جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « environmental » در نشریات گروه « محیط زیست »

Investigating the short-term and long-term effects of factors affecting the quality of the environment in IranOne of the main goals of countries is to achieve sustainable development. Unlike the previous models of development, the approach of sustainable development emphasizes on all-around development, and intergenerational social justice and environmental considerations are considered among its basic dimensions, and it has three basic dimensions: equality, economic growth, and environmental sustainability. Many researchers consider the inappropriate relationship between humans and nature as one of the main causes of negative environmental effects (Bargui et al., 2014). In the last few decades, the environment has been considered from various economic and social aspects, and how it interacts with the energy sector, population and economic growth have become the focus of many scientific discussions. In the theories of economic growth, in addition to being used as inputs in production and consumption, environmental resources are also affected by economic activities in the form of production and consumption, so that sometimes the increase in economic activities leads to the use of energy resources, resources water, agricultural lands, etc., and therefore includes air pollution, destruction of pastures, and reduction of the fertility of agricultural lands. Therefore, on the one hand, economic growth increases welfare by increasing production and consumption, and on the other hand, by creating environmental pollution, it causes a decrease in economic welfare.One of the factors affecting sustainable development is the interaction between energy consumption and the environment, so that energy consumption and environmental problems are closely related to each other because it is almost impossible to produce, transport, and consume energy. Without having environmental effects. Air pollution, water pollution, temperature changes, and scattering of solid waste are environmental problems that are directly related to energy production, transmission, and consumption.The energy sector plays the most important role in changing environmental conditions. Today, the level of production in less developed countries is generally based on the use of non-renewable energy sources, which has caused concerns about environmental problems such as water, soil, air pollution, reduction of fertility, soil erosion, and reduction of resources. (Hashmi and others, 2015). For this reason, different countries seek to use renewable energies such as solar and wind energy, etc., to improve technology in order to reduce the harmful effects on the environment.One of the topics of interest to economists and environmentalists is the relationship between the quality of the environment and economic variables. Therefore, the literature on environmental economics has developed significantly in recent years. Income and the quality of the environment are two general currents of thought in this field. The first approach, which is known as the "anti-growth" theory, states that economic growth necessarily leads to the destruction of the environment; Because growth means injecting more and more raw materials and energy into the economic system and then producing more waste. On the other side of this spectrum, there is a second approach known as the "economic growth" theory.In this group, it is believed that growth is the only way to create and provide the necessary capital to protect the environment, therefore, instead of threatening the environment, economic growth can help improve its quality. The conflict between these two approaches and the fundamental differences in their arguments, along with the different empirical evidence of each of the two groups, led to the emergence of a third approach in this field in the 1990s, which states that the relationship between economic growth and environmental quality - positive or negative - in The length of the development path of each country is not stable, in fact, this relationship reverses over time when the income reaches a certain level.Such a relationship became known as the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) or the Environmental Transfer Hypothesis (ETH). This means that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between the environmental degradation index and per capita income. This means that in the early stages of economic growth when the income level is low, economic growth leads to the deterioration of the quality of the environment, but after the per capita income passes a certain level, further growth leads to a reduction in pollution.One of the influential factors in the growth and development of societies is the environment. Environmental challenges created in the process of economic growth and development have become one of the most important concerns of policymakers. Today, in addition to the policies and actions within their own countries, countries follow the regulation of pollution in the international sphere. In this regard, identifying the forces affecting the environment is very important and it seems very useful in adopting appropriate policies.. Therefore, the study of factors affecting the relationship between growth and pollution can be important because it may be the basis of environmental policy-making at the national and international levels. For this purpose, this article, by expanding the STIRPAT model, has been done to investigate the factors affecting the emission of carbon dioxide by using the information of the provinces of the country in the form of panel data and with EViews and Stata software. The results of the evaluation panel model show that energy consumption, per capita income and Gini coefficient, and population growth as indicators of the income distribution had a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. Also, the short-term and long-term relationship of factors affecting the quality of the environment has been investigated based on time series data based on the ARDL method. The results of the estimation of the short-term equation showed that in the short term, energy consumption, the population of the previous period, and the Gini coefficient of the previous periods had a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. Also, per capita income had a negative impact on the amount of carbon dioxide emissions, based on the estimate In the long term, population, energy consumption, and the Gini coefficient have had a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. Also, the increase in per capita income has a negative impact on the amount of carbon dioxide emissions in the long term.

With the occurrence of recent droughts in the southern cities of Sistan and Baluchestan province, it is of special importance to pay attention to preventive measures that can reduce the drought effects of rural farmers and increase the patience of rural farmers against risks (resilience). Due to the drought phenomenon, food prices usually increase rapidly, which in turn reduces rural access to food. Drought is one of the biggest natural calamities, which is caused by a decrease in rainfall, decrease in humidity, increase in temperature or the simultaneous effect of these factors. This phenomenon has a destructive effect on various economic, social, environmental and psychological aspects of rural communities, and sometimes its intensity is such that it has led to the destruction and poverty of rural communities (Dyke, 2011). It divides drought and its consequences into four economic, social, environmental and psychological categories. Among the economic consequences of drought can be the severe spread of unemployment, the severe decrease in income, the decrease in the level of agricultural production, the decrease in the price of arable and garden lands, the severity of the damages caused to the livestock sector, the decrease in the supply of water needed for agricultural activities, and the decrease in investment. In the agricultural sector, there has been an increase in the price of food, a decrease in drinking water and an increase in the cost of living, while in the social discussion, its consequences include an increase in the motivation for migration, the severity of the prevalence of disease, a decrease in the level of health and quality of life, and a decrease in the level of unity and cooperation among villagers and increased incidence of conflicts (especially for access to water sources). Therefore, the first step to deal with drought and adjust its consequences is to know the deep understanding of its consequences and the dimensions of vulnerability and resilience of rural farmers in order to improve their threshold of tolerance and flexibility, which in most developing countries including Iran It has been neglected (MC Manus et al., 2012). Resilience has the ability to raise the threshold of patience and tolerance of rural farmers against all kinds of natural hazards, including drought, and in the event of a drought hazard, rural farmers will be able to recover after the hazard conditions. Since the southern cities of Sistan and Baluchistan province are one of the main centers of tropical products production and have not been spared from natural disasters such as floods and droughts. Therefore, in this research, the effects of drought risk management were investigated using three economic, social and environmental criteria, each of which had sub-criteria; With this aim, which of the indicators (economic, social and environmental) is the most effective factor in the field of drought risk management? And whether risk management can control and reduce the consequences of natural disasters such as drought and flood, etc.

