جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « conservation status » در نشریات گروه « محیط زیست »

Echinops shulabadensisMozaff. is endemic to the southeastern regions of Lorestan province. This species grows in the oak forest, in sunny areas with poor soil in some parts of Shulabad and Tayan. These areas are in the Irano-Turanian region's mountainous places and have an elevation range of 2019 to 2400 meters above sea level. In this research, the conservation status of this plant was investigated based on the guidelines of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Three criteria were used to evaluate the status of this species: extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), and population size. According to field studies, plots were established, and an analysis was performed using GeoCAT software. Echinops shulabadensis occupies an area of 3.24 km2. Its occurrence was 391.208 km2. Although its presence in the protected areas of Oshtrankouh(Tian–Azna) is important to some extent in the survival and preservation of the species, due to the rarity and small size of its populations, they should be specially monitored. In addition to in-situ conservation, ex-situ conservation should be provided by preserving its seeds in the Natural Resources Gene Bank of Iran and cultivating them in the Lurestan Botanical Garden and the National Botanic Garden of Iran.

Nepeta asterotricha Rech. f. is a perennial species belonging to the Lamiaceae family. This species is a local endemic of Yazd province. It is distributed in the S and SW of the province in humid valleys in the N and E of mountainous areas with a slope of 15 to 20%. Based on IUCN guidelines, three criteria were used to evaluate the status of this species: the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), and size of populations. According to field survey and plot sampling, N. asterotricha occupies an area of 0.06 Km2, and the extent of occurrence was 250.2 Km2. Thus, according to the results of this study, N. asterotricha is recognized as "Critically Endangered." Field observations showed that lack of management and inappropriate exploitation, such as non-observance of the grazing season and habitat degradation, are the main threats to this rare species. Given the importance of conserving endemic and critically endangered species, it seems necessary to define their natural habitat as protected habitats by the Natural Resources and Watershed Organization, as well as storing seeds in the Natural Resources Gene Bank and research on species recovery in its original habitat or its cultivation in National Botanical Garden of Iran.

Eryngium pyramidale Boiss. & Hausskn (Apiaceae) is one of the rarest sub-endemic species in the flora of Iran. This rare species grows at an altitude of 1600-2000 meters a.s.l. Based on IUCN criteria and categorized and derived data from GeoCAT (EOO= 13.291 km2; AOO= 0.030 km2), this species is assigned as Critically Endangered (CR). Among the solutions to conserve this valuable sub-endemic species are the comprehensive protection of oak forests in the west of the country by all relevant organizations, preventing unauthorized constructions in the villages of Avroman, as well as ex-situ conservation by protecting its seeds in the Natural Resources Gene Bank of Iran and its cultivation in botanical gardens.

Scutellaria nepetifilia is a shrubby species belonging to the Lamiaceae family. This species is found in Hamadan, western Iran, but less in Lorestan and Isfahan. In this study, the conservation status of Scutellaria nepetifilia was assessed based on IUCN categories and criteria using three criteria: extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), and population size and habitat quality. This study classifies it as "Endangered". This species' habitats are threatened by various destructive factors such as overgrazing and granite mining. Therefore, the Natural Resources and Watershed Management Organization must declare its distribution area a protected habitat. Ex-situ conservation by conserving this species' seeds in the Iranian Natural Resources Gene Bank and cultivation in botanical gardens should be done. Public awareness and education on the importance of protecting nature and plants can play a vital role in conserving plants in their natural habitats.

Cousinia kermanshahensis Attar, Ghahr, & Assadi is a biennial herbaceous species belonging to the Asteraceae family. This species is endemic to Kermanshah province, west of Iran. Based on IUCN guidelines, three criteria were used to evaluate the status of this species: Extent of Occurrence (EOO), Area of Occupancy (AOO), and size of populations. Based on field studies and plot sampling, C. kermanshahensis occupies 0.03 km2. The extent of occurrence was estimated to be 1.929 km2 using GeoCAT software. According to our results, C. kermanshahensis is a critically endangered (CR) species. Although the spiny leaves and capitules protect the plant from grazing, the limited populations around the village can pose a serious threat to it. By preserving its seeds in the Natural Resources Seed Bank and cultivating them in Iran's National Botanical Garden, ex-situ conservation is recommended. Furthermore, Natural Resources and the Watershed Management Organization should protect this endemic species' habitats.

