جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « فلزات سنگین » در نشریات گروه « محیط زیست »

The aim of the research is to measure the elements and toxic compounds in artificial grass floors used in sports and recreational areas.

This research is applied and laboratory method. Heavy elements, monomer, free hydrocarbon and phenolic compounds were measured. To measure the pollutants, ICP-OES model Vista Pro and visible and ultraviolet spectrophotometer model 1240 mini were used. The experiments were repeated three times. Time-weighted average (OEL-TWA) was used to determine the exposure limit.

The most compound in the structure of this type of flooring belongs to titanium oxide (TiO2) compound with 4780 ppm, followed by dioctyl phthalate with 2800 ppm and then isoprene with 2670 ppm. The analysis of inorganic compounds shows that the highest element content in the structure of this type of flooring belongs to zinc element (Zn) with 1507 ppm and then cobalt element (Co) with 145 ppm. The results showed that there is a big difference between the standard and the permissible limit of pollutants with the numbers obtained from the tests. 2 pollutants arsenic and chromium with "confirmed human carcinogenicity" were identified in the artificial grass structure. Silica was also identified as "pollutants suspected of carcinogenicity in humans". Lead was also identified as "confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans" and 11 cases were assessed as "not classifiable as a human carcinogen".
Discussion and Conclusion

Some of the elements and compounds in the structure of sports flooring have a range higher than the standards and permissible limits of exposure, which can affect the health of users, and on the other hand, it has the possibility of harming the environment.

The chemical precipitation using lime, caustic soda and soda ash was investigated for the simultaneous removal of Cu and Zn from copper mine industrial wastewater by conducting jar tests in the present study. Jar experiments were performed with a set of polyethylene beakers (500 ml) in order to investigate the effect of two reaction parameters (precipitant doses and initial pH) on the removal of heavy metals. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) equipped with X-Ray Energy Diffraction Spectroscopy (EDX) were used to identify the important chemical compounds and to study the surface morphology, chemical composition and particle size of the sludge samples. An increase in the removal of Cu and Zn was observed by increasing the precipitant dose (10-400 mg/L) for each reagent used. Removal efficiency of 90% were obtained for both heavy metal ions. The chemical precipitation efficiency was affected by pH. At high final pH levels (8<pH<10), Cu had higher removal efficiency than Zn by all precipitating agents. In the sludge produced, Zn and Cu were precipitated as amorphous hydroxides including Zn(OH)2 and Cu(OH)2. SEM images showed that the produced sludges have small size and compact structure. EDX analysis determined that in all sludge samples, the content of Cu was higher than Zn. Effluent treatment with soda ash resulted in the sludge production with lower volume and larger particle size. As a result, the use of this precipitating agent can be less expensive for sludge drying steps.

The consumption of small fish such as sardines does not have a significant place in the family's food basket, but they are a very rich source of mineral salts, protein, and fat, which until now are the most consumed in the world for the production of fish meal and fish oil as feed for aquatic animals, poultry and livestock. But by processing them, especially the extraction of oil, fatty acids, and remaining fish proteins, they can be used in the production of anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving drugs, lubricants, cosmetic products, and cosmetic waxes. In the present study, the isolation of unsaturated fatty acids and steroids and the identification of sardine steroids of Sardinella sindensis species and the production of moisturizing cream were performed in order to create value-added products. Sardinella sindensis was caught by coastal blockade method in January 2017 from around Qeshm Island. Bligh and Dyer method was used to extract oil from sardines. Unsaturated fatty acids were measured in extracted fish oil. Finally, the production of moisturizing cream from the extracted oil was investigated. The results showed that the amount of oil extracted from sardine fish using Bligh and Dyer method is 16%. The highest amount of fatty acids is palmitic acid C16:0 (26/905). The results of the moisturizing test of the produced creams on the skin of the volunteers showed that the moisturizing of cream with 3% fish oil is 40.12% and the moisturizing of cream with 5% fish oil is 42.31%, which according to the moisturizing creams Johnson commercial 43.85% and Dr. Jila 44.90%, no significant difference was observed and the produced creams were of good quality (P≥0.05). Industrial extraction of this product, while producing pharmaceutical products, can improve the added value of fishery products and effectively help in reducing environmental pollution.

