جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Immunity » در نشریات گروه « محیط زیست »

Streptococciosis is one of the most common bacterial diseases in cold water fish farms in Iran that causes a lot of losses to these farms every year and vaccination can be very effective in controlling this disease. In this study, the effectiveness of streptococcus/lactococcus vaccine was evaluated in both injection and bath methods in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerling. For this purpose, four treatment groups include one-step vaccinated using the bath method group, two-step vaccinated using the bath method group, hyperosmotic fish group+two-step vaccine using the bath method, the group of fish vaccinated with the injection method, and a control group considered. In this regard, 350 fish with a weight of 4.2±0.36 were divided into 10 tanks (two replicates for each group). The fish were reared and tested for two months. In this study, 5 experimental groups including the control group, the group of one-stage bath vaccination fish, the two-step bath vaccination group, the group of fishes vaccinated with hyperosmotic environment+two-step bath vaccination, and the group of vaccination via injection method. Based on the results, total serum protein levels in all vaccinated fish were higher than those in the control group, and based on statistical analysis, the highest level was recorded in the fish vaccinated by injection and the two-stage hyperosmotic+vaccine bath method. Glucose values were also measured in both groups of two-step vaccinated fish and the injection method was higher than in other fish. The ALP, ALT, and AST levels in the injected fish group were higher than those of the other groups. Finally, the serum antibody levels for both Streptococcus iniae and Lactococcus garvieae bacteria was higher for the fish in the injection group and the two two-stage bath groups than the one-stage vaccinated fish. At the same time, no antibody was observed in the control group. Based on the results, the two bath steps vaccination more and less produces the same levels of serum antibody titer as the injection method in fish, at the same time, the bath method caused less injuries compared to the injection method in fish. So in situations where fish are under stress, bath vaccination with reminder doses can be critical and more effective.

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of dietary supplementation of vitamin C and formic acid on performance, carcass traits, immune organs, blood hematological and biological parameters of broiler chickens during heat stress. The experiment was conducted using a total of 120 day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308) by employing a completely randomized design with 3 treatments, 4 replicates and 10 birds in each replicate. Heat stress performed by setting room temperature on 34 ˚C for 8 hours per day from 29 to 42 days of age. The experimental treatments included: 1- basal diet (control), 2- basal diet + vitamin C (240 mg per kg of diet) and 3- basal diet + formic acid (0.5% of diet) in finisher diet. At the end of the trial, two birds from each replicate were slaughtered to measure the carcass traits. Blood samples were also taken from the wing vein of the chickens on day 42 to measure the biological and hematological parameters. Dietary supplementation of vitamin C and formic acid significantly improved daily body weight gain, daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio of the chickens (P<0.05). The supplemental vitamin C resulted in lower abdominal fat (P<0.05). Relative weights of spleen and bursa of Fabricius were significantly increased by dietary vitamin C (P<0.05). Dietary treatments increased total protein and declined total cholesterol and LDL-C levels, and vitamin C decreased glucose and increased HDL-C, T3 and T4 concentration of the blood (P<0.05). Vitamin C and formic acid significantly increased red blood cells (RBCs) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and decreased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio (P<0.05). Dietary vitamin C and, to some extent, formic acid could eliminate the adverse effects of heat stress on broilers by having a positive effect on blood parameters and subsequently improved growth performance.

