weight of the intestines (dissected from below the gizzard to the ileal cecal junction) was not significantly different between the experimental groups. in Conclusion, it is possible to successfully use a 2gg/kg diet of prebiotic (Fermacto) in broiler chickens as an effective factor in reducing functional problems and ascites mortality.

Silkworm pupae powder is obtained as a by-product after separating silk strands from cocoons. This powder can be used as a suitable protein source for terrestrial and aquatic animals because of its amino acid structure. In this study, the effects of diets containing 0, 5, 10 and 15% silkworm powder instead of fish meal on growth performance of rainbow trout were investigated in a completely randomized design. 360 juvenile rainbow trout (average weight 55±3.42 g) were used. They were divided in 4 groups and 3 replication. At the end of the experiment; total length, weight gain, condition factor, feed conversion ratio, and protein efficiency ratio were not significantly different (P>0.05). Specific growth rate and nutrition protein utilization were significantly higher in control group compare to other treatment groups (P<0.05). Results of the present study showed that silkworm pupae meal could replaced up to 15% of fish meal diet in rainbow trout culture without adverse effect on growth performance.

One of the most important protozoan diseases in poultry industry is coccidiosis, and eradication of disease has become one of the most challenging issues in animal husbandry and veterinary medicine. The damages resulted from coccidiosis to poultry industry is estimated $ 1 billion annually. Diclazuril, a benzene acetonitrile, is used to treat coccidiosis in poultry. In the following study, 90 one-day-old broilers were bred and categorized into 3 groups as follows: Group 1: Recipient of basal diet for the whole period of test. Group 2: Broilers with basal diet + 0.25 ml suspension including 30,000 Eimeria tenella oocysts from 14 days of age (oral inoculation). Group 3: Recipient of basal diet + 0.25 ml suspension including 30,000 Eimeria tenella oocysts from 14 days (oral inoculation) + diclazuril, a coccidiostat, (200g/ton) from one day. From each group, at 28 and 49 days of age, 9 broilers were randomly selected and their growth performance and carcass characteristics were assessed. Diclazuril could improve the growth performance in boilers with coccidiosis.

In this research we investigated the effects of Lactobacillus delbrueckii during three life stages of Acipenser persicus (stage 1: from beginning of exogenous feeding, stage 2: fingerlings with initial body weight of 10 g and stage 3: juveniles with initial body weight of 144 g) on growth performance, feeding and survival. In stage one, Artemia nauplii were enriched with probiotics and used as food for Persian sturgeon larvae for 15 days. Shift from live food to dry feed was programmed in seven days followed by rearing until day 30 with dry feed. In stage two (for one month) and stage three (for two months) probiotics were added to dry feed and delivered to fish. At the end of the stage one values of total length, total weight, weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) of fish fed non-enriched Artemia nauplii (treatment 3) were significantly more than rest of the treatments. Values of total length, total weight, weight gain and SGR of fish fed co-feeding regime (treatment 4) were significantly higher than rest of the treatments at the end of the stage one. Growth performance and survival of experimental fish showed no significant differences amongst the treatments in stage two. Values of total weight, weight gain, SGR and survival of fish fed probiotic supplemented diet were significantly higher than control group in the stage three. It is advised to feed the juvenile fish for at least two months with probiotic supplemented feed in order to improve the growth performance and survival.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different levels of supplementation of algae Sargassum ilicifolium on the growth performances, feed indices, body composition and digestive enzymatic activities of grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) for 60 days. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 120 of grey mullet (with average weight of 11.77±1.07g) divided in 4 treatments and 3 replicates (n=10 in each replicate) and included: 0, 5, 10 and 15 g algal extract per Kg diet. The results showed that at the end of experiment, the highest final weight (FW), specific growth ratio (SGR) and protein efficiency rate (PER) were observed in treatment 4 (15g/Kg). The highest crude protein, moisture and amylase, lipase, protease activities the lowest crude lipid were observed in treatment 4. However no significant difference were observed in amylase activity, between 10 and 15g extract per Kg diet (P>0.05). Overall, the results of the experiment revealed that grey mullet fed with 15g S. ilicifolium per Kg diet showed better growth performance, feed utilization, body composition and digestive enzymatic activities than control group, and could suggest for grey mullet.

