جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "تعارض" در نشریات گروه "محیط زیست"

There is much debate about the management of free-ranging dogs (Canis familiaris) in rural environments and protected areas of Iran. One example is Qazvin Province in north-central Iran, where there has been a steady increase in conflicts between different socioeconomic groups of the public about free-ranging dogs. The relationship between people and free-ranging dogs shapes the impact of these domestic carnivores on wildlife and the human environment. Therefore, understanding residents’ attitudes and interactions between humans and free-ranging dogs can provide insights into the extent of the conflict and propose alternative management interventions that are locally feasible.

In this study, we asked a focus group of 115 village council members from 98 villages across Qazvin Province to share their knowledge and experience of living with free-ranging dogs and management solutions. We used an exploratory questionnaire with two open-ended questions focusing on (1) whether there is free-ranging dog-human conflict in each village, (2) risks associated with living with free-ranging dogs in rural areas, and (3) appropriate intervention methods. We analysed the resulting data using a qualitative social science approach and fitted a generalized linear mixed model to quantify village-level determinants of complaints.

In total, 74% of respondents (86 representatives from 78 villages) identified free-ranging dogs as a problem to residents’ safety and livelihood. Problems with free-ranging dogs were reported from human settlements inside four out of five protected areas in Qazvin Province. Transmission of diseases and parasites (34.3%) and fear of dog bites and attacks (11.1%) were the most common perceived risks associated with free-ranging dogs. Only one respondent felt the need to control free-ranging dogs to reduce their impact on wildlife. The probability of complaints by the respondents about free-ranging dogs increased with an increase in human population size (median and 95% Bayesian credible interval limits of slope βpopulation = 1.3, 0.2 – 2.7), the extent of human settlement areas (βsettlement = 1.1, 0.1 – 2.7), and distance from protected areas (βprotected = 0.8, 0.2 – 1.8) in their villages. Over 50% of the respondents stated that either there is no solution (30.4%) or there is no major conflict with free-ranging dogs that would require an alternative management strategy (25.2%). Only 26.1% of the respondents preferred lethal control measures. The rest of the respondents preferred non-lethal control measures, with reducing food available (13.9%) and trap-and-release to a new site (10.4%) as the most popular alternatives.

Designing and implementing management interventions that are well-accepted by the public and minimize the negative impact of free-ranging dogs on Iranian wildlife is increasingly challenging. Education and awareness efforts can reduce the negative impacts of free-ranging dogs, but they cannot replace the need for active management interventions. The most effective methods to minimize the impact of free-ranging dogs that would be well-accepted by the public are improving waste management and constantly reducing the dog population size through removing individuals without owners from the population by non-lethal methods, including sterilization and transfer to dog shelters. Given the diverse community of stakeholders, participatory decision-making is required to manage free-ranging dog populations in rural areas of Iran.

Forest conversion to agriculture, Forest Understory cultivation and grazing in the forest are considered as the most important factors in the destruction of Zagros forests and in this regard, local and governmental stakeholders have different and contradictory views together. The purpose of this study was to gain a perspective of stakeholders regarding agricultural and livestock activities in Almaneh allotment forests in Sarvabad city. In the Almaneh`s forest village, agricultural activities whether farming or horticultural are carried out either inside the forest (in the form of understory farming, or deforestation and conversion to agriculture and orchard) or at the edge of the forest which in any case affects the forest. In this village livestock also has a direct impact on the forest and it can always be described as an integral part of the forest.

The statistical society of this study includes the people of Almaneh village and some experts of the Natural Resources and Agricultural offices of Kurdistan province. The main instrument of the study is a questionnaire and In total, 115 local and state stakeholders views using a Likert scale on Forest conversion to agriculture, Forest Understory cultivation and grazing in the forest were investigated. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used for data analysis using SPSS software.

According to the results, local stakeholders are not aware of their activities in deforestation and agricultural experts agree with them. But natural resources experts have opposite view. In other words, local and state practitioners have a different perspective on many aspects of the activity and the conflict between local practitioners and government experts, especially natural resource experts, is clearly visible.

So, from a stakeholders perspective, a common item is selected as the selected stakeholders item in all three activities, which shows that these activities are due to economic problems and the lack of local people's income.