The present study seeks to identify and prioritize drought risk management by emphasizing the resilience of rural farmers to tropical crops in the region. For this purpose, each of the economic, social and environmental factors and their sub-criteria have been identified by the experts of Jihad Agricultural Organization and Natural Resources Management and to prioritize each of the sub-criteria, FAHP fuzzy hierarchical analysis technique has been used. 42 questionnaires have been completed by experts of Jihad Agricultural Organization and Natural Resources Department of Balochistan region (Khash, Saravan, Nikshahr, Iranshahr, Konarak, Chabahar and Sarbaz). The results in MATLAB software showed that the most important research variable is the economic variable. The current research is descriptive-analytical, which is practical in terms of its purpose, because it seeks to develop practical knowledge in the field of risk management in order to reduce the vulnerability and consequences of drought among rural farmers. In terms of data collection, it was a survey and the required data was collected using a questionnaire. in order to achieve research objectives; The questionnaire created by the researcher was set using AHP and fuzzy AHP or FAHP methods. After checking the validity and reliability of the questionnaire in the form of random sampling among 42 expert experts of the Organization of Agricultural Jihad and Natural Resources in the south of Sistan and Baluchistan province (Khas, Saravan, Iranshahr, Nikshahr, Kanarak, Chabahar, Sarbaz) who are in the field The production of tropical products (bananas, dates, mangoes, chico and guava) has been distributed. In this research, to measure the attitude of experts in order to identify and prioritize drought risk management with emphasis on the resilience of farmers in the south of Sistan and Baluchistan province who produce some tropical products such as mango, banana, chico, guava, date, from the chain analysis process. Hierarchical (AHP) has been used.

In the current research, the effective factors on drought risk management and resilience of rural farmers producing tropical products such as banana, chico, guava, date and mango in the south of Sistan and Baluchistan province regarding each of them using each of the economic, social and environmental variables. This variable has the highest coefficient with the average sum of normalized coefficients of items equal to 0.077. The highest coefficient in the items of this component is related to the item of the intensity of unemployment. The social variable with a total normalized average of items equal to 0.029 is the second variable affecting the factors affecting rural farmers' resilience to drought risk management. Finally, the environmental variable with an average total coefficient of items equal to 0.0158 is in third place. Among the factors affecting the resilience of rural farmers is drought risk management in the province, and the highest coefficient in the items of this component is related to increasing the motivation of migration. Therefore, it can be concluded that farmers are more vulnerable to economic factors. And risk management and resilience in economic fields can be of the greatest help to rural farmers in this region. Proposals are presented according to the obtained results Due to the fact that farmers become unemployed during a drought, it is suggested that the government sector help farmers in this field by using credits given to farmers before, during and after the drought. Provision and support of farmers affected by drought by the public sector, as well as the presence of the private sector in this sector; Because private sector investment is one of the requirements for the progress of societies in this era. In order to prevent the decline in the health and quality of life of the villagers in Baluchistan region, it is necessary to provide adequate support to the health and treatment sector by the government sector so that the villagers do not face any problems in this field. In order to prevent conflicts over water resources in most villages that are engaged in the cultivation of tropical crops, it is necessary to pay more attention to the way water is distributed.

Evaluating the environmental and social effects of urban projects separately can never show the mutual effects of the environment and the social environment, in other words; At the same time that the environment affects the society, there is no escape from the effects of the society on itself, and vice versa. In this article; The social and environmental effects of the southernmost section of Imam Ali highway - the distance between Daulat Abad freeway and the Shahr Ray ring road and its uneven intersection with the Shahr Ray ring road - located in the 20th district of Tehran municipality, based on an integrated evaluation process with five stages of construction And the operation of the mentioned highway has been integrated. Also, environmental and social mutual effects using the innovative impact assessment matrix, based on the network analysis process in the form of Super Decision software and the Delphi method; And by presenting the social preference coefficient and the environmental preference coefficient, it has been estimated for all environmental and social parameters in both construction and operation phases of the mentioned project. Based on the comparison of the results obtained from the established matrix with the current matrices; by applying the above coefficients, it is possible to quantitatively estimate the mutual environmental and social effects of intervention measures and take a step towards achieving the goals of sustainable urban development.

Iran has a high potential of solar radiation and lots of sunny days (more than 300 days) in a year.  In this study the feasibility of establishment the photovoltaic powerhouse in several agricultural research stations of Markazi, Esfahan and Kerman Provinces was investigated. In this regard, after determining and analyzing the required meteorological information using Meteonorm software and system simulation by PVsys software, economic analysis of each station were performed by determining the breakeven point and the average cost of energy production for different discount rates. The study also examined the reduction of pollution due to the reduction of Cox, Nox and Sox emissions as a result of employing photovoltaic power plants. According to the results, the most solar electricity generation was occurred in Rudasht station of Esfahan province equaled to 303 kWh/m2 per a year. Photovoltaic powerhouse establishment in the research stations could eliminate pollution production up to 748 tons in a year which exhausted from fuel combustion in the power generation turbines. Results also illustrates considering electricity purchase tariff (6370 IRR/kWh), the construction of photovoltaic power plants with the usual interest rate (more than 8%) is not economically viable for investors. Therefore, the implementation of such projects cusses to produce clean energy and to bring environmental protection, a special banking facilities with interest rates below 8% is recommend to motivate private sector for investment.