In this research, the biological adsorption process of lead heavy metal was investigated using brown algae Nizimuddinia zanardini and green algae Ulva rigida. Optimum adsorption conditions by measuring pH, the amount of adsorbent, time, and the concentration of lead ion were investigated. Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherms were used to investigate surface adsorption. Adsorption kinetics were investigated according to pseudo-first and second-order kinetic equations. Examining the pH results, it was found that brown algae at pH = 5 and green algae at pH = 6 could reach the maximum adsorption of lead. Examining the time-related results, it was found that the best adsorption time for both algae was 60 min. The results of the adsorbent dosage showed that the two bioadsorbents of brown and green algae have the highest amount of adsorption in the amounts of 0.5 and 0.7 g, respectively, and in the initial concentration of metal ions, the highest efficiency was obtained in the dosage of 2 mg/l. The results of the isotherm model showed that lead adsorption by brown algae corresponds to the Langmuir isotherm and green algae to the Freundlich isotherm. Also, according to the kinetic results, both adsorptions follow second-order kinetics.

The development of technology in drilling oil and gas wells has created serious problems for the environment. Drilling fluids have some unwanted compounds such as heavy metals, hydrocarbons, and salt. The increase in the volume of these activities has caused the increasing spread of waste in the lands adjacent to the drilling rigs. The discharge of these compounds in the soil causes damage to the environment. Due to the importance of drilling waste management to reduce the environmental pollution caused by them, native plants of the region were selected and compared to the examination of salinity and heavy metal pollution levels, equivalent to the concentrations of drilling mud, which were prepared and implemented in the laboratory. To evaluate germination indicators under salinity stress and heavy metals (Cr.Cd.Pb), an experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design in the year 2020 in the laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture of IslamicAzad University of Isfahan (Khorasgan).The treatments included the concentration of metals. heavy and salinity at the level of 0,5,10,15%, four plants (Triticum wheat, Hordeum vulgare barley, Avena sativa oats, and Chenopodium quinoa) were selected with three replications. Comparison of the average fresh and dry weight of seedlings, seed germination index, and germination speed of wheat, barley, quinoa, and oat species showed that with the increase of salinity and metal stress treatments and their combination treatment, these traits decreased significantly. According to the research results, the quinoa plant species had the highest fresh and dry weight of seedlings among plant species.The allometric coefficient in the oat plant species was lower than the three wheat, barley, and quinoa plant species. 10% salinity treatment followed by 5% salinity showed the highest allometric coefficient in the quinoa plant with 1.93 and 1.86, respectively, which increased by 8% and 4%, respectively, compared to the control treatment. The oat plant had the highest seed germination index under 10 and 15% salinity conditions. The highest germination rate was related to the wheat plant, followed by the oat plant, and the barley plant had the lowest germination rate in all experimental treatments. In the conditions of salinity and metals and their combined treatments (salinity+metals), the quinoa plant had a higher germination percentage than the other three plant species. It can be concluded that wheat and quinoa plants are more suitable for the bio assay of heavy metals and salinity than the other two plants.

In this paper, the preparation of nano zeolite was carried out at different grinding times using a dry planetary ball mill. Sodium Hexa Meta Phosphate (SHMP) was introduced as the dispersant in the milling of natural zeolite adsorbent. In the next step, to remove and adsorb heavy metal ions such as nickel, copper, and cadmium, the application of nano zeolite was studied in batch mode.

In this paper, zeolite nanoparticles were produced using planetary and ball mills. Adsorption experiments were conducted to investigate the adsorption of nickel, copper, and cadmium using new nano zeolite adsorbent. 

