جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « MCDM » در نشریات گروه « محیط زیست »

The purpose of this research is providing a suitable model for locating emergency accommodation caused by natural and unnatural disasters in the 19th district of Tehran.

The research method is descriptive-analytical and data analysis is done using MCDM and Arc GIS and Excel system. The statistical population was selected from among the variables of emergency accommodation location and the sampling method was simple and the sampling volume was obtained using Morgan's table (n = 19). The research tool was a questionnaire that was quantitatively designed and its questions were extracted using emergency accommodation standards and distributed among experts. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts and its value was 0.421. The reliability of the questionnaire was also calculated using SPSS20 software with Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.827.

finding of the present research was considered from 3 main criteria (desirability, compatibility and capacity) and 18 sub-criteria to determine accommodation. In the process of locating emergency accommodation, first, information layers were prepared, then standardization and AHP coefficients were applied to them, and finally, after weighting them, layers were overlapped.

After the final production of the settlement map and according to the results of this research, 28 zones with a value of 7-9 were accepted for settlement. Also, 17 areas with a value of 7 (relatively good), 7 areas with a value of 8 (good) and 4 areas with a value of 9 (ideal) were identified in the study area for emergency accommodation. In total, 1,321,8725 square meters, equivalent to 1,321 hectares, were habitable in District 19 of Tehran.

One of the key factors in the conservation and development of urban green space is use of available water resource in each region according to the characteristics of green space in this paper providing of water for boeen-zahra's green space irrigation has been studied.

First available water resources were determined then questionnaires completed by experts, and the effective criteria in the decision-making process of water resources selection were weighed using AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) method. Finally, the best option was selected using the preferential prioritization method to enrich the evaluations (Promethee).

The results of AHP method in Expert Choice software indicated that the weight of technical, practical and managerial criteria were higher than other options and water resources of municipal garden wells with miscellaneous wells were selected as the best option. In the second stage, the weights and scores obtained from the criteria and options of the first part, were selected and ranked as input to the Decision Lab 2000 software, and in this stage, the result obtained was confirmed in the first stage.

The present study indicates that technical, practical, managerial and environmental criteria are the most important factors in choosing the type of water source for irrigation of green space. In other words, in choosing the right water resources, achieving standards, hydraulic shock resistance, no need for advanced technology to control, system efficiency, are the parameters that are most considered.

Integrated coastal zone management attempt to integrate the various policies affecting the coasts, as well as, gathering local and national stakeholders to raise awareness, support and implement these policies. The most important issue in the coasts management is the partial and sectoral organization and functions of stakeholders in the coasts. The long term goal of integrated coastal zone management is to balance the benefits of economic development and human use of coasts, protect, preservation and reconstruction of the coasts, minimize coastal damage, and earn benefits of accessing and public use of coasts.‫‬There has not been done a comprehensive research that can coordinate the uses of development approach with conservation approach in the coasts of Sirik city with considering to the great capacities and potentials of coasts, as well as, the threatening and destructive factors in the Sirik city coastal areas, yet. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to develop a model for evaluating the integrated coastal zone management on the Sirik coast using multi-criteria decision making techniques (MCDM). In present research, important criteria of protection and development were identified to establish integrated coastal zone management, and also we weighted these criteria and prioritized options and provided practical solutions for integrated coastal zone management target coasts.‬‬

In order to collect information for this applied type research, which was conducted at the Sirik coasts in 2019-2020, the combined method of library studies and survey approach have been used through interviews and questionnaires. Then, integrated Delphi and analytic network process (ANP) model were used to analyze the findings and determine the appropriate evaluated criteria and prioritize them. In this regards, the integrated Delphi and ANP model consist of the following steps:Step 1: Selection of the Delphi group and develop an evaluation modelStep 2: adjusting the interdependencies and perform pairwise comparisons among clusters or elements with ANPStep 3: Developing a super matrix by ANPAccording to the research framework, the proposed model for evaluating the implementation of integrated coastal zone management in the form of an integrated model was developed and implemented as Figure 1.‫‬‬‬Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the proposed model for evaluating integrated coastal zone managemen.