With the advancement of agricultural biotechnology, many genetically modified crops have been mass-produced and commercialized to meet the needs of the world's growing population. Following the rapid commercialization of transgenic products each year worldwide, concerns about the biosafety of these products; Potential risks to human health, and environmental concerns have been raised.The global debate over genetically engineered products (transgenic products) has now shifted its focus from whether or not it should be used to safe use. As most transgenic crops are approved for commercial cultivation, there is growing concern about their potential impact and risk to human health, and in particular to the environment. Also, there is an imminentrisk of cross-fertilization, which leads to contamination of normal germplasm and thus the risk of biodiversity disruption.Transgenic crops are one of the noblest inventions of the 21st century through genetic engineering by modifying the genetic structure of crops to enrich them with one or more important economic characteristics such as improving quality traits, increasing herbicide tolerance and stress resistance. Various biological and non-biological have been developed. These products have helped humans to meet the various challenges posed by population growth; but the development of these products may pose a serious threat to the environment.Environmental safety research has introduced potential risks associated with specific transgenic compounds; non-target transgenic streams within and between species and the persistence and consequences of transgenics in unwanted hosts. Resistance management strategies for insect and pesticide-resistant transgenics have also been studied. Also, food biosafety research has focused on the toxicity and allergenicity of transgenic products. Discussing possible innovations or strategies to reduce the effects of technological interventions and developing effective strategies for the conservation and conservation of biological resources is an important goal that this article seeks to challenge.

In the present review article, data collection was using the keywords ecological, transgenic, safety, and risk done with the help of articles from Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct information sources.The articles used are from 1987 to 2022. Out of 114 reviewed articles, 75 articles were deleted and the information of the remaining 39 articles was used in writing this article. Articles that were not related to the purpose of writing the article were removed from further study.

Agriculture is the main and unique source of nutrition in the world, but due to traditional cultivation methods, many environmental issues such as drinking water pollution, soil degradation, erosion and biodiversity reduction can be solved almost by genetic modification. But, every innovation in food production has been associated with a set of potential risks. These range from increased pesticide exposure in conventional agriculture to exposure to more pathogens in organic farming. New genes can havenumerous unexpected effects on the ecology, physiology, and nutritional value of products.In biotechnology risk assessment, potential effects on environmental and human health are considered. The ecological concerns currently being discussed include increased invasion (a problem in agriculture where uncollected seeds germinate from last year's crop and grow in the current crop), intra-species and interspecific hybridization, the possibility of sensitization, and a change in material taste. Dietary quality changes, toxicity, carcinogenicity, decreased immunity, favorable conditions for the growth of emerging bacteria and viruses, and horizontal gene transfer (transfer of genetic material between cells or organisms of unrelated species such as bacteria and viruses and production of new strains Pathogenesis, development of antibiotic-resistant genes, reactivation of inactive pathogenic viruses, damage to non-target organisms, biodiversity loss, and resistance management. Risk management includes strategic techniques to reduce the adverse effects of transgenic and related products on consumers or the environment, as well as to reduce the chances of developing resistance in the target pest population. Several tactics, such as the use of alternative or mixed insecticides, can be used in a variety of ways to effectively minimize the risk of insecticide resistance in insects. These techniques are also useful in preventing the problem of regeneration in insects. Similarly, various techniques have been used to minimize or prevent the risk of herbicide-resistant weeds and weed development. Spinning herbicides or using them in combination effectively reduces the chances of herbicide resistance in weeds. Crop rotation is another technique that can be used to reduce this risk. In fact, in the past, transgenic foods focused on increasing yields and other agricultural properties, which were primarily beneficial to agricultural companies and economically viable. But the new generation of transgenic foods emphasizes the health benefits of the consumer, which is the right policy to promote environmental health.Risk assessment of transgenic crops identifies the adverse effects of transgenic crops or derived products on non-target organisms and/or the environment, which includes several coordinated steps such as risk identification and classification. The first and most important step is to identify the risk, including identifying potential hazards or hazards to the target population or the environment if transgenic and related products are used. This is followed by a general characterization of the risk, ie it’s direct or indirect impact, chronic or acute, immediate or delayed, and so on. Finally, risk classification is performed, which includes the grouping of identified and well-defined risks into different categories. Negative effects of the transgenic crop on health include adverse effects on target and non-target populations, development of resistance or regeneration in the target population of pest/pathogen, transgenic flow in other species, etc.

The main purpose of this study is to introduce the bio-environmental safety aspects of transgenic plants. Modern advances in biotechnology have revolutionized the way of life, especially in meeting nutritional needs, fodder, fiber, and fuel using transgenic products. However, a group of social activists and environmentalists have always opposed the use of transgenic products because of their unprecedented effects on ecosystems and human health. Therefore, a concerted effort should be made to identify credible concerns and risks and to provide reliable and useful information to the public, and scientists should work to resolve ambiguities about transgenic products and foods. Previously, transgenic foods focused on increasing yields and other agricultural properties, which primarily benefited agricultural companies and farmers. The new generation of transgenic foods emphasizes the health benefits of the consumer. It is only with these new products that the general public will accept the use of a genetic modification of foods, and this is where the overlap of nutrition, ecology, and plant biotechnology will become more apparent.