The objective of this study was to examine the influenceof quinoa seed-based diets in combination with phytase and protease enzymes on the serum biochemical parameters, nutrient digestibility, intestinal variables, tibia characteristics and immunity of broiler chickens. A total of 250 one-day-old broiler chicks (ROSS 308) were randomly allocated into 5 treatments with 5 replicate pens per treatment and 10 birds each. The experimental treatments were a corn-soybean meal diet as control group or control diet supplemented with 150 g/kg of quinoa seed alone olone or supplemented with protease, phytase and combination of protease and phytase. The results indicated a significant decrease in serum concentration of cholesterol, triglycerides and AST activity of broilers fed quinoa seed supplemented with protease and phytase than the control group (P<0.05).Jejunum and ileum length enhanced in broiler chickens which received all experimental diets compared with control (P<0.05).Nutrient digestibility coefficients of crude protein calcium and phosphorous were significantly greater in broilers fed on diets supplemented with phytase or phytase +protease (P<0.05).In tibia variables, the highest concentration of calcium and phosphorous was observed in phytase or phytase+protease supplemented diets (P<0.05).the relative weight of bursa and spleen as immunity organs was increased in broilers fed protease or phytase supplemented diets (P<0.05). In conclusion, the addition of phytase or protease enzymes to quinoa seed-based diet may be a suitable scenario to improve nutrient digestibility, immunity or some tibia characteristics in broiler chickens.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the biochemical factors of blood and tissue damage of gills and liver of rainbow trout in 14-day exposure to acetaminophen. For this purpose, 300 pieces of rainbow trout juveniles with an average weight (12.52±2.5) were prepared and experimental treatments including 5 treatments and 3 replications were designed. Based on the obtained results, a significant increase in serum lysozyme and complement (ACH50) enzyme activity was observed in juvenile fish during exposure to acetaminophen. The amount of cortisol and glucose also showed a significant decrease in the amount of these indicators so that the highest amount of cortisol and glucose measured in the control group and the lowest amount was observed and recorded in treatment 5. The results of the study of tissue damage showed that in gill tissue, curvature and club formation of the tip of the secondary gill blade were due to the effects of low concentration (0.01 mg / l) of acetaminophen. At moderate concentrations (0.1 and 1) mg / l, hyperplasia, hypertrophy, clubbing of the tip of the secondary gill blade and welding of the secondary blade were observed. Liver tissue examination showed the most severe liver tissue lesions in fish exposed to 10 mg / l acetaminophen. The presence of acetaminophen caused damage to gill tissue and liver in rainbow trout juveniles. However, it increased blood safety markers such as lysozyme and complement and also significantly reduced cortisol. Which showed a decrease in stress levels in fish exposed to different levels of acetaminophen.

Medicinal plant essential oil has antimicrobial and antioxidant properties and improve small intestine microbial population and feed digestibility and for this purpose its inclusion to broiler chickens’ diet as antibiotic replacement. Present study was conducted in order to compare the effect of different levels of Tanacetum balsamita hydroalcoholic essential oil with vitamin E and C on Ross-308 broiler chickens’ performance and immunity. Three hundred broiler chickens (equal number of male and female) were used in a completely randomized design in 6 treatments and 5 replicates with 10 birds in each. The dietary treatment consisted of: 1) basal diet as control group, 2 and 3) basal diet supplemented with 200 and 400 mg/kg Tanacetum balsamita hydroalcoholic essential oil, respectively, 4) basal diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg Vitamin E, 5) basal diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg vitamin C and 6) basal diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg virginiamycin antibiotic. The results showed that the amount of feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio and European production efficiency factor, IgG, IgM and total antibody titter against SRBC, New-castle disease and avian influenza virus’s antibody titer were not affected by dietary treatments (P>0.05). Treatments had no effect on toe web swelling index after 4 and 24h post injection period but broiler chickens fed diets containing 200 and 400 mg/kg Tanacetum balsamita essential oil had higher swelling index at 48h after injection whereas there were no significant differences between vitamin E and antibiotic groups (P<0.05) and chickens fed diets supplemented with 200 mg/kg essential oil and vitamin E and C had higher lymphocyte percentage and lower heterophil percentage and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio compared to control group (P<0.05). In conclusion, although Tanacetum balsamita essential oil improved cell mediated immunity of broiler chickens but the results revealed that due to its non-significant effect on broiler chicken’s performance and immunity, its addition to broiler chickens’ diet is not economically advisable.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of feeding frequency and salinity on blood factors, immunity and stress indices of farmed stellate sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus) in 1399. For this purpose, 810 juvenile stellate sturgeon (average weight 12.24 g) in 9 treatments and each with three replications with three salinity levels and three feeding frequency levels were considered. Treatments included: Treatment 1: Twice daily feeding and zero salinity, Treatment 2: Four times daily feeding and zero salinity, Treatment 3: 6 times daily feeding and zero salinity, Treatment 4: Twice daily feeding and 6 g salinity Per thousand, treatment 5: four times a day feeding and salinity 6 grams per thousand, treatment 6: six times a day feeding and salinity 6 grams per thousand, treatment 7: twice daily feeding and salinity 12 grams per thousand, treatment 8: Four times feeding load 12 grams per day and salinity per thousand and treatment 9: 6 times per day and salinity 12 grams per thousand. The fish were reared for eight weeks. Blood samples were then taken from the fish. The results showed that in most cases, the number of white blood cells, red blood cells, blood indices in treatments 4 and 6 were higher than other treatments (P<0.05). Also, the amount of IgM, lysozyme and total immunoglobulin in treatments 3 and 4 were higher than other treatments (P<0.05). The results of stress indicators showed that the serum glucose and cortisol levels of fish had a statistically significant difference (P<0.05). According to the results, it can be said that it is possible to breed stellate sturgeon in different salinities and increasing the number of feedings helps this fish to withstand different environmental conditions. However, due to economic issues and labor costs, it is recommended to feed the fish 4 times a day.

Clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) powder is used as a fish anesthetic because it is a natural and inexpensive product with low toxicity risks. The goal of the present study was to determine the appropriate concentration of clove powder for anesthetizing of snow trout, Schizothorax zarudnyi broods to be used in artificial reproduction. We applied three different clove powder concentrations (200, 250 and 300 mg/L) with 7 replicates for each concentration on female (1240.1 ± 291.3 g) and male (407.14 ± 55.8 g) broods. In addition to the time required for anesthesia and reduction, serum biochemistry parameters including glucose, total protein, IgM, C3 and C4 were monitored before and after anesthesia. Results showed that time elapsed for anesthesia and recovery of female broods at 250 mg/L was 160.14 ± 9.78 and 145 ± 12.1 seconds, respectively, which was less than 200 (319 ± 20.2 sec. for anesthesia and 108.63 ± 12.15 sec. for recovery) and 300 (117 ± 7.86 sec. for anesthesia and 271 ± 22.24 sec. for recovery) mg/L concentrations. Also, this time for male broods at 300 mg/L (86 ± 3.73 sec. for anesthesia and 64.71 ± 11.25 sec. for recovery) was less than the 200 (155.71 ± 7.81 sec. for anesthesia and 56.43 ± 7.73 sec. for recovery) and 250 (116.86 ± 12.57 sec. for anesthesia and 70.71 ± 14.44 sec. for recovery) mg/L concentrations. The anesthesia did not change blood glucose, total protein, and C4 levels, but IgM concentration was decreased at 300 mg/L in both female and male fish (p < 0.05) and C3 concentration was increased at 300 mg/L in the male brood (p < 0.05). We conclude that 250 mg/L of clove oil is the most efficient dose that requires fish euthanization for artificial reproduction.