Step 1: Selection of the Delphi group and develop a modelThe criteria considered in the evaluation of integrated coastal zone management in Sirik city including 4 important criteria: Environmental, economic, socio-cultural, and land usage. Also, after determining the criteria, the desired options were assessed and selected, then the decision-making team suggested three suitable options consist of Sirik, Kouhestak and Geroug to design the evaluation model.Step 2: Setting the interdependencies and perform pairwise comparisons among clusters or elements by ANPThe strategic and fundamental part was formed at this stage of the research. In this stage, pairwise comparisons were performed. Since, there is only one cluster to assess the objective of the research, then there is no clusters comparison at this stage. But the comparisons of the elements within the clusters and options must be calculated (Table 1).Table 1 - Pairwise comparison matrix of key criteriaNormalize Land use Sociocultural Economic Environmental Strategic goal0.483 3 7 5 1 Environmental0.172 1.3 3 1 Economic0.094 1.5 1 Sociocultural0.251 1 Land useCR = 0/04- The final pairwise comparisons were done among the studied options that the desired options of were Sirik, Kouhestak and Geroug.Step 3: Developing a hyper matrix with ANPAll data within the pairwise comparison matrix were normalized, then calculated as the initial super matrix called unweighted matrix.In the next step, the unweighted super matrix is multiplied by the normalized column, which resulting to the unweighted super matrix.Then, the weighted matrix is powered to the extent that there is no difference between the successive elements of the super matrix with the power of K and the super matrix to the power of K+1 using the Super decisions software. At this stage a limited (limit) super matrix was obtained. In the achieved super matrix, all row numbers are equal. Based on this matrix, a score of 0.286 was obtained for Sirik and, in order to establish integrated coastal zone management based on defined criteria, the Sirik city was a superior option compared to other cities in the whole studied area.In the final step, using the normalization of weights, to prioritize the three cities or options under review, the results of their review and evaluation are obtained in Table 2.‫‬‬‬Table 2 - Ranking matrix of optionsRanking Ideal Normal Total Alternatives1 1.0000 0.5723 0.286 Sirik2 0.4720 0.2710 0.135 Kohestak3 0.2762 0.1567 0.079 Geroug

The objective of this study is to analyze and evaluate the implementation of integrated coastal zone management in the Sirik city. Hence, the combined Delphi and analytical network process model was used, which is a multi-criteria decision-making technique. In this study, after analyzing the evaluation criteria of integrated coastal zone management through Delphi method, the identified options were evaluated and prioritized based on key environmental, economic, socio-cultural and land use criteria using analytical network process method.The result revealed that environmental criteria with a score of 0.483 and socio-cultural criteria with a score of 0.094 had the highest and lowest weight, respectively. Finally, considering the weight of the set of criteria as well as the weighting and ranking of the options, the city of Sirik was selected as the top option.According to the result of analyses, to the integrated coastal zone management, and its evaluation based on the principles and criteria of environmental resource protection, the following suggestions are indicated: Identification of sensitive coastal zones for the protection and development of these areas as an approach to establish an integrated coastal zone management system; Preventing sectoral planning by different organizations to load various development projects in the coastal-marine ecosystem without considering the environmental requirements; Creating and strengthening a comprehensive plan for the protection and development of coastal environment in order to protect sensitive coastal-marine resources along with the development of environmentally friendly land uses for integrated coastal zone management; It is suggested that the researchers study other involved and effective issues to identify and evaluate the effective criteria on integrated coastal zone management, which be helpful for amelioration management of the studied coastal areas through the reported algorithm.

Decision-making, includes the correct statement of purposes, determination of different and possible solutions, assessment of their possibility, evaluation of the consequences of implementing each solution, and finally, selection and implementation. Quality of management, is essentially dependent to the quality of decision-making. In most cases, decision-making is desirable and satisfactory for decision maker, when decision making is studied according to several criteria. Criteria may be quantitative or qualitative. In multi criteria decision making methods, which are taken into consideration in recent decades, several criteria are used instead of one, to measure optimality. Decision-making, is difficult and complicated in environmental projects; the necessity for balance existence between socio-economic, environmental, ecological and economic factors in these project, makes it more difficult to manage and make decision in this area. In multi-criteria decision-making models (MCDM), multiplicity of criteria, the complexity of the data and environmental dynamism are among the factors which convert decision-making, into a challenge in recent decades.

This research was a review study using library resources and related sites, along with introduction of decision making process and terms. Discussion and

Multi-criteria decision-making methods used in environmental projects have been explained. The conceptual model of compensatory methods was presented along with their application.

Finally, a summary of environmental projects that can be covered by decision-making models and used models in each project, was presented.

The unplanned expansion of cities is one of the most important issues of urban management in developing countries. Because the increasing development of urban society and unplanned constructions have created many changes in their spatial construction, which has led to the need for conscious guidance and design of suitable living space for cities. The purpose of this study is to find a set of suitable spatial zones for urban physical development.

Rasht city, as the center of Gilan County, has undergone many demographic and urban changes. In order to plan optimally and appropriately for the future urban development of the studied city, 14 ecological and socio-economic criteria were selected based on the opinions of experts and the Delphi method in 2018. Then the weighted linear composition method and network analysis process were used to zoning the ecological potential of the area for urban development.

The results of the implementation of the multi-criteria evaluation method showed that the total area of the region is about 16.12% with very high capability. 29.54% of the region is unsuitable due to ecological conditions and unsustainable social tissue.

The results of this research can provide more study opportunities for planners and decision-makers to take preventive and controlling factors into strategic decisions.