Sustainable economic and social development can only be perceived in a healthy environment. In line with the national efforts to align the development initiatives with environmental considerations, it is necessary to take into account the potential impacts of development initiatives at all levels to prevent such impacts from happening.

This study has been carried out through the desk review of available information. The basic premise of the study falls within the realm of precautionary environmental law.

 The study suggests that the currently used environmental assessment model that focuses on project level Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) does not suffice to address the environmental impacts of upstream policies, plans and programmes.

Several decades into the use of EIA as a legally bound mechanism to determine and address the potential environmental repercussions of development projects, there is a need for the system to mainstream the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of upstream development decisions. To that effect, the paper proposes a wholesome model that promotes the integrated application of EIA and SEA.

Heavy metals have become a serious environmental problem for ecosystems due to their high bioaccumulation capacity and durability (Tam & Wong 2000; Clark et al. 1998). Compared to organic pollutants, heavy metals cannot they are destroyed by chemical or biological processes and, therefore, accumulate locally over long distances (Merian et al. 2004). In natural environments, the accumulation and distribution of heavy metals depends on various factors such as oxidation and reduction conditions, pH (Langmuir 1997) and the amount of organic matter (Berkowitz et al 2008). In addition, these metals can be adsorbed by the surface of minerals such as clay minerals and iron, magnesium or aluminum hydroxides (Eby 2005). As a result, high concentrations of heavy metals can accumulate in sediments, especially fine-grained particles with high contact surface (Berkowitz et al. 2008). Because marine sediments are potential settlements and sources of heavy metals in the water column, high levels of heavy metals in coastal sediments have many negative effects on terrestrial and aquatic organisms (Defew 2005). In addition, polluted coastal sediments reduce tourism on these beaches (Muzuka 2007). These effects reveal the importance of assessing and monitoring changes in heavy metal concentrations in coastal environments. Makran Basin is located in southeastern Iran and southwestern Pakistan. The Makran Trench is the physiographic expression of a subduction zone along the northeastern margin of the Oman Sea adjacent to the southwestern coast of Baluchestan of Pakistan and the southeastern coast of Iran. Chabahar Bay, with a length of 17 km and a width of 20 km, is the largest bay on the southeastern coast of Iran, which is connected to the Oman Sea by a span of 13.5 km. According to the structural geological divisions, the study area is located in the inner Makran geological zone. Since the pollution of water and sediments by heavy metals and their impact on the ecosystem is very important. In this study, an attempt has been made to investigate the level of heavy metal pollution in Chabahar Bay sediments.

To study the sediments of Chabahar Bay, studies were performed in several different stages, which are as follows:• Library studies and reviews  Field surveys and sampling  Laboratory tests  Data processing First, all research related to Chabahar Bay was collected and studied. Surveys and sampling were performed by sampling tools according to the sampling environment. Sampling was performed in Chabahar Bay (and the deeper part of the sea for comparison with coastal samples and some samples were selected from the coastal strip land formations). To sample the bay, first the location of the sampling points was determined using a GPS and with a number of Manual samplers (Grap) sampling of soft surface sediments was performed and the boat wasused to move and transfer to the sampling site. A depth finder was also used to determine the exact depth of the sampling points.In this study, at first, library and documentary studies (include collected of maps, articles, books and researches of related to the research topic) were performed. Then, in the field studies and field visits, for this purpose, 13 sediment samples were collected from the shallow bed of Chabahar Bay and in the laboratory, they were subjected to sediment analysis and geochemistry. Therefore, the fine-grained sediments (less than 200 mesh) to determine the major elements, trace and heavy metals were analyzed ICP. By comparing the grain size analysis and Geochemistry of sediments, pollution-prone areas were identified. Finally, by combining the obtained data, the necessary interpretation and conclusions were made.

Chabahar Bay is a dual sedimentary environment because although in most parts of the Gulf the sedimentary environment is destructive, but in some parts carbonate sedimentary environment is seen which is accompanied by the release of biochemical sediments. Detrital sediments in the bay include quartz, clay minerals, feldspar, calcite and destructive dolomite. The origin of these detrital sediments is rock units (conglomerate, sandstone and marl) around the bay. In the sediments of the Gulf bed, 9 sediment types including gravel, sand, silt, mud, sandy silt, sandy clay, sandy mud, silty sand and mud sand were identified, which are the predominant species of sandy silt. Of course, coastal sediments are mainly sandy. Scattering of fine-grained particles is often seen in the center of the bay and offshore, while coarse-grained sediments are often more widespread along coasts and coastal areas. The amount of worm element in Chabahar Bay is higher than the average in the crust and it is almost unusual. Therefore, areas prone to environmental pollution in the study area are divided into four parts: the first area with the most pollution in the west and southwest of the bay (around Konarak jetty), the second area includes areas prone to pollution but with less pollution in the middle South to the sea and north of the bay, the third region includes areas prone to more pollution and finally the area with the least pollution but prone to the east of the bay and the coast of Tis (Shahid Kalantari wharf and Tis coastal beach). One of the most important sources of pollution is human pollution such as dumping engine oil or fuel into ponds or repairing the hulls of fishing vessels, which causes heavy elements to enter the waters and marine sedimentary basins of the region. Also, erosion of upstream altitudes and the entry of detrital sediments as a geogenic origin (terrestrial and extra-basin) increase the concentration of heavy elements. The washing of vessels, which contain large amounts of fish waste, as well as the direct dumping of human wastewater into the pond water, has caused the contamination of organic matter in the environment of the docks. Due to the performance of waves, especially in summer and the monsoon rule, many metal elements that have high specific gravity (such as chromium, nickel and iron) are driven from contaminated seabed sediments to sandy beaches, increasing the concentration of heavy metals. They roam in these areas. Based on the Folk classification (1984), 9 sedimentary types (Gravle, Sand, Silt, Mud, Sandy silt, Sandy clay, Sandy mud, Silty Sand & Muddy sand) were identified in the sediments of Chabahar Bay. Some heavy elements such as As, Bi, Cr, Sr, Zn, W and Cu are highly concentrated in sediments located in Chabahar Bay, especially along in the Konarak and Shahid Beheshti Jetty’s. The cause of this pollution seems to be human origin (Anthropogenic) such as pollution caused by the maintenance of launches and fishing boats.