Fish powder is one of the most important ingredients in aquatic diets. A 63-day trial was conducted to examine the effect of different levels (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 100%) of fishmeal replacement for canola meal in the diet of pacu fish (Piaractus brachypomus, 45.12±1.36 g) on growth performance, survival rate, apparent digestibility coefficient of diets, activities of digestive and hepatic enzymes and hemato-immunological responses. The highest level of the final weight and specific growth rate and the lowest food conversion ratio were achieved in pacu fish fed with 40% canola meal. Significant decreasing trends were achieved in the serum levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein of pacu fish fed with increasing the contents of canola meal (p < 0.05). Based on the growth indices, the maximum tolerable contents of dietary glucosinolate and phytate in the pacu fish were 4.90-5.22 µmol g-1 and 6.12-6.52 g kg-1, respectively. The activities of amylase, lipase, and trypsin in pacu fish increased according to enhance CM substitution levels (p < 0.05). According to the broken line technique, the highest specific growth rate (1.91% body weight day-1) was observed in pacu fish fed with 40.2% CM.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of different level offruitaqueous extracts from cornelian cherry (Cornus mas) on growth, hematological and immunity parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). After 1 weeks for adaptation to the new condition, 96 O. mykiss juvenilewith 40±2.73g average weight randomly distributed in to 12 aquarium tanks with the capacity of 180 L with four treatments and three replicates. Each treatment feed with fruit aqueous extracts from C. mas by 0 (control group), 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg for 8 weeks. At the end of the feeding period, blood samples were taken from caudal vein of fish fries. Most of the growth parameters by significant difference from the control group was observed in 100 mg/kg fruit extracts from C. mas (p < 0.05). Most of the RBC, WBC, HCT, Lym, Tp, Cor, Ig, GST, GR, CAT, SOD and GPX was recorded in 100 mg/kg C. mas extracts (p < 0.05). However, the lowest value of MCV, MCH, Glu and MDA activity recorded in 100 mg/kg C. mas extracts (p < 0.05). In conclusion, it seems that fruit extracts from cornus mas for the reason that high level of total phenol, flavonoids and anthocyanins compounds has high antioxidant properties as well as inhibitory activity of free radicals. These properties can enhance the immune system of rainbow trout. Based on the results of these study the use of 100 mg/kg fruit aqueous extracts from Cornus mas extracts had the best results and can be recommended.

In this research, it was studied the effect of acidifier supplementation on growth, hematological and immune indices of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings. A completely randomized design was performed with four treatments in three replicates. Acidifier supplementation was added in four levels including 0, 2, 4, and 8 g/kg to the basal diet. A total number of 84 common carp fingerlingsweighing 18.30±2.08g were fed and kept at a density of 7 fish per aquarium in twelve 40-L aquaria for 60 days. Results showed that the highest final weight, body weight increase, average daily growth, specific growth rate and the lowest feed conversion ratio were observed at the level of 8g/kg acidifier supplementation (P<0.05). No significant difference was recorded in condition factor and survival rate among the treatments (P>0.05). Acidifier supplementation at the level of 8 g/kg showed significant difference (P<0.05) in RBC, hematocrit, hemoglobin and neutrophil counts with other treatments. Also, this treatment had the highest non-significant WBCs and monocyte counts (P>0.05). On the other hand, the highest values of IgM and lysozyme were showed in treatment 2g/kg acidifier supplementation (P>0.05). Based on obtained findings, it can be declared that acidifier supplementation can promote growth performance and improve some hematological and immune indices of common carp.

In order to compare the herbal and chemical immunity stimulants, the effect of orally administration of Lactoferrin, β-glucan and Nigela sativa</em> on growth indexes and hematological and immunological parameters in common carp was studied. 300 fingerling (3±0.02 g), were fed with control food (without immune stimulant) and food treatments include 20 mg lactoferrin, 10 mg  β-glucan and 50 mg Nigela sativa</em> powder in kg of food for sixty days. Based on the results, the highest amounts of weight increase, specific growth rate and condition factor were obtained in the glucan treatment. The survival rate was above 80 percent, without significant difference, in all treatments (P>0.05). Also, all treatments include immune stimulant, showed significant difference in food conversion rate (FCR) compare to control group (P<0.05). The minimum amount of FCR and the maximum amount of protein coefficient were obtained in glucan treatment. The higher numbers of red and white blood cells and the higher amounts of hemoglobin and hematocrit were observed in glucan and the lower were observed in the control group. The higher and the lower rate of lysozyme enzyme activity were related to glucan (5.38± 0.18) and control treatments (3.19± 0.05) respectively. While the percentage of neutrophil and monocytes were higher in glucan treatment, the highest percentage of lymphocytes was observed in lactoferrin treatment (73.66± 0.57). So, compare to the other stimulants, glucan can be used as a growth and immunity stimulant in common carp.