The effect of Sodium Hexa Meta Phosphate (SHMP) on grinding and adsorption of ion metals by nano zeolite was investigated and results showed that the application of SHMP led to lower energy consumption in grinding and had a positive effect on nickel and cadmium removal from aqueous solution by nano zeolite particles.

The effect of sodium hexametaphosphate on the absorption of nickel, cadmium, and copper metals showed that this reagent had a positive effect on the absorption of nickel and cadmium ions on nanozeolite particles, but it did not affect the absorption of copper ions. Nano-zeolites have a larger external surface area and a shorter diffusion path length due to having nano-sized particles, so their absorption capacity is very high.

The phenomenon of dust is one of the biggest serious environmental problems in arid and semi-arid regions. More than two thirds of Iran is located in this climate. This phenomenon can damage infrastructure and agricultural products and cause a lot of economic damage. Therefore, since the study area is in the western part of Iran and is highly exposed to dust. On the other hand, so far no comprehensive study has been conducted in this field in the region, so this research is a necessity. Scientific and practical objectives of the research include: Investigating the diversity of soils in the region and their relationship with landforms in the region, Investigating the temporal distribution of dust characteristics in the region, Investigating the soil characteristics of the study area and Hur al-Azim wetland in Khuzestan This is a phenomenon.

For this study, Kuhdasht basin with an area of 456 square kilometers located in western Iran and southwestern Lorestan province was considered. 12 glass traps with dimensions of one square meter were installed in the area to trap dust at a height of about 2.5 meters above the ground. And seasonal dust samples were prepared during 2015. Sampling was performed for origin from the surface soil of the region and Hur al-Azim wetland. To determine the concentration of heavy metals, the chemical digestion step was performed by the ETHOS 1 microwave device made in Italy. Then, to determine the concentration of elements, atomic absorption apparatus (Perkin Elmer Analyst, 3030) with detection limit of ppm and ppb and flame technique was used and for cadmium metal concentration through graphite furnace technique. Meanwhile, the region's flower was drawn by WRPLOT software, 7.0.0.

The highest rate of dust subsidence is in spring and the lowest in autumn. The average annual subsidence rate of the region is 11.51 tons per square kilometer per year. The textile class of silt sludge dust particles and the particle transfer index from areas with medium to high distances. The average concentration of heavy metals in dust is higher than the soil of the region. In general, the results showed that cadmium and zinc elements have very high pollution factor, nickel and lead have significant pollution and manganese and copper elements have low pollution. The elements cadmium, zinc and nickel, which have an enrichment factor of more than 10, are of human origin, but the element lead is of natural and human origin together, and the elements manganese and copper are of natural origin in the region. The similarity of minerals and the presence of evaporative minerals in fine dust reinforces the hypothesis that it is part of the origin of wetland and offshore particles. However, the study of chemical properties indicates the role of local resources in the generation of dust.

The main flow of dust in all seasons in the study area is from cross-border areas. The amount of dust is highest in spring and lowest in other seasons, which is lowest in autumn. The particle size distribution class is silty loam, which indicated the presence of resources at medium to relatively close distances to the area. The rate of subsidence in the region indicates the type of regional dust. The concentration of heavy metals in dust is high in winter and the element zinc has the highest amount. The level of pollution index of all elements indicates the spread of pollution in the region. Clay mineralogy showed that the presence of evaporative minerals strengthens the hypothesis of wetland origin and transboundary. In general, this study showed that the deserts of the mentioned neighboring countries and dust sources of Khuzestan province (located in the south of the region) are the main sources of dust in the region.

Ways to produced urban wastes is concern in most urban areas of Iran. Increasing population density, industrialization and the amount of waste produced are of great importance. The introduction of heavy metals through urban wastewater into natural ecosystems, especially soils, is one of the most important environmental concerns. The purpose of this study is to investigate the concentration of some heavy metals (lead, chromium, zinc, nickel) in the soil of landfill site of Sarayan.

For this purpose, 20 soil samples were collected from urban landfills and analyzed in a laboratory using Contraa 700 atomic absorption spectrophotometer and then analyzed by statistical techniques and Excel and IBM SPSS statistical software version 25.