Inroduction & The sea cucumber (Holothuria scabra) has several immense characters such as: it can tolarate wide range of temperature, salinity and DO in aquaculture. In addition to , it has several commercial importance in food industry, pharmaceutial as it can cure many diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the optimum level of protein on growth performance and body biochemical composition of juvenile Holothuria Scabra in order to introduce stronger scabra for enhancing stock in releasing them into the sea and also for farming in aquaculture.
After transferring juvenile sea cucumber to 5000 liter tank in experimental location, they were fed with shrimp starter food for environment adaption.The physico – chemical parameters such as temperature, salinity, Do and PH were recorded twice daily (morning and afternoon).Four practical diets containing 10, 15, 20 and 25 percent protein in triplicate was designed .One hundred and forty-four yong scabra with initial average weight of 6±0.48 g were randomly distributed between 12 tanks of 300 l. They were fed daily three times (7 a.m,12,6 p.m) at satiation.
The results obtained indicated that with increasing protein level up to 25% level,BWI, FER, PER and survival rate were improwed and was showed significant with other treatments (P The study showed that the diet containing 25% protein level is suitable for growth and survival of sea cucumber.

Aloe vera is a rich resource of antioxidants, vitamins, minerals, mineral acids and enzymes. Studies showed that Aloe vera can affect the physiology of reproduction in animals. The aim of this trial was to evaluate the effect of different levels of the ethanol extract of the Aloe vera plant on reproduction and growth performance in Xiphophorus helleri. Powder extract was added to the diet in 4 levels: 200, 400, 800 and 1600 mg/Kg and control group without any extract. At the end of the experiment the results showed that there were significant differences in final weight, final length, weight gain, weight gain percentage and SGR in fish fed 800 mg/Kg compare to control group. Also, there were remarkable differences in the gonadosomatic index in treatment 4 and 5 than 1, 2 and 3. In conclusion, Aloe vera extract can improve the growth performance, fecundity and gonadosomatic index in Xiphophorus helleri

This study has been carried to determine the optimum level of dietary supplementation of synbiotic of Benni (Mesopotamichthys sharpeyi). A total of 600 fish with initial average weight of 3.83±0.2 g were kept in 15 tanks with 300 l capacity (40 fish/tank). Five dietary treatments included treatment 1 (control) which were fed with basal commercial diet without synbiotic and the other treatments 2 to 5 containing 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 g synbiotic per kg of diets, respectively. The experimental trail was carried out in triplicate for a period of 60 days. The results showed that different dietary synbiotic supplementation levels can improved growth and feeding performances. Also, the body biochemical composition was improved by increase in protein contents. High concentration of symbiotic increased the final average weight among the treatments up to 1.5 g per kg of diet. Also, other factors like food conversion ratio, food efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were significantly higher in the treatment 4. The optimum results for M. sharpeyi were achieved at 1.5 g per kg dietary synbiotic supplementation that affected on weight gain, feed conversion ratio and body biochemical composition.

In the present study, nauplius of Artemiafranciscana was enriched with different levels (0.2 and 0.4 g/L) of ethanolic leaf extract of grey mangrove Avicennia marina and then was fed by Pacific white shrimp Penaeus vannamei postlarvae (total length average 0.2±0.05 cm and weight average 10.10±0.20 mg) by adding to basal diet for 30 days. Growth performance including total length, weight, and specific growth rate was determined on days 1, 15 and 30 and survival percentage at the end of the period. The tests of salinity and formalin stress resistance were achieved on days 15 and 30 of the culture period. Results showed that the use of extract at concentrations of 0.2 and 0.4g/L had positive effects on shrimp growth in relation to the control. Shrimps fed with enriched Artemia had significantly higher survival than control. Salinity stress resistance in shrimps fed with enriched Artemia was higher than control. In formalin stress test, the survival in shrimps fed with enriched Artemia was higher compared to control, although this was not significantly different. In conclusion, use of Artemia enriched by mangrove leaf extract in the larval stage of Pacific white shrimp could improve the quality of postlarvae.