The North Khorasan Province is a transitional region due to its location at the intersection of several phytogeographic regions that harbor diverse vegetation. In the present study, the conservation status of five endemic species of the province, including Astragalus razensis, A. neomaassoumianus, A. neoassadianus, Hedysarum paucifoliatum, and Onobrychis assadii are studied experimentally using IUCN criteria including Extent of Occurrence (EOO), Area of Occupancy (AOO) and size of population. The results showed that all of these species are restricted to type location. The mean average values of AOO were less than 5 Km2. These species are critically endangered taxa (CR). Among these species, A. neomaassouminaus and Onobrychis assadii are naturally protected from destructive factors like grazing. Considering the small populations of the studied species, protecting their natural habitats as in-situ conservation by the Natural Resources Organization and ex-situ conservation of these species' seeds in the Natural Resources Seed Bank of Iran is highly recommended.

Sorbus luristanica is a flowering plant from the Rosaceae of Iran. It is distributed in two mountainous regions, Gahar Lake and Kahman Lake in Lorestan Province. This is a deciduous tree with a height of up to 4 m. It is endemic to Iran. The species' conservation status was defined based on the IUCN Red List Categories. According to field survey and plot sampling, Sorbus luristanica occupies an area of 20 Km2, and the extent of occurrence is 717 Km2. Based on the Area of Occupancy (AOO), population size, regeneration, mainly by seeds, and habitat quality, this species' conservation status is classified as Endangered/EN. Field observations have shown that lack of proper management and recreation are the main threats to this rare species. Defining protected habitat by the Forests, Rangelands and Watershed Management Organization and the ex-situ conservation in botanical gardens and Plant Natural Resources Gene Banks are suggested for Sorbus luristanica conservation.

Scorzonera nivalis Boiss. & Hausskn (Asteraceae) is one of the narrowest endemic species in Iran's flora, restricted to the Schahu and Avroman Mountains. IUCN criteria and GeoCAT data (EOO= 339.736 km2; AOO= 4.41 km2) classify this species as Critically Endangered (CR). This species was not collected after it was introduced 156 years ago by Boissier and Haussknecht until 2013 when it was collected for the second time from Schahu Mountain. Later studies conducted in Kurdistan Province added other populations from the Avroaman Mountains to the samples of this valuable species. The most efficient way to protect this species is to help its propagation through seeding and sowing in other similar habitats in the Schahu and Avroman Mountains. Introducing Schahu Mountain as a protected area by the Department of Environment of Iran, preventing livestock from entering the top of the mountain, collecting seeds, and storing them in the Natural Resources Gene Bank of Iran are other effective ways to protect this valuable reserve.

Scorzonera alborzensis is one of the exclusive and rare species collected and reported from only one place in the country (Mazandaran province: between Baladeh and Nour, Siahsang mountains, 3023 m). The genus Scorzonera L. belongs to the Asteraceae family and has 19 endemic species in Iran. Based on the guidelines of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Area of Occupancy (AOO), Extent of Occurrence (EOO), habitat quality, population size, and natural reproduction of the species were evaluated. According to the field studies, the area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) were estimated at an area of 0.01 km2 (only one locality), and the number of adult individuals is between 15 and 20, with a very low regeneration rate. Therefore, according to our studies, Scorzonera alborzensis is defined as a Critically Endangered (CR) species. Road construction and grazing in this species' habitat are among the life-threatening factors. As a result, the Natural Resources and Watershed Organization needs to protect this species' habitat. Further, ex-situ conservation must be achieved by preserving seeds in the Natural Resources Seed Bank, growing seeds, and cultivating seedlings in Iran's National Botanical Garden

Ranunculus dalechanensis Iranshahr & Rech. f. is a rhizomatous perennial herb in the Ranunculaceae family. This alpine species is a local endemic in Kermanshah Province, west of Iran. The habitat of this species is located in the South of Sonqor city with a limited distribution near the pick of Dalakhani Mountain. Based on IUCN guidelines, three criteria were used to evaluate the status of this species: Extent of Occurrence (EOO), Area of Occupancy (AOO), and population size. Based on field studies and plot sampling, R. dalechanensis occupies an area of 0.0006 Km2 (600 m2). According to our results, R. dalechanensis is defined as a critically endangered (CR) species. The high traffic of climbers and livestock of neighboring villages in the habitat of this species may expose this natural environment and beautiful landscape to destruction. It should be noted that even though this species is poisonous, animal grazing cannot be considered a threat, but it will cause physical damage and uprooting of the plants. The ex-situ conservation is recommended, by preserving its seeds in the Natural Resources Seed Bank and cultivating the species in the National Botanical Garden of Iran and the Zagros Botanical Garden. Ex-situ conservation by Natural Resources and Watershed Management Organization is urgently needed.

