جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "urbanization" در نشریات گروه "محیط زیست"

According to the statistics of the World Bank, the amount of carbon dioxide emissions in Iran has grown by 210.65% in the last thirty years. In such a situation, this unfavorable situation should be changed in line with environmental standards, which naturally requires the identification of important factors affecting pollution. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the factors that seem to affect pollution according to the background. As economic complexity improves, higher knowledge and technological progress can lead to less polluting activities. Reducing economic risk and consequently increasing investment, if it is followed by efficient use of inputs and the use of environmental technology, can reduce pollution by overcoming the effect of scale. Higher energy prices, energy-efficient technologies and low energy prices have imposed technologies with a higher share of energy input on companies, which has an impact on the environment. The impact of trade expansion on pollution depends on the results of scale, combination and technical effects. ICT can change the efficiency of energy consumption by moving the economy towards a knowledge-based structure, by substituting information for energy, and thus affect pollution. Urban density can reduce energy consumption by creating economies of scale for public urban infrastructure, while the absence of proper urban infrastructure has the opposite effect. FDI increases relative advantage in which production sector affects pollution. Also, the advanced technology that comes with FDI affects the environment.

Explanatory variables of the model are economic complexity, interrelationship between economic risk and investment, interrelationship between energy price and energy intensity, trade liberalization, internet users, capital per capita, foreign direct investment and urbanization rate and the dependent variable of carbon dioxide emissions. The information of the variables was obtained from the World Bank, the MIT University website, and the International Country Risk Guide (ICRG) database and the energy balance sheet. The investigated period was during 2000-2022 and the ARDL method and EViews 9 software were used in the estimation.

With the increase of economic complexity variables, energy price-energy intensity interrelationship, internet users and foreign direct investment, the amount of carbon dioxide emissions decreases in both short-term and long-term periods. The variables of mutual effects of economic risk-investment and capital per capita on pollution did not have a significant effect in both time periods. Commercial liberalization and urbanization have created a significant negative impact on the quality of the environment in the short and long term.   

The improvement of economic complexity has led to the dominance of technical and structural effect over scale effect and has reduced pollution. The increase in investment in the country, along with the reduction of economic risk, has not yet reached a level that can reduce pollution through the channel of economic growth. With the increase in energy prices, incentives have been placed in the direction of increasing energy efficiency, as a result of which pollution is reduced. As a result of the increase in exports due to trade liberalization, the use of resources and energy has been inappropriate, and in this regard, environmental laws and standards have also been ignored. The expansion of urbanization has increased the pollution with the expansion of economic activities, and in this regard, it has not been able to reduce the intensity of energy and pollution for public urban infrastructures through the creation of economies of scale. Foreign direct investment reduces pollution with the possibility of improving energy efficiency through technology spillover from foreign companies to domestic companies.

Given the rapid expansion of urban society and increasing energy consumption in developing countries, it is necessary to examine the relationship between urbanization and energy consumption. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between urbanization and the consumption of renewable and non-renewable energy in selected developing countries.

In this research, the effect of urbanization rate on renewable and non-renewable energy consumption will be investigated using the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) method and using two models. This study was conducted for 44 countries for the period 1996-2018. Estimation of the models has been done with Stata software. The research model was adopted from the linear Salim model.

According to the results of this study, every 10% increase in urbanization rate leads to a 1% increase in renewable energy consumption in developing countries. While every 10 percent increase in urbanization rates will increase the consumption of non-renewable energy in these countries by 4.2 percent. Therefore, in developing countries, the impact of urbanization rates on non-renewable energy consumption is greater than renewable energy.

The reason for more renewable energy consumption in developing countries is the greater dependence of heating and public and private transportation in developing countries on non-renewable energy, which must be changed gradually. This also indicates the low awareness and knowledge of the population about consumption patterns and also the low level of technology in these countries.

An important achievment to urban stability is enjoyment of healthy and wellbeeing environment and having enough green space. While the urban forests do the best performance among different groups of green spaces, therefore, evaluating of this topic, is one of the important methods for solving of environmental problems.

This study will pay attention to check of the quantitative and qualitative status and comparison of two regions of Tehran with the goal of obtaining information for the conservation and optimal development of green space. Collecting the data, were conducted through the field operation and systematic randomly sampling. Totally, 83 plots in two regions have been determined. Then, descriptive indices, adaptive tables of statistical tests for assessing and comparing of quantity and quality of trees in these two regions have been used.