To determine the contamination of the studied area, contamination factors (CF) and land accumulation (Igeo) were used and the results showed that the highest amount of contamination was related to surface-level chromium and the lowest was related to surface water and the amount of earthquake index Igeo) was found for chromium metal between 1 and 3.

According to the study, the chromium metal in the slightly infected and highly infected classes and other samples collected in non-infected classes of metals were slightly contaminated.

The aim of this study was to investigate the emission of heavy metals (cadmium and lead) in the soil around Taybad landfill. For this purpose, 15 stations at a distance of 100 meters from each other to the landfill of Taybad city were selected for sampling. Sampling 5 samples and repeating 3 times from each station, the samples were transferred to the laboratory for analysis to check the level of pollution indicators. Hypotheses were analyzed using one-sample t-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient with spss 24 software. It was found that the average total concentration of lead is equal to 52.04 and the average total concentration of cadmium is equal to 1.748. The concentration of the mentioned metals is significantly higher than the average global soil and earth's crust with 95% confidence. In the case of lead and cadmium, the highest contamination was in station 10 and 4, and the lowest contamination was in station 6 and 12, respectively. It is concluded that the amount of soil contamination does not change significantly with increasing distance, because the volume and concentration of contaminant runoff from the landfill (contaminant) along the path is constant. Therefore, it is better to provide environmental training for municipal municipal personnel and citizens of the region and to invest in the restoration of the environment and its further protection.

Among the most important environmental pollutants are heavy metals that enter the environment from industrial activities such as mining, fuel and energy production, the use of herbicides, cleaners, and urban waste production. The most important and valuable natural habitat in the study area is Arasbaran Biosphere Reserve. The purpose of this research is to determine the concentration of heavy elements in Soungoun copper mine, which have the potential of environmental pollution.

The collected samples after preparation were analyzed by ICP-MS method. Then the geochemical data were statistically analyzed by software such as SPSS. Many univariate and multivariate calculations including: linear correlation, cluster analysis and factor analysis were performed on the database.

Investigations show that the rocks of this area are enriched with elements Te, Mo, Cu, S, As, Sb, Bi, W, Ag, Tl, U, Sn and Pb. Among them, the enrichment of Te, Mo, Cu and S is very impressive. Three groups can be distinguished in the cluster analysis diagram: 1- Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Ni, Be, U, Tl, Co and Fe. 2- Bi, W, Ag, Sn, Cu and As. 3- Sb, Zn, Mn, Pb, Mo and Te. The highest correlation values are observed between Sc-Ti-V, Cr-Ni, Be-U, Co-Fe, Ag-Sn and Sb-Zn elements. The extracted grade of copper and molybdenum in Soungoun complex is 0.61% and 0.01%, respectively, while their average in the studied rocks is 0.73% and 0.0113%, respectively, which are close to each other.

The formation of sulphide minerals is a factor for the high amount of chalcophile elements in the intrusive mass rocks of Soungoun copper mine. Due to the fact that mining activities may cause the release of heavy and toxic elements into geochemical cycles, design is very important in the matter of extracting minerals and should be done with sensitivity and correct and accurate environmental assessment. Therefore, if the mining site is not restored, it will turn into polluted land and this pollution will cause many changes in the physicochemical properties and pH of the soil. Correct, efficient and dynamic management of the environment must be continuously applied to mining activities so that these activities do not deviate from the path of sustainable and healthy development.