Tanacetum sonbolii is an Iranian endemic species of Asteraceae that grows in west Azarbaijan, Tekab, Baderloo Village at altitudes 2380-2500 m. The conservation status of this species was evaluated and defined based on IUCN threat categories. It was evaluated based on the following categories: area of occupancy, the extent of occurrence, the number of habitats, and the number of mature individuals in populations. According to field studies and established plots, Tanacetum sonbolii occupies an area of 1 Km2 and an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 0.169 km2, with 150 scattered individuals in the area. Based on the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), it is a critically endangered species. Factors such as lack of proper development plans, road construction, and high traffic in the area due to tourist attractions resulted in the low quality of habitat and a decrease in population size. Therefore, special attention and conservation of the species habitat by the Natural Resources and Watershed Organization are urgently needed. Seed preservation and regeneration in the Natural Resources Seed Bank of Iran are necessary for species conservation and future recreation of its natural habitat.

Allium is one of the largest perennial genera of Monocots, and Iran is one of the most important centers of its diversity and speciation. Allium breviscapum Stapf is an endemic species of Iran and Hamadan province. It is growing in limited habitats and only in parts of Alvand Mountain in Hamedan Province. In this study, the conservation status of this endemic species was determined on the basis of IUCN categories and criteria by using the criteria as follows: the Extent of Occurrence (EOO), Area of Occupancy (AOO), population size, and habitat quality. According to the results of this study, the species is classified as "Critically Endangered". Its habitats are exposed to various destructive factors such as grazing, and granite extraction, which play an important role in threatening this species. Therefore, it is necessary for the Natural Resources and Watershed Management Organization to declare the distribution area of this species as protected habitat. Ex-situ protection by protecting the seeds of this species in the Iranian Natural Resources Gene Bank and planting some populations of it in botanical gardens should be done. Public awareness and education on the importance of protecting nature and plants can play an important role in protecting plants in natural habitats.

Nepeta makuensis Jamzad & Mozaffarian is an endemic species from the mint family in West Azarbaijan, Iran, distributed in mountainous areas with a relatively steep slope of Maku, Shut, around Barun dam in the altitude range of 1575 to 1770 m.a.s.l. Three populations of the species were studied based on IUCN Red List categories, and the extent of occurrence was calculated using GeoCAT software. Nepeta makuensis occupied an area of 0.75 km2, and the extent of occurrence was 15 km2. The total number of individuals was about 100, and all of them were mature and had a moderate freshness. The habitat quality was critical due to the construction of a dam, and the process of habitat destruction was high. According to the categories and criteria of the Union for Conservation of Nature, this species was classified in Critically Endangered (CR) category. Due to the habitat characteristics, the study of environmental factors is necessary for the conservation and reproduction of this species in botanical gardens. Furthermore, the in-situ conservation should be a priority, and necessary actions should be taken by the Forests, Rangelands, and Watershed Management Organization to declare a protected habitat for this species.

Nepeta dschuparensis (Lamiaceae) is a perennial herbaceous plant endemic to the Kerman province, growing in rocky, stony slopes. This species was collected in 11 habitats, but its density is higher in the heights of Jopar Mountain (type locality) than in other areas. The species conservation status was assessed using the guidelines of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Based on field observations and measurements, its area of occupancy was estimated at 2.5 km2. Therefore, according to the criteria of the area of occupancy, the reduction of population size, reduction of quantity and quality of habitats, and intermittent populations are in the category of Critically Endangered (CR). Also, the range of presence of this species (Extent of Occurrence / EOO) according to the calculations of GeoCAT software is 18815.295 Km2, which is in a vulnerable status. In the type habitat of this species, grazing is one of the threatening factors. In other areas, besides livestock grazing, proximity to agricultural land and agricultural land-use change are serious causes of destruction. Droughts in recent years are also likely to pose a threat to the species in the coming years. To prevent the extinction of this species, in-situ protection by the Forests, Range, and Watershed Management Organization and ex-situ protection in Botanical Gardens and the Gene Bank of Natural Resources of Iran should be included in the conservation work plan.