Recent extinctions often resulted from humans retaliating against wildlife that threatened people’s interests or were perceived to threaten current or future interests. Conflict is any encounter between wildlife and humans or their property resulting in a contest or interference competition. Therefore, conflict includes humans harming animals or animals harming humans or their property claims, and the harm may be motivated by any reason (intention is irrelevant). The conflict between humans and carnivores in Iran has also grown significantly in recent decades. Among carnivores, the gray wolf (Canis lupus) has a higher conflict with humans and animals. Wolves are known in many countries as a common example of conflict with local people. In the Middle East, field observations and studies on the wolf diet indicate the dependence of this species on anthropogenic food resources (livestock, waste, etc.), which has led to a severe conflict between this species with local communities. Unfortunately, the conflict between humans and wolves has reached its peak in some parts of the country, especially in the western regions of Iran (Hamadan, Zanjan, Kurdistan, and Ardabil provinces) to the point that in recent years a number of local people, as well as a large number of livestock, have been killed by wolves. Therefore, addressing the ecological and behavioral aspects of this species is an important step in reducing conflicts. In this research, using a review of some important papers related to human-wolf conflict, we described some subjects into wolf diet, a wolf-dog hybrid, waste management, livestock and poultry carcass management, and management of wolf attacks on humans and livestock. An attempt has been made to use some of the latest findings of researchers in the world and studies conducted in Iran. The results of this study can be used to manage of human-wolf conflict in Iran.

The study of ecological roles of animals that live in forest stands is always considered as a missing link in studies related to forest science and ecology. The aim of current study is to investigate the ecological and socio-economic roles of brown bear (Ursus arctos syriacus) in the forests stands of northern Iran. This study uses library documents that include books on forest ecology, forestry, wildlife science, history, anthropology, environmental sociology, natural resource law and biography, as well as research reviews and sources including related articles and reports, exploration and searches throw internet and obtained relevant information, along with conducting unstructured interviews. Unstructured qualitative content analysis interviews were conducted with experts in the field of forest and wildlife ecology and individuals from indigenous communities who are in conflict with brown bears such as gardeners, beekeepers and ranchers. By releasing informants so that they can explore the issue quite freely from a variety of perspectives, and they can comment in any way they wish on the ecological and socio-economic roles of the brown bear in the forests of northern Iran. The studied documents show that biologically brown bears control populations of insects, invertebrates and small vertebrates, facilitate decomposition and decay of forest dead woods, perform natural pruning, accelerate the natural regeneration of forest trees, playing a scorching role in carnivores and reduce the risk of forest fires. Affects the forest. Socio-economically, it also damages livelihood activities such as beekeeping, horticulture and animal husbandry, thereby creating some beliefs about the animal. Awareness of ecological maps of forest animals such as brown bears in the movement and establishment of seeds of forest trees, soil fertility, natural habitat, etc. leads to the knowledge and awareness of decision makers and indigenous communities of animals and thus helps significantly in wildlife protection.

The conflict between human and wildlife is a newfound issue in the present era that has intensified over time. This study evaluates different aspects of human-wildlife conflict in the Golestan National Park. The present study was initially conducted using field research to collect basic information among the native villagers around the Golestan National park. A questionnaire method (open and closed) was used to obtain additional information about human and wildlife conflicts and the attitude of local people towards wildlife in the study area. Respondents were of different genders, age groups, religious groups, occupations and fields of study. Fourteen villages were selected based on the data collected using a preliminary survey, distance from the park, problems related to agricultural damage, livestock losses, human health and dependence of local people on the park. Totally, 489 people were randomly selected for interview. The majority of respondents (46.83%) believed that the population of problematic animals in the region has increased in recent years. The main types of human-wildlife conflicts in the study area were include crop attacks, livestock hunting, increased risk of animal diseases, and direct threats to human life. 35.14% of the respondents considered damage to crops as the main factor in dealing with wildlife. Also, 32.64%, 16.58% and 15.63% of the respondents considered the hunting of livestock by wild animals, the threat to human life and the threat to human health by wildlife as the reasons for their confrontation with wildlife, respectively.