The results indicated that there was a significant difference in the crown cover of urban forests between two regions with no significant difference in other traits. Results showed buttonwood (Platanus orientalis) had highest frequency within two regions. There was a positive and significant correlation between traits like, plots with height, diameter at breast height, main collar diameter, number of tree in plot and number of roots.

While there weren't any difference between succulence of trees in two regions, results showed the highest level of freshness in regions 1 were obtained by oak (Quercus macranthera), white berry (Morus alba) and Poplar (Populus nigra)  and in 5 regions regarding to acacia (Robinia Pseudoacacia) and  trees of heaven (Ailanthus altissima) were  respectively. Therefore, the species listed for the development of urban forests in these areas can be investigated.

Economic growth is the essence of all economic activities and actions of governments in a certain period, which if not desirable, has negative consequences, including environmental degradation. The environment is one of the main pillars of sustainable development; in recent decades, the importance of the environment has increased and the quality of the environment has become very important. With the growth of urbanization and the development of communities, more importance has been given to the quality of the environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the selected economical indicators and urbanization on the emission of CO2 in Iran during the year's 1980 to 2018 using Bayesian causal map (BCM) analysis method in five scenarios. Testing the degree of impact of changes in economic variables on the growth rate of CO2 emissions using one-way sensitivity analysis showed that among these five indicators, first trade with 58.78 and secondly private sector credit with 32.48 and then tax with 4.85, followed by urban growth with 4.21 and finally private sector investment with a reduction of variance of 1.04, respectively, had the greatest impact on CO2 emissions. The results of the five scenarios show that after changing the probability of high status of variables, high probability of CO2 emission is also more likely.

Today, urban sprawl and the desire for urbanization have increased the need for people to use transportation, and therefore, the existence of a safe, efficient and economical public transportation system, with the least bio-destructive effects, is a necessary step towards sustainable development. It seams the urban transport is one of the main areas of economic development; an issue that emphasizes the need for proper planning in the field of urban transportation. Therefore, this article has been compiled with the aim of investigating air pollution caused by public transport in Yazd city and estimating the pollution caused by them in this route.

The data required for this study were collected by refer to relevant organizations and also field visit of the drivers, then for estimation and analysis software Excel were used.

The results show that the traffic of public transport in the city of Yazd cause annual emissions of 306 tons of particulate matter, 730 tons of Hydrocarbons, 1,424 tons of carbon monoxide, 68,934 tons of carbon dioxide, 389 tons of sulfur dioxide and 4 tons of sulfur trioxide and 666 tons monoxide is nitrogen.

Rail transport is recommended as appropriate and practical way to improve the traffic situation in the city of Yazd, high efficiency velocity and efficiency of private vehicles and the costs and reduction of pollution is the benefits.

The main purpose of this article is studying the short and long run impact of elderly population, urbanization, economic growth and energy consumption on CO2 emissions in the Middle East. To this goal, a panel data of 12 Middle East countries over the period of 1990 to 2013 was used. In This study, according to stationary properties of the variables, the panel cointegration approach was applied. Also, based on the results of Pedroni and Kao cointegration tests, the short and long-run relationship was estimated by Error Correction Model (ECM) and Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS) respectively. The results imply that significant long run relationships exist among aged population, urbanization, per capita income and per capita energy consumption with environment pollution. Based on the panel cointegration model, empirical results showed that the relationships between elderly population and CO2 emissions per capita is U-shaped and statistically significant. Therefore, CO2 emission decrease at the initial stage of elderly population growth and then grows again with the increase of elderly population and the turning point is around 3 percent. Moreover, the results imply that a relative increase in urbanization, economic growth and energy consumption are positively affect CO2 emissions per capita.

The world’s population is ageing and virtually every country in the world is experiencing growth in the number and proportion of older persons in its population. It is predicted that old population will double from 2015 to 2030 in Iran. Actually, more than half of the world’s population lives in urban areas, and urbanization rate is over 70% in Iran. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of population ageing and urbanization on air pollution over the period of 1971 to 2013 in Iran.

In this study, based on the results of variables stationary, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach was applied.