Drought occurs due to lack of rainfall over long periods of time and gradually takes over the environment and becomes a natural disaster; But because it is formed gradually, it is invisible to the people and officials and they pay less attention to it. Today, drought is the biggest natural disaster in the world. Which has affected human life (church et.al., 2017). Drought and natural disasters have many harmful effects in various social, economic and environmental sectors that cause damage to agriculture and the environment. Due to drought, surface and groundwater resources are severely reduced and have negative effects on rural life and agricultural structure (Jamshidi et al., 2015). According to the studies conducted and the importance of drought and the study of coping strategies at three levels: local, national and international, which are classified as economic, social and environmental factors in order to reduce the effects of drought. The subject of this research tries to explore it. The purpose of this study was to evaluate drought risk management with emphasis on environmental issues and livelihood of villagers in Kerman city and data and information were done through a questionnaire in the crop years of 2021-20 in the eastern region of Kerman and by hierarchical analysis. Extended (IAHP) identified and prioritized drought risk management. Today, drought and water shortages, declining agricultural production and conditions for achieving sustainable rural livelihoods in rural areas are not possible (Hua et.al., 2017). Most of the residents of the region, especially farmers, use their dependent natural resources and earn their income from the agricultural sector, which due to this phenomenon, their lands and agricultural and horticultural products have been severely affected and their income and economic benefits. Has reduced (Norozian et al., 1400). In addition to economic problems, drought has caused environmental, social, cultural and health problems for the people of this region. For example, the dust has reduced vegetation and the extinction of plant and animal species in the region and has also caused the migration of villagers to other cities in the country (Jamshidi et al., 2015). Not much has been done in the field of drought risk management to adapt to climate change and the resilience of agricultural communities (Rezvani, 2017).

In this study, the Hierarchical Analysis Process (IAHP) has been used to assess the attitude of experts in order to identify and prioritize drought risk management for rural farmers in Kerman. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach has been widely used in multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM).Each of the economic, social and environmental factors that have sub-categories have been compared with each other in pairs and the relevant promoters have been asked from 1 to 10 to comment on the extent to which these factors (Extraordinarily high superiority 9, very superior superiority 7, moderate superiority 5, equal importance 3, and insignificance 1 and the intermediate values 4, 6, 8, 10 and 2 are superior to each other to choose the desired option. IAHP), which was solved by Lee et al. In 2013. The steps in this method are as follows: Determining the set of criteria Initial scoring of criteria by experts based on a discrete range of 1 to 10 to each criterion the score obtained is called ui.aij = max (ui-uj, 1) if ui≥uj (1)aij = 1 / (uj-ui) if ui Advantages of IAHP method with AHP Compatibility in comparisons, information extraction efficiency: Since IAHP does not need decision-makers to perform the pairwise comparison process, a lot of effort (i.e., manpower costs) can be saved. One of the advantages of the IAHP technique is that it measures and controls the compatibility of each matrix and decision. The acceptable range of incompatibility in any system depends on the decision-maker, but in general, suggests that if the decision incompatibility is more than 1%, it is better for the decision-maker to reconsider his judgments. All of this can be done through Excel software. The IAHP method is used to analyze multi-criteria decision-making problems. This software provides the possibility of calculating sub-criteria, criterion weight, and incompatibility rate of pairwise comparison matrix (Khalili et al., 2020).

In this study, to investigate the factors affecting drought risk management on the livelihood of rural farmers using each of the economic, environmental, and social variables with their sub-criteria to identify the economic variable with the average of the total normalized coefficients of items equal to 0.069 highest coefficient Dedicated to himself. The highest coefficient in the items of this component is related to the items of increase of unemployment, a decrease of income, an increase of living expenses, a decrease of water supply required for agricultural activities, a decrease of investment in the agricultural sector, severity of damages to the livestock sector, decrease of water quality Beverages, rising food prices, declining prices for agricultural land and orchards, and declining agricultural production yields are in second place, with environmental variables in second place with an average total coefficient of 0.054. Suggestions in each of the economic, social and environmental fields: Attention of the public sector to allocating funds to rural farmers in the times before, during and after the drought, to reduce unemployment and to pay attention to the expansion and development of agricultural products and exports of agricultural products, to increase The level of public and private sector investment in the rural agricultural industry and the provision and support of drought-affected farmers by the public sector and the use of private sector participation. Attention to the management of groundwater resources and preventing the improper digging of aqueducts for irrigation in agriculture using modern irrigation methods to prevent the reduction of groundwater resources and aquifers in the sustainability of water and environmental resources. Paying attention to the reduction of rangeland vegetation in times of drought and using young agricultural specialists and natural resources officials in the province to prevent the destruction of rangeland vegetation from livestock grazing and providing livestock institutions for rural ranchers can be effective in preserving the environment and rangeland cover.

In today's world, population growth and industrialization, regardless of the potential of the lands, have put pressures on the environment, upsetting the balance of nature, creating environmental challenges and affecting the quality of human life today.  Wind breaking is a complex process that takes place in various forms such as excavation, transfer, granulation, abrasion and finally sedimentation. One of the most important environmental crises in arid and semi-arid regions is the destructive phenomenon of desertification and windfall, the occurrence of which is the occurrence of dust storms and the movement of fine dust. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of wind in Reagan County on economic, social and environmental sectors using the DPSIR model. Since wind is one of the major problems in the Reagan area, it is necessary to draw a chain of cause-and-effect relationships involved in the three economic, social and environmental environments of the region.