When the needs and behaviors of wildlife affect humans or the behavior of wildlife negatively affects the needs of wildlife, the conflict between humans and wildlife occurs. The purpose of current study is to investigate the conflict between human and wildlife in rural and urban environments in Robat Karim. For this purpose, it was used purposive sampling method, 45 academics, health department, environment department, municipality (municipal services, transportation and waste management unit), environmental NGOs, agricultural and livestock activists and Indigenous guys were selected and interviewed in an unstructured form. Then, by using inductive qualitative content analysis, the findings of the interview were interpreted and classified. Thus, using the open coding method, the first meanings extracted from the interviews are "concepts"; Categorization of concepts, "subcodes"; and subcategory categorization, "main codes" were extracted. From the open coding results, 4 main categories were obtained. Main category 1 pointed to damage to garden facilities and destruction of agricultural products, main category 2 pointed to inflict economic losses and create fear and panic among the villagers, main category 3 pointed to damage and cause severe livestock casualties and main category 4 pointed to disrupt discipline and The tranquility of the urban environment and the transmission of pathogens have been emphasized. In general, public media, forming an environmental committee in the city governorate, forming NGOs with the aim of holding training courses, cooperation of the city environmental organization with the municipality to collect stray dogs and sterilize them, cooperation of relevant organizations with the health network organization to vaccinate stray dogs to reduce epidemics illnesses, insuring gardens (facilities and products), insuring livestock (sheep and goats) are approaches to mitigate human-wildlife conflict.

The Survey of attitudes of local communities towards carnivores in the natural habitats where these species interact with humans is essential for the management and conservation of these species. In this study, we designed a questionnaire form and 230 people were interviewed to find out the attitude of local communities towards the presence of the brown bear in the Mazandaran province. The independent variables of the analyses which were considered are age, education, bear attacks to humans and on human capital, bear fear, knowledge of local people about bear's role in nature, traditional beliefs of local people and acceptance (1) or non-acceptance (0) of the bear by locals in the habitat. Finally, by using binary logistic regression statistical methods, the attitude of local communities regarding acceptance or rejection of this species was analyzed. The results showed that among the studied variables, those people who are highly knowledgeable, those who are afraid of species and those who have a traditional belief about the species agree with the presence of bears in nature. The results study showed that the knowledge of the local communities about the bear has a positive effect on their attitude and interest in the presence of the bear, and fear of the bear did not cause a negative attitude and a lack of interest in the presence of the bear. But given the increasing conflict in recent years in the province of Mazandaran, economic losses may increase retaliation by local people and jeopardize the survival of the bear.

In recent years, the interference of wildlife natural needs such as water, food, shelter and the place of reproduction supply and human needs in natural lands have lead to the serious conflicts between humans and wildlife. One of the most obvious examples of this conflict is the increase in incidents caused by losses incurred by bears to humans, livestock and gardens in Qazvin province. Drafting and implementing a consistent strategic management plan in agreement with areas socio-economic conditions, can be considered an effective solution to reduce conflicts in these areas. In this study, we looked for the strengths and weaknesses as well as opportunities and threats to which environmental management of this province is facing and/or will be faced in future. Then we categorized, weighted and analyzed them, using SWOT analysis. Finally, we applied a quantitative strategic planning matrix (QSPM) to prepare an appropriate strategic management plan to remove or reduce the conflicts. The results showed three principal strategies are as the most important strategies for providing a strategic management plan for reducing Brown Bear conflicts including; (i) Complete implementation of the action plan of brown bears protection with attracting the necessary credits by the Department of Environmental Protection of the Qazvin province, (ii) Education of local communities and promote of effective methods for protecting beehives and gardens from bears' attacks, and (iii) Increasing the number of rangers and equipping the Rangers station in order to better protect of the bears' habitats and Permanent presence of Rangers in hot spot areas.

Investigating damages caused by wild species to the livestock, poultry, farms and humans are important issues in wildlife management. The first step in preventing damages, is to identify factors that play important roles in conflict between humans and wildlife. In this study, 367 local inhabitants from 18 villages across Ardestan and Naeen counties of Esfahan Province were interviewed about their experiences of livestock losses due to carnivore predation, diseases and other causes from January 2016 to June 2017. Results showed that about 92.7 percent of the livestock owned by respondents were attacks by grey wolves. Respondents reported negligible livestock loss to other carnivore species including jackal, common fox, striped hyena, wildcat, caracal and leopard. Yet, livestock loss to disease and other natural causes was about 2.5 times greater than the losses due to the wolf attacks. We argue that the local people’s perceptions about the wolf as main threat to their livestock has shaped through long exposure to the species and the wolf behavior. Locally-affordable preventative methods such as keeping the livestock at predator-proof corrals and use of trained sheepdogs, as well as grazing pastures in avoiding places where wolfs are abundant, especially during the wolf breeding and nursing seasons, can be considered as strategies to decrease human wolf conflicts.