Scrophularia ispahanica Attar & Nowrouzi (Scrophulariaceae) is an endemic species, growing in a limited area of Isfahan Province, Fereidunshahr, in a small population, consisting of scattered individuals. This species has a specific ecological niche. To determine the conservation status of this species according to the guidelines of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), three criteria of Extent of Occurrence (EOO), Area of Occupancy (AOO), and the number of mature individuals as well as habitat quality, population size, and the number of individuals were examined. Based on field evidence and calculations, because of having one population with 300 square meters of occupancy and 3-4 individuals, the conservation status of this species is classified as "Critically Endangered (CR)". It is suggested that the habitat of this species be declared as a protected habitat by the Forests, Range, and Watershed Management Organization. Furthermore, ex-situ conservation must be considered.

The Scorzonera L. (Asteraceae) has 18 endemic species in Iran. S. persica Boiss. & Buhse is one of the endemic species and has only been collected and reported from three localities in the country. Based on the IUCN guidelines, different categories and criteria were used to evaluate the status of the species as follows: Area of Occupancy (AOO), Extent of Occurrence (EOO), quality of habitat, size of the population, and regeneration. According to the field studies, S. persica occupies an area of 0.6 km2. In the analysis of GeoCAT software, the extent of occurrence was 2720 Km2. Based on our results, the conservation status of S. persica is defined as Critically Endangered (CR). Construction operations and grazing in the habitat of this species are among the life-threatening factors of this species, so it seems necessary to protect this species by protecting its habitat.

Astragalus montis-parrowii Maassoumi & Nemati is a dwarf cushion species belonging to Sect. Aegacantha of Papilionaceae family. This alpine species is a local endemic species in Kermanshah province, west of Iran. The habitat of this species is located in the NE of Kermanshah city, with limited distribution at the pick of Parrow Mountain. Based on IUCN guidelines, three criteria were used to evaluate the status of this species: Extent of Occurrence (EOO), Area of Occupancy (AOO), and size of populations. Based on field studies and plot sampling, Astragalus montis-parrowii occupies 0.0025 Km2 (2500 m2). According to our results, Astragalus montis-parrowii is defined as a critically endangered (CR) species. Although the difficulty of accessing the habitat of this species is considered an important factor in its conservation, at the same time, it is the main limiting factor for the expansion of its populations. Considering the topographic status of the habitat, this species seems to tolerate adverse conditions. Therefore, research on conservation and prevention of extinction of this species is of particular importance. Furthermore, the habitat of this rare and endangered species needs to be protected by Forests, Rangelands, and Watershed Organisation. The ex-situ conservation is also recommended by preserving its seeds in Natural Resources Seed Bank and cultivation in the National Botanical Garden of Iran.

Phlomis herba-venti subsp. urmiensis Jamzad is an endemic, perennial plant of the mint family (Lamiaceae) in Iran, which is distributed in the mountainous areas of Urmia lake, in the altitude range of 1470 to 1793 m.s.l, in the West Azerbaijan. The conservation status of this taxon was assessed in accordance with the guidelines of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Ph. herba-venti subsp. urmiensis occupies an area of 24 km2, and the extent of occupace is estimated to be 1927.145 sq. km. This taxon is endangered (Endangered / EN) due to its occupancy level, extent of occurrence, population isolation, regeneration and habitat quality. Field observations showed that the habitats of the populations of this taxon due to low slope and relatively deep soil are considered as dryland and due to lack of management, their area is increased every year. On the other hand, consecutive droughts have reduced the reproduction of this plant. Collecting the seed and storing it in the gene bank and providing the possibility of its regeneration as a medicinal and ornamental plant is essential to protect this endemic taxon.

The conservation status of two endemic species of the genus Nepeta including N. rivularis and N. assurgens of Lamiaceae family was evaluated and defined based on IUCN threat categories and criteria. Both species are herbaceous perennials and endemic to Kerman province and have more or less similar habitats. Nepeta rivularis is more hydrophilic and is present in waterside habitats, but in most habitats, N. assurgens is present in a short distance from the river. However, Nepeta rivularis has a more limited distribution. Both species are defined as “Critically Endangered” (CR), based on the area of occupancy (AOO), gradual population size reduction, low quality of habitat, interrupted populations and populations sizes. The presence of nomads and livestock grazing, as well as the widening of the river due to destructive floods and the settlement of nomads in the vicinity of the habitat are among the destructive factors of these species. Determining protected habitats by Forests, Rangelands and Watershed Management Organization, ex-situ conservation in Botanical Gardens, and plant natural resources gene bank are suggested to be considered for the conservation of this species.