In order to conduct this research, three indicators were selected from three environments:  economic, social and environmental. Then, the available information was collected from relevant organization of each indicator, they were placed in the DPSIR framework. And then was shown a chain of cause-and-effect relationships in relation to those indicators.

The results of the research indicate that the damage to the agricultural sector due to the dust phenomenon has had an upward trend from 2007 to the first 6 months of 2018. In the social sector, according to the suspended particle measuring device (pm) in the two months of April and May 2018, there were few clean days and according to the statistics of the health center, the number of people referring to medical centers due to respiratory problems has been high. Also in the field of environment, in Reagan area, an area of 158,200 hectares of critical hotspots was identified with great intensity and has affected the biodiversity of the region, especially Persian Kahour trees.

The result of the research showed that the wind phenomenon in Reagan area with improper human management and exploitation of the environment as a positive feedback has fueled this phenomenon and has created adverse effects such as dust storms.

Integrated coastal zone management attempt to integrate the various policies affecting the coasts, as well as, gathering local and national stakeholders to raise awareness, support and implement these policies. The most important issue in the coasts management is the partial and sectoral organization and functions of stakeholders in the coasts. The long term goal of integrated coastal zone management is to balance the benefits of economic development and human use of coasts, protect, preservation and reconstruction of the coasts, minimize coastal damage, and earn benefits of accessing and public use of coasts.‫‬There has not been done a comprehensive research that can coordinate the uses of development approach with conservation approach in the coasts of Sirik city with considering to the great capacities and potentials of coasts, as well as, the threatening and destructive factors in the Sirik city coastal areas, yet. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to develop a model for evaluating the integrated coastal zone management on the Sirik coast using multi-criteria decision making techniques (MCDM). In present research, important criteria of protection and development were identified to establish integrated coastal zone management, and also we weighted these criteria and prioritized options and provided practical solutions for integrated coastal zone management target coasts.‬‬

In order to collect information for this applied type research, which was conducted at the Sirik coasts in 2019-2020, the combined method of library studies and survey approach have been used through interviews and questionnaires. Then, integrated Delphi and analytic network process (ANP) model were used to analyze the findings and determine the appropriate evaluated criteria and prioritize them. In this regards, the integrated Delphi and ANP model consist of the following steps:Step 1: Selection of the Delphi group and develop an evaluation modelStep 2: adjusting the interdependencies and perform pairwise comparisons among clusters or elements with ANPStep 3: Developing a super matrix by ANPAccording to the research framework, the proposed model for evaluating the implementation of integrated coastal zone management in the form of an integrated model was developed and implemented as Figure 1.‫‬‬‬Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the proposed model for evaluating integrated coastal zone managemen.

Step 1: Selection of the Delphi group and develop a modelThe criteria considered in the evaluation of integrated coastal zone management in Sirik city including 4 important criteria: Environmental, economic, socio-cultural, and land usage. Also, after determining the criteria, the desired options were assessed and selected, then the decision-making team suggested three suitable options consist of Sirik, Kouhestak and Geroug to design the evaluation model.Step 2: Setting the interdependencies and perform pairwise comparisons among clusters or elements by ANPThe strategic and fundamental part was formed at this stage of the research. In this stage, pairwise comparisons were performed. Since, there is only one cluster to assess the objective of the research, then there is no clusters comparison at this stage. But the comparisons of the elements within the clusters and options must be calculated (Table 1).Table 1 - Pairwise comparison matrix of key criteriaNormalize Land use Sociocultural Economic Environmental Strategic goal0.483 3 7 5 1 Environmental0.172 1.3 3 1 Economic0.094 1.5 1 Sociocultural0.251 1 Land useCR = 0/04- The final pairwise comparisons were done among the studied options that the desired options of were Sirik, Kouhestak and Geroug.Step 3: Developing a hyper matrix with ANPAll data within the pairwise comparison matrix were normalized, then calculated as the initial super matrix called unweighted matrix.In the next step, the unweighted super matrix is multiplied by the normalized column, which resulting to the unweighted super matrix.Then, the weighted matrix is powered to the extent that there is no difference between the successive elements of the super matrix with the power of K and the super matrix to the power of K+1 using the Super decisions software. At this stage a limited (limit) super matrix was obtained. In the achieved super matrix, all row numbers are equal. Based on this matrix, a score of 0.286 was obtained for Sirik and, in order to establish integrated coastal zone management based on defined criteria, the Sirik city was a superior option compared to other cities in the whole studied area.In the final step, using the normalization of weights, to prioritize the three cities or options under review, the results of their review and evaluation are obtained in Table 2.‫‬‬‬Table 2 - Ranking matrix of optionsRanking Ideal Normal Total Alternatives1 1.0000 0.5723 0.286 Sirik2 0.4720 0.2710 0.135 Kohestak3 0.2762 0.1567 0.079 Geroug

The objective of this study is to analyze and evaluate the implementation of integrated coastal zone management in the Sirik city. Hence, the combined Delphi and analytical network process model was used, which is a multi-criteria decision-making technique. In this study, after analyzing the evaluation criteria of integrated coastal zone management through Delphi method, the identified options were evaluated and prioritized based on key environmental, economic, socio-cultural and land use criteria using analytical network process method.The result revealed that environmental criteria with a score of 0.483 and socio-cultural criteria with a score of 0.094 had the highest and lowest weight, respectively. Finally, considering the weight of the set of criteria as well as the weighting and ranking of the options, the city of Sirik was selected as the top option.According to the result of analyses, to the integrated coastal zone management, and its evaluation based on the principles and criteria of environmental resource protection, the following suggestions are indicated: Identification of sensitive coastal zones for the protection and development of these areas as an approach to establish an integrated coastal zone management system; Preventing sectoral planning by different organizations to load various development projects in the coastal-marine ecosystem without considering the environmental requirements; Creating and strengthening a comprehensive plan for the protection and development of coastal environment in order to protect sensitive coastal-marine resources along with the development of environmentally friendly land uses for integrated coastal zone management; It is suggested that the researchers study other involved and effective issues to identify and evaluate the effective criteria on integrated coastal zone management, which be helpful for amelioration management of the studied coastal areas through the reported algorithm.