The most common marine environmental pollutants are metal pollutants, petroleum hydrocarbons, and aromatic hydrocarbons. In the present research, metallic and organic pollutants of Nayband Gulf were investigated. Sampling was done from 20 stations in the winter of 2018. From each station, two sediment samples for organic matter and heavy metals (with 3 replications) were collected and a total of 120 sediment samples were collected using Van Veen Grab. To measure metals and petroleum hydrocarbons, ICP(Agilent7500cx) and GC (Agilent 6890n) devices were used, respectively. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22 software. The mean concentrations (mg/kg) of iron (7980), nickel (19.71), vanadium (14.90), and cobalt (5.71) were measured. Although it did not exceed domestic and international standards, nearby stations Asaluyeh region showed a significant difference (P<0.05) with other stations. The total amount of petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) with an average of 14.33 mg/kg and the maximum concentration of 42.16 were recorded at a station (19) near Asaluyeh wharf and the amount of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAH) with an average of 223.09 µg/kg and maximum concentration of 657.68 were recorded at a station (20). Based on the data, Nayband gulf has low levels of pollution (TPH> 15) in terms of TPH compounds and moderate levels of pollution (PAH> 100) in terms of PAH compounds. The difference between stations near Asaluyeh and other stations in terms of pollution shows that the gradual increase of pollution caused by industries and its impact on the functioning of Nayband gulf ecosystem should be considered as a serious issue.

The increase in the consumption of heavy metals in the Persian Gulf is the result of oil release, coastal investments such as refineries and large industrial factories, in fishing and commercial, household industries, as well as agricultural runoff, which is the result of pesticides and pesticides. It is one of the dangers that have made the ecosystem with this threat. Considering the proof of the nutritional value of marine products in the past decades and the need to consume food sources and fatty acids needed by the body, it is necessary to study the increase in the amount of risks caused by the consumption of aquatic products. Considering the importance of treatments related to heavy metals in edible aquatics due to the possibility of the accumulation of these metals, 30 oily sardine fish samples and 30 food samples from the beaches of Bushehr were analyzed. Oily sardines and edible oysters are both for human consumption, and according to the reports of the past few years about the presence of pollutants, including heavy elements, in the waters of the Persian Gulf, it is necessary that these species are healthy for human consumption. Thoroughly tested. The main purpose of this research is to measure the accumulation of lead, cadmium and nickel in the muscles of oily sardines and oysters in the Persian Gulf and its consumption. The composition of lead, cadmium and nickel metals in oily sardine fish muscle was calculated as 0.4327, 0.0192 and 0.0006 respectively and in edible oyster mollusk as 0.7414, 0.0550 and 0.0025 micrograms per weight respectively. A comparative comparison with the standards specified by global organizations such as WHO, FDA and UKMAFF shows that all the following were within the standard. The HQ index was less than 1 for both species, which indicates that the consumption of oily sardines and edible oysters does not pose a serious risk to the health of consumers in terms of lead, cadmium and nickel levels.

The process of extraction and exploitation of oil and gas resources requires the cycle of production, sending, and recycling of drilling mud or drilling fluid, so achieving the right combination of drilling mud and its recycling is an essential and fundamental matter in the industrial oil and gas and also the environment.

Determining the level of contamination of heavy metals and organic matter in the drilling mud and drilling cuttings can be necessary so that intelligent methods to estimate these contaminants can be indirectly effective. This study tried to estimate the contamination rate of drilling cuttings, despite the formation parameters of 10 oil wells drilled at different depths (66 data sets), using the regression learning limit of an artificial neural network.

A total of 60 data sets were prepared to estimate the rate of change in the concentration of heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the learning and testing process, and another six sets of data related to a well that was randomly selected and used in the artificial neural network validation process. Limit learning regression algorithm for ten heavy elements and ten aromatic compounds contaminating cutting and drilling mud on two different data sets in a drilling area in one of the oil fields in southern Iran was evaluated.

The results are suitable for estimating the contamination of drilling cuttings and subsequent environmental protection processes. Such processes of contamination and recycling of drilling mud will play an efficient role.

 Landfill leachate is a highly toxic and hazardous form of wastewater due to its complex composition characteristics. Effective removal of heavy metals from landfill leachate is of great concern due to the fact that toxic metals can seriously threaten the food chain, and therefore the human health. The main objective of this work was to study the utilizing of low-cost pruning residues in the production of biochar and its application in removal of lead (Pb) from landfill leachate.