The results revealed that the relationship between old population and CO2 emission per capita is inverted U-shaped and statistically significant, and CO2 emission initially increases with the increase of old population and then drops with the increase of old population. Moreover, the results imply that a relative increase in urbanization in the short and long terms is associated with the increase of CO2 emissions per capita. It was also found that gross domestic production and energy consumption per capita positively affect CO2 emissions per capita in the short and long terms. Technological advances have a significant positive effect on per capita CO2 emissions in the long term.
Discussion and

In this study, according to the urbanization coefficient which has the greatest influence on pollution emissions (3.63 in the long term), the measures should be taken by policymakers to minimize the damage of urbanization growth to the environment. In other words, urban development plans should be designed in harmony with the environmental issues.

Introduction Climate affects, more than any other factors, the type and form of human life, so that many cities that have made or developed regardless of climatic information are suffering from weather-related problems such as air pollution, water supply and flooding etc. By using the meteorological information in designing new cities as well as developing old cities can reduce the mentioned problems. Human comfort condition, based on the definition, is a thermal condition that is comfortable for at least 80% of people. Regarding the high impact of climate on human comfort, the humankind has been always looking for a suitable usage of the local climate. It was investigated the effective bioclimatic indices over human comfort in Shiraz city and their results showed that Shiraz with having a various bioclimatic condition holds a warm to very cold climatic conditions throughout the year. Attempt was made to study the climatic comfort index in Boushehr city. His findings from THI index indicated that the months of April, May, November, December, January, February and March are appropriate in terms of climate comfort for human. Investigation on the thermal comfort was made in Shahrud-Semnan from military viewpoint. In addition, the effect of climate on the architecture of Qom city was carried out by attempted to classify the climate based on effective parameters on life quality in Markazi province. Therefore, considering the high impact of climate on the human comfort as well as the spread of urbanization, in this research this subject is studied in the megalopolis city of Tehran. Materials & Methods Tehran city, in terms of climatic classification, possesses a warm and dry climate with an annual mean precipitation of approximately 250mm. The figure 1 shows the location under study and indicates climatology stations used. Figure 1 geographical position of Tehran city and the stations under study In the paper, the relations between three elements of temperature, relative humidity and wind speed is identified for 2 periods of 15-years from 1976 to 2005 for the selected stations in Tehran city and these data are studied using neurotic pressure index. This index is aimed to explain the level of comfort using temperature, humidity and wind. The index is stated as follows: Where, is the digital index for comfort; is the effective temperature and humidity index supposing a calm weather; is an index that adds up the effect of the surplus coldness resulting from the air motion and are obtained from the following equations: Where, is temperature in Fahrenheit; is relative humidity in %; is the speed of wind in knots. After obtaining digital index for comfort () from the above relation for finding the heating rate, the table 1 will be used. Table 1 grading index for comfort related to humid in warm climate Fully uncomfortable condition After estimation of the coefficients of the neurotic pressure index, for better indicating the variation of the heating index for comfort in Tehran, the zoning was carried out. With objective in this research, the existing methods including spatial interpolation, spatial analysis for data related to stations and inverse distance weighting (IDW) were used. Similarly in this methodology after defining the coefficients of the neurotic pressure index for two 15 periods including warm and cooling conditions, the index for comfort was extended to surface level and finally by using map of comfort variation and GIS software (Arc Map) the zoning map was developed as follows indicated in figures 2-5. Discussion of Results & Conclusions The coefficients of the neurotic pressure index were evaluated for the selected stations for a 2-period of 15-years in different months of the year. The findings indicated that during the first period the thermal phase in the months of January, February and December was cold and with lack of comfort, so that the North of Tehran station possessed the most condition of the lack of comfort during the cold period of the year. In addition, during the hot period of the year also the months of May, June, July, August and September possessed a thermal phase with a lack of comfort to absolutely lack of comfort. Meanwhile, the months of March and October hold the best comfort condition as well as among the stations, Mehrabad, in comparison with other stations, was recognized as the best station in terms of climate comfort. Generally, the results for the second period also showed that these coefficients had an ascending trend in most of the months. On the other hand, the condition from a cold thermal comfort turned into a hot thermal comfort, which indicates an increase in the local temperature due to the climate change in the study area. The results of interpolation by GIS also indicated that in the cold period, there is strong lack of comfort in the northern areas of Tehran city, meanwhile an appropriate comfort condition was replaced during the hot period. But for the southern areas of the city, there is an appropriate thermal comfort condition during the cold period and a lack of comfort is replaced during the hot period, though.