With no healthy environment available, no security would be complete, no health would be achievable, and no comfort would be imaginable. This is why; governments as guardians to protect geographical environment in addition to national interests have an important responsibility to abide by. However, through study of performance of all governments in the field, it is obvious that despite all differences and contradictions at internal and international levels; similar policies in terms of protecting the environment have been followed by them i.e. considering the environment as a commodity and taking an instrumentalism approach towards it. Considering legislation and administration power held by governments, the approach leads to an outstanding question: “How governments are expected to criminalize and punish those behaviors practiced by them or providing interests considered as pleasant by them?”

In the research and through descriptive-analytical method using library and document sources, crimes committed by governments in terms of the environment have been dealt with in addition to necessity for identification of their criminal liabilities so that an interdisciplinary research between the environment and criminal law would be performed.

Governments’ behaviors performed within the range of damages imposed by them to the environment is worthy of being excluded from criminal immunity; and, they have to transparently be found accountable proportionate to the level of environmental damage and harm imposed by them on the environment. So, abeyance of damages resulted from wrong policies followed by governments against the environment and them kept immune from criminal prosecution are from among legal problems and gaps in terms of sustainability of environment and natural geography.

From behavioral consequents of governments in the field of environmental crimes, it can be concluded that they are happy with industrial productions and economic progress and usually they tend not to protect the environment. Understanding the reality of contradiction existing between protection of environment and gaining economic benefits and the point that governments mostly select the second one; we are in need of wide range modification in terms of governments’ behaviors.

Increasing environmental problems, threats to public health indicators, limited access to recreational facilities, and ultimately to the increasing weakness of access to sustainable development. Meanwhile, due the worrying and increasing threat to health of citizens' lives, urban planners and health planners introduce a relatively new term called health planning, which seeks to link the urban environment with physical and mental health. They are urban dwellers and they strengthen their decisions some basic issues such as urban health, demographic welfare and quality of improving human life. Today, most countries the world, especially developing countries, are facing the phenomenon of widespread urban sprawl. In addition to environmental consequences and social and cultural damage, this trend has affected the health of citizens. With growth and development of urbanization in developing societies, urbanization problems such as environmental degradation, pollution, housing shortages, quality of life have created difficult conditions for urban residents and public health has decreased significantly. About quarter of century ago Increasing issues to growth of cities have led attention to issues such as sustainable development and healthy city. The healthy city approach is considered as dominant approaches in urban and rural studies and even on national scale. Considering the importance the environmental index most important indicators affecting the development of healthy city, this study was conducted with the aim of assessing the environmental situation of Ardabil with healthy city approach.

The present study a descriptive-analytical study with applied purpose. this study, the environmental situation of Ardabil city the approach of healthy city of Ardabil the form 16 criteria (environmental health status, use of safe drinking water, waste production, quality of waste collection system management And its burial, access to green space and parks, the amount of dust in the air, the beauty of urban public spaces, noise pollution, visual pollution, optimal distribution of land uses, access to suitable walking space, access to suitable cycling space, Existence of sufficient number of recreational and sports places, ratio of green space to residential, rate of use of renewable energy, quality of environmental education have been studied and the basis for selecting criteria is based on library and documentary studies. The validity of the content of the questionnaire questions was confirmed by professors and experts and the reliability of the questionnaire was obtained using Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.817. To obtain the sample size of Ama Ray used Cochran's formula which was estimated to 382 with an error rate of 0.05 and a confidence interval of 95%. In order to increase the accuracy of work, 400 questionnaires (80 questionnaires for each region) were randomly distributed in Ardabil city. Shannon entropy method was used to determine the weight of research criteria and Prometheus model was used to analyze the data. The Multi-Criteria Decision Model (MCDM) is powerful tool has widely used to evaluate and rank problems involving multiple and more conflicting criteria. Among the many MCDM methods, Prometheus is remarkably suitable for ranking programs; Because this model brings integration and flexibility to user, and terms of concept and application compared other methods for analysis. In fact, Prometheus is preferred structured ranking method for enriching the evaluation based on comparison each the options with each other according to the deviations that the alternatives show based on each criterion. Due to structure this model, this method allows direct evaluation without the need to normalize the variables that decision matrix. This method was introduced in 1985 by Brans and Wink for ranking. Among the important advantages of Prometheus method are simplicity of clarity and reliability the results and possibility of sensitivity analysis in simple and fast way. Finally, the ranking is done from largest to the smallest number. The following are the steps for implementing the PROMETHEE model:1- Forming a decision matrix and determining the type criteria (in terms of profit and cost): In this step, while forming a decision matrix, we determine the positive and negative indicators. 2. Determining the weight of indicators: In the present study, Shannon entropy method has used to calculate the weight of criteria. (Table 2) 3. The weighted sum the superiority the option: is obtained by following relation. Equation (1):4. Positive and Negative Ranking Flow: If number of options (denoted by n) is more than two, the final ranking is obtained by sum the values of pairwise comparisons. The ranking stream can obtained using Equation (2) and Equation (3):Equation (2): Positive ranking flowThis stream shows how much option a has priority over other options. The largest (a) + Φ means the best option. Equation (3): Negative rating stream This flow shows how much other options take precedence. What is the smallest value of the (a - Φ option the best option? The ranking of options can be ranked with positive or negative current. The two rankings are not usually the same, but the decision maker It always wants complete ranking because it will be easier to decide. Due to fact that in order to calculate the average of the criteria, a 5-point Likert scale is used and the ranks 1 to 5 are assigned to the questions. Therefore, the number 3 is considered the theoretical middle ground of the answers. Figure 3 shows that both positive and negative environmental criteria of healthy city in Ardabil are bad situation. The average of all positive variables is less than the average (3). But in the negative criteria, except for amount of dust in the air (C6), the average the other negative criteria is higher than the average (3). The PROMETHEE model has used to rank the areas of Ardabil city. The final final output obtained from this model is according to Table (3).