 Leachate produced in Babol municipal solid waste landfill was used as an adsorbent solution. Pruning residues were collected and used for biochar preparation. Biochar produced under the pyrolytic temperature of 700°C with a 1-hour retention time. The adsorption mechanism of pruning waste biochar to Pb was analyzed through BET surface area and scanning electron microscope (SEM) tests. Batch experiments were performed to study the effects of adsorption parameters on Pb removal. The influence of contact time (30-300 min), adsorbent dosage (1-50 g/L), as well as particle size (1-2 mm and 63-75 µm) was investigated. Moreover, the kinetic and isotherm models were applied to the experimental data to predict the adsorption parameters.

 The results obtained from the analysis of the untreated Babol landfill leachate was revealed that the Pb concentration was about 4.94 mg L-1. The surface area of the produced biochar was determined to be 292.44 m2 g-1. SEM microstructure of the biochar showed the developed surface area with visible pores. All of these data seem to suggest a great potential for pruning residues biochar to Pb removal. The adsorption of Pb was mainly affected by contact time, adsorbent dose, and biochar particle size. Higher contact time and adsorbent dosage showed higher uptake of Pb. Whereas, the uptake of Pb ions onto pruning residues biochar was substantially reduced with increase the biochar particle size. Maximum Pb percentage removal was observed at a contact time of 90 min and with an optimum biochar dosage of 20 g L-1 (89.06% removal) for biochar with 1-2 mm particle size. While, biochar with particle size of 64-75 µm can removed Pb to almost 100% at a contact time of 120 min and with an optimum biochar dosage of 20 g L-1. The kinetic study showed that adsorption can be well described by the pseudo-second order kinetic model. This supports the chemisorption theory behind the pseudo-second order kinetic model for the adsorption system. The results of isotherm models implied that the behaviors of the isotherms are more appropriate for the Langmuir model, showing a monolayer adsorption capacity for Pb.

 Findings of this research demonstrated the applicabil ity of pruning residues biochar as an economic adsorbent for the removal of the Pb from landfill leachate. On the other hand, the crop residue burning poses a threat to the environment and human health due to the emission of toxic gasses and particulate matter. So, conversion of pruning residues to biochar and its application to heavy metal removal is a useful and environment-friendly alternative to crop residue and biomass burning.

Introduction:

 Due to the potential toxicity and ecological risk of heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems, measuring and evaluating their concentration in different parts of aquatic environments is very necessary. Therefore, the present study measures the concentrations of Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, As and Zn and evaluates the spatial distribution of their ecological risk in the surface sediments of Anzali International Wetland.

50 stations in different parts of the wetland were selected for sampling. After preparation and acid digestion of samples, the concentrations of these metals were determined by an atomic absorption spectrometer. In order to zoning the toxicity and ecological risk of metals, the inverse distance weighting (IDW) method was used.

The total mean concentrations of metals were Zn (79.24 71 6.71), Cr (19.4 21 21.04), Ni (18.96 62 5.62), Pb (13.3 72 72.50), As (7.62 96 4.96) and Cd (1.12 ± 3.16) mg/kg, respectively. Investigation of potential acute toxicity, RI, mHQ and PLI indicated low pollution status in wetland sediments. The environmental risk of the metals in the sediments were evaluated as (Cd> As> Pb> Ni> Zn> Cr). In addition, the distribution of toxicity and ecological risk of metals in different parts of the wetland does not follow the same pattern and the western parts of the wetland have more risks.

According to the results, Potential acute toxicity, PLI, mHQ and ecological risk of heavy metals in the sediments of the region are assessed as low and medium. The intense expansion of human activities in the areas around the wetland, along with the deposition and entry of various pollutants in this ecosystem, confirms the need for continuous monitoring of the wetland and assessment of its ecological health risk.