This research was conducted to investigate the effect of different inclusion rates of formaldehyde in diet with or without supplementation with phytase on growth performance, carcass and immune system of broiler chickens. The experiment was done in a 2×3 factorial arrangement including three levels of formaldehyde (0, 2 and 6 ml/kg of diet) and two levels (with or without) of phytase supplementation. A total of 360 day-old broiler chickens (Ross 308) were used in six treatments and there were four replicates for each treatment. The results indicated that the interaction effect and the main effect of phytase supplementation on feed intake were significant in the starter phase (p<0.05). The results of growth performance showed that the interaction effect was on the weight gain in grower, finisher and total periods (p<0.05). Besides, the body weight gain of the broiler chickens was influenced by the main effect of phytase supplementation (p<0.05). The results showed that addition of formaldehyde into the diets altered the weight gain of broiler chickens in the grower phase (p<0.05). The results of the evaluation of internal organs indicated that interaction effect and the main effect of phytase had a significant effect on the weight of abdominal fat (p<0.05). The concentration of Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) as a liver enzyme was affected by interaction effect and the main effect of phytase supplementation (p<0.05). It is concluded that phytase supplementation improved the body weight gain of broilers. However, addition of formaldehyde had no negative effect on growth performance of broiler chickens.

To investigate the effect of probioenzyme on growth, nutrition, hematology and immune response in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss),this matter was supplemented at 0.3, and 0.5g/kg diet(treatments of 2 and 3 respectively) and control group(treatment 1: no food supplemented probioenzyme) in three treatments with three replications. This survey was performed in nine 200ltanks containing 30  fish(average weight: 26.3± 2.7g) in each tank for 60 days. At the end of the feeding period, the growth and blood factors analyzed. Based on the results, there is no significant difference between treatments 1, 2 and in growth, nutrition and blood erythrocytes factors(P >0.05). The mean white blood cells and blood cells neutrophil percentage in treatment of 3 was significantly different (P <0.05) from the control group fish. Significant differences in serum complement components in the treated groups were in comparission to control group (P <0.05). ACH50 activity and immunoglobulin (IgM) did not show significant differences between treatments (P> 0.05). The lysozyme and serum globulins in treatment 3 compared to the control treatment was higher and statistically significant (P <0.05). Although there weren,t signs of significant effects of probioenzyme on growth and nutrition factors, Probioenzyme can have immunological effects on rainbow trout.

The effects of probiotic effects of (Pediococous acidlactici) on survival rate of broodstocks, cyst and naupli production, immunological enzymes and coloy count of digestive tract of Artemia franciscana were examined. Three diets containing 102 (T1), 104 (T2), 106 (T3) CFU of probiotics g feed-1 and a control diet (C) without probiotic were used daily through a completely randomized design (each with three replicates). The results showed a significantly (P<0.05) increment in the number of cyst and produced naupli with Artemia franciscana and also the survival rate of broodstocks compared to those of control. The highest number of cyst and naupli was obtained in the T2 (215 l-1) and T3 (1909 l-1), respectively. The immunological enzymes of Artemia franciscana fed the experimental diets did not show significant differences with those of control group but Artemia fed the T2 showed the highest activities of lysozyme (4.15 U µg-1), phenoloxidasse (2.74 U min-1) and superoxide dismutase (2.90 U min-1) while the highest activity of catalase (2.79 U min-1) was for T3. The colony count (CFU ml-1) of Pediococous Acidlactici formed in the digestive tract of artemia showed a significant difference with that of control group and the highest count was observed for T1 (760). Based on the results, the proposed range of probiotic in the diet of Artemia franciscana was 102-104 CFU g-1.