Based the results obtained from Table 3, the net superiority value Φ of Region Two with score of )0.01629(, Region One with score of )0.0444(, Region Three with score of )0.01334(, Region Five with score of )0.00502( and Region Four with score of )-0.00703( to They have highest and lowest levels of environmental health the city, respectively. In general, the research findings show. The city of Ardabil is not a good position in terms of the criteria studied. Comparison the most prosperous region (region 2) with the most deprived region (region 4) in terms of environmental criteria of Salem city indicates that existence of Shurabil recreation site in region 2 has the most positive effect the criteria (access to green space and parks) c5 ), The beauty of public spaces (C7), access to suitable space for walking and cycling (C11), (C12), the existence of recreational place (c14). Also, the establishment of women's park this area distinguishes this area from other areas. In contrast, District 4 of the city, because it is one the sub-urban areas, has been evaluated as unfavorable in all the studied criteria and is critical condition.Figure (3) The status of each the environmental criteria of healthy city Separately shows the five urban areas of Ardabil.

In order to achieve national services, the strategy of industrialization undoubtedly plays an important role in protecting the special and natural resources of its particular environment. It has been described to this extent and can be customized.
Material and

The purpose of this research is applied based on purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature and method. The statistical population of the study is the citizens of Tehran. Questionnaire, observation and interview were used for data collection. SPSS software and one-group T-test were used for data analysis.

The results show that there is a significant relationship between the development of industry in Tehran and environmental pollution (increased electronic and non-electronic waste, air pollution, etc.) and informal housing, but with social inequality (social class conflict, opportunity inequality, gender equality) has no significant relationship.
Discussion and

As the industry evolves, environmental and social consequences also emerge over time. As soon as developing countries adopt western technology, social structures change and the region's environment is affected by this development. Consideration of environmental and social impacts is widely needed in developing countries because of the underdeveloped economy and lack of appropriate scientific and technological infrastructure; development plans in these countries have a significant negative impact on biodiversity and the environment.

Environmental risk assessment studies are usually followed a specific process, including the identification of risks and the consequences of them, estimation and risk assessment, and suggested techniques to reduce the risk and its consequences. This study was carried out in 2016 to evaluate and ranking the environmental risk generating activities for desalination plant No.1 of Ahvaz in Karoon Oil and gas co-operation and in exploitation phase. In this study, identification of risks in the region based on field visits, interviews with factory and environmental experts, status report and Delphi method were performed. Then, the ranking of risk generating activities was done using AHP method. According to the Delphi method from 11 productive activity risks identified and 8 activities were identified as the final activities that these activities have generated the most risks in the plant. The data analysis according to the AHP method showed that the highest risk generating activities was the maintenance, transfer and injection of chemicals into reservoirs with the weight 0.244 and lowest risk related to rust operation with the weight 0.069. The final results showed that the application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) can be use in prioritization the criteria and sub-criteria and increases its accuracy in estimating the ultimate level of risk.

Environmental sustainability assessment is one of the most important tools in the process of sustainable development planning and therefore attention to it in policy-making and planning is inevitable. For this purpose, the present study was conducted to assess and evaluate the degree of environmental sustainability among the cities of East Azerbaijan province.

The research method is descriptive-analytical with an applied purpose. The statistical population of the study is 20 cities of East Azerbaijan provinces. In order to evaluate and rank the environmental sustainability, 13 indicators of environmental components of the cities of the province were selected from the statistical yearbook of 2012. These variables were weighed using Shannon entropy method was used.

Findings indicate differences in environmental sustainability among cities in the province. So that out of 20 cities, 4 sustainable cities (Ajabshir, Bonab, Varzeqan and Marand with scores of 0.0271, 0.1510, 0.1810 and 0.2144, respectively), 2 relatively stable cities (Bostanabad and Jolfa respectively) With a score of 0.2795 and 0.3846), 6 semi-sustainable cities (Tabriz, Maragheh, Malekan, Schister, Khodaafarin and Miyaneh with a score of 0.4755, 0.5145, 0.59393, 0.5832, 0.5933 and respectively 0.6459), 5 relatively semi-unstable cities (Charavimaq, Harris, Kalibar, Sarab and Azarshahr with scores of 0.6879, 0.7244, 0.796, 0.760 and 0.8125, respectively) and 3 cities (Osko, Ahar) And Hashtrood with a score of 0.836, 0.9001 and 0.9999, respectively) are among the deprived cities of the province in terms of environmental conditions that have less environmental sustainability.

The results of the research indicate that the cities of East Azarbaijan are in a semi-stable position in terms of environmental sustainability. In general, it can be seen that most of the cities in the process of environmental sustainability are in a semi-stable and relatively unstable state and need more priority to implement sustainable development plans.