Environmental pollution has become one of the main problems of today's societies in a way that in addition to natural ecosystems, it also endangers human health. Therefore, in this study, the contamination of heavy metals and organophosphate toxins accumulated in two different types of rice consumed by humans was measured. The risk of carcinogenicity and non-carcinogenicity associated with these toxins for children and adults in rice fields in northern Iran was also assessed. For this purpose, 17 stations were selected for sampling rice consumption from farms in Mazandaran province in the first and second cultivation groups. After sampling, rice samples were wrapped in foil to measure toxins and placed in plastic packs to measure heavy metals. Heavy metals were measured using ICP-MS and toxins were measured using GC-MS and mercury was measured using mercury autoanalyzer. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk indices for both groups of children and adults in the first and second culture groups were evaluated and calculated. The results showed that nickel and lead showed the highest values in the collected samples at station 14 at 0.38 and at station 6 at 0.17 mg/kg, respectively. In addition, the toxic and carcinogenic metals arsenic, cadmium and mercury in stations 6, 5 and 6 showed values of 0.094, 0.017 and 0.001 mg/kg, respectively. Station 1 and Station 2 have the highest and lowest values of diazinon in the range of 0.038 and 0.004, respectively, and chloroprifus have the highest and lowest values in stations 8 and 14, respectively, in the range of 0.019 and 0.001 mg/kg. The non-carcinogenic risk of the first and second cultures was highest for children and adults for safe toxins and for nickel metal. THQ levels also showed a high risk for consumers. The risk of carcinogenicity for the target groups was highest in different concentrations of chromium and in the second group for children the group had high risk levels. The results of this study showed that rice produced in farms in northern Iran contains different amounts of toxins and heavy metals that have carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic potential for consumers.

Contamination of aquatic ecosystems with heavy metals is a threat to the health and life of aquatic animals and, as a result, human health. This research was conducted to investigate the concentration of heavy metals (copper, nickel, lead, cadmium and iron) in Anzali Wetland. In order to measure the amount of heavy metals in Anzali Wetland, sampling was done from four stations during four seasons (2019-2020). The concentration of heavy metals was determined using a plasma atomic spectrometer. The results showed that the average annual concentrations of Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd and Fe in water were 66/16±36/17, 16/60±12/25, 45/46±21/63, 15/51±7/24 and 75/43±26/80 μg/L, respectively. The decreasing trend of metal concentration in water was obtained as Fe>Cu>Pb>Ni>Cd. The concentration of these metals was higher in winter and autumn compared to other seasons. The concentration of all the investigated metals was lower than the national standard of Iran. Compared to WHO and USEPA standards, the amount of Cu, Ni and Fe metals was lower and the amount of Pb and Cd metals was higher than these standards. Based on the results of this survey, the amount of heavy metals in the surveyed areas is very low, which indicates the absence of serious pollution in the area.

Nowadays, heavy metal pollution has become a serious environmental problem. To protect the environment, one of the effective and low-cost methods is phytoremediation. Phytoremediation is the use of plants to remove, reduce and stabilize pollutants. In this regard, the use of fungi that symbiosis with plants, can increase the efficiency of phytoremediation, reduce the time required to remove contamination, and develop its application.

This experiment was performed in order to investigate the traffic and symbiosis interaction’s effects on lead and cadmium accumulation in rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). The experiment donen in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and three factors as factorial. The first factor includes mycorrhiza symbiosis (control and inoculation), the second factor was traffic (Control, 120, 300, 600, 950, 1200, 1800, 2400, 3000, 3600, and 4200 cars per hour) and the third factor was the type of pot (Controls and pots where the soil surface is covered except at the place of seedlings) with three replications in 2019-2020 in Shiraz metropolis. In the experiment some properties were investigated such as root weight, soil cadmium, shoot cadmium, root cadmium, stem length, main root length, plant dry weight, root lead, cadmium, and lead transfer factors.

The results of mean comparisons showed that inoculation of plants with mycorrhizal fungi )Glomus mossea (had higher lead content of root tissue than shoots and soil in 4200 cars per hour compared to the control. Symbiosis with mycorrhiza fungi increased root weight and plant dry weight, stem length, and main root length compared to the control by 23.93, 18.97, 0.82 and 30.87% in 4200 car traffic per hour, respectively. The results also showed that the treatment of closed pots and inoculation of mycorrhizal fungi increased the growth parameters and decreased cadmium and lead.

The reduction of cadmium and lead concentrations in the inoculated rosemary with Glomus mosses indicates that Rosmarinus officinalis L. can grow in soils contaminated with cadmium and lead. Also, the symbiosis of mycorrhizae increases th ability of rosemary.

One of the ways to reduce soil pollution is the use of plants, which is more effective than other methods due to its simplicity, cheapness and compatibility with the environment. Mycorrhizal fungi symbiotic with plants can further reduce pollution by changing and modifying plant physiological processes.

In order to investigate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus muse species) on the phytoremediation potential of coriander, rosemary and ornamental cabbage in soils contaminated with lead, a completely randomized and factorial experiment with 3 types of plants (coriander, ornamental cabbage) And rosemary) had 6 levels of lead (0, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg of lead per kg of soil) and two levels of mycorrhizal arbuscular fungus (inoculation and non-inoculation) in 2017 in one of Abdanan greenhouses were done.

The results showed that with increasing soil lead levels, the concentration of lead in the roots and shoots of the plant increased. Arbuscular mycorrhiza increased the concentration of lead in the roots and shoots of rosemary. Mycorrhizal fungi also increased the concentration of lead in the aerial parts of ornamental cabbage but decreased the concentration of root lead. The highest concentration of shoot shoot was observed from rosemary plant and inoculated with mycorrhizal fungus and the lowest concentration of shoot shoot was observed from rosemary plant and not inoculated with mycorrhiza. The highest lead transfer factor was 5.8 from ornamental cabbage plant inoculated with mycorrhizal fungus and the lowest lead transfer factor was 0.7 from mycorrhizal plant inoculated with mycorrhiza.

The use of mycorrhizal arbuscular fungus increased the concentration of lead in the ornamental cabbage, which is used in phytoremediation of contaminated soils.

Soils and waters are frequently subject to contamination by inorganic elements including As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn, mainly due to anthropogenic activities, such as mining, incineration of wastes, drilling of petroleum shaft and agricultural practices (i.e., pesticides and sewage sludge application). Phytoremediation employs the use of plants to degrade, remediate and stabilize various environmental contaminants in soil, water and air. Biochar (BC) can be produced from a wide range of organic wastes via pyrolysis. It has great potential as an amendment for phytoremediation but its effects depend on the type of feedstock it derives from. This study was conducted to identify the effects of biochar addition and phytoremediation on As, Cr, and Pb concentrations in a soils polluted by oil drilling wastes.

The current study was carried out to examine the heavy metal immobilizing effect of biochar produced from sugar cane waste and subsequent heavy metal uptake by Sorghum, Atriplex sp. and prosopis farcta. Sugar cane wastage biochar was incorporated into four application rates (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 % (w/w)) and soil biochar mixtures were examined for an incubation period of 2 months (so that the contaminated material could be distributed evenly in the soil particles). Then pot trials were provided for cultivation of Sorghum, Atriplex sp and Prosopis farcta so that for each plant, a row of 12 pots and a total of 36 pots for the three under-study plants.

The results showed, average of Cr, As and pb concentration   in contaminated soil is 56, 53.4 and 582 ppm. Average of Cr, As and pb concentration   in contaminated soil is Amendment with BC is 30, 21.5 and 224. Average of Cr, As and pb concentration   in contaminated soil is Amendment with Sorghum is 22, 7.2 and 43, Amendment with Atriplex sp is 16, 15.3 and 141, Amendment with prosopis farcta is 18, 19.9 and 192 ppm.

Effective treatment of Cr was prosopis farcta and 1 % (w/w) biochar, Sorghum and 2 % (w/w) biochar for As and pb. Although heavy metal-contaminated soils can be reclaimed effectively by application of biochar, further research is needed to explore its long-term environmental and economic aspect to gain maximum benefits from this novel material