In spite of human knowledge and technology development, unfortunately, the situation of the environment at national, regional and international levels is critical and complex. We can no longer expect that with economic and industrial development the environment remains intact, but the reduction of pollution and its harmful effects using high technology can ensure the health, growth and excellence of present and future life on Earth. Multi-criteria decision-making System (MCDM) has been used to improve decision-making and management process. The spatial information systems are suitable for spatial data analysis. Also, Geographic information systems have been used to properly determine suitable areas for industrial and mining activities and its impacts assessment on the environment. In this study, using ecological, economic and social criteria and their integration with MCDM and GIS, the study area based on its sensitivity to mining activities were mapped. Also Environmental considerations consists of impact of mining activities on the urban settlements, rural settlements, surface water, groundwater, wildlife habitat, agriculture, tourism and vegetation were analyzed. Based on zoning map of the sensitivity of the active area of ​​the mineral gypsum, range, interference within the mining and production zones were identified. The results showed that 15% of the mineral sector with a range of prohibited activities, 6% in the zone of extreme sensitivity, 11% in the zone of high sensitivity, and 58% moderate and 10% is located in the zone of low sensitivity. Which implies the fact that 26 of the total 52 mining operations across the range of prohibited activities that should be stopped. It has been elaborated that the priority for planning must be related to the management of this moderate sensitive zone. The survey also shown that two criteria consists of the agriculture area and surface water had the most interaction with the unsafe mineral activities.

Due to the Severe Decrease in resources and land degradation and Increasing population growth, need to Exact planning is the use of resources and land. Modeling the ecological potential of land uses for proportionate utilization of resources provides proper conditions to preserve these resources for future generations. This study illustrates the application of the FUZZY AHP method and fuzzy membership functions in agricultural land evaluation. Based on Iranian literal Ecological Model, soil characteristic data, soil shape and biohydroclimatology were selected as the main criteria. Then, in the form of a model, MCDM and FUZZY AHP Chang method was applied to the substrate weighting process. Then, simple weighting method (SAW) was used to integrate the layers in ArcGIS environment and evaluation was performed. The results showed that there are six classes of agricultural land in the study area and the northern part of the city has high power. Finally, the final map indicated that the total area of the polygons of areas with high to medium agricultural potential is 347 square kilometers. So the FUZZY AHP method, by combining different approaches, can greatly assist evaluators in group decision making.

Today, tourism is a major source of income for many countries, and it affects the economy of both source and host countries, and in some countries this way of income is a vital importance. Hamedan Township is one of the most popular and important tourism areas of Iran. It is rich in nature, history and culture which make a favorite destination for various tourists. There are so many tourist attractions in Hamedan Township include historical, cultural and natural sites such as waterfall and mountain. Due to rapid growth of ecotourism, a challenge for the decision makers is the way of managing ecotourism in order to minimize the negative impacts for sustainable development of tourism.

The main objective of this study is to identify and prioritize the potential ecotourism site in Hamadan County, Iran, using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Seven criteria including slope, aspect, distance from water, distance from road, land use, vegetation were used in this study. Criteria's and sub-criteria's were selected according to the professional expert's opinions. The final map of suitable areas for study area prepared using Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) and Ordered Weighted Averaging (OWA) technique in GIS environment.

The results showed that 15049 ha (5/5%) of study area has first class potential (high suitable), 114919 ha (41%) has second class potential (high), 122589 ha (44%) has third class potential (low) and 26292 ha (9/9%) has four class potential (very low suitable) based on WLC method, but in both models most suitable area is located in west and southwest of township.
Discussion and

Suitable management for ecotourism development is essential in order to conserve and maintain the biological richness of the area. The results of this site selection models can be a useful reference to the ecotourism planning and development for manager and decision makers.

In spite of human knowledge and technology development, unfortunately, the situation of the environment at national, regional and international levels is critical and complex. We can no longer expect that with economic and industrial development the environment remains intact, but the reduction of pollution and its harmful effects using high technology can ensure the health, growth and excellence of present and future life on Earth. Multi-criteria decision-making System (MCDM) has been used to improve decision-making and management process. The spatial information systems are suitable for spatial data analysis. Also, Geographic information systems have been used to properly determine suitable areas for industrial and mining activities and its impacts assessment on the environment. In this study, using ecological, economic and social criteria and their integration with MCDM and GIS, the study area based on its sensitivity to mining activities were mapped. Also Environmental considerations consists of impact of mining activities on the urban settlements, rural settlements, surface water, groundwater, wildlife habitat, agriculture, tourism and vegetation were analyzed. Based on zoning map of the sensitivity of the active area of ​​the mineral gypsum, range, interference within the mining and production zones were identified. The results showed that 15% of the mineral sector with a range of prohibited activities, 6% in the zone of extreme sensitivity, 11% in the zone of high sensitivity, and 58% moderate and 10% is located in the zone of low sensitivity. Which implies the fact that 26 of the total 52 mining operations across the range of prohibited activities that should be stopped. It has been elaborated that the priority for planning must be related to the management of this moderate sensitive zone. The survey also shown that two criteria consists of the agriculture area and surface water had the most interaction with the unsafe mineral activities.

all steps of a mining project generally disturb the environment’s original condition during execution. Therefore from exploration until end of the exploitation and after mining closure, there should be an exhaustive applied reclamation plan of the mined land. Planting the suitable plant species in each step of any reclamation plan in this area is the goal of this research. In all type of post mining land use such as Agriculture, Pasture, Forestry, Tourist attraction, Wild life creation, selection and planting the appropriate plant species are the most essential requirements to implement a successful mined land reclamation plan. The Research methodology is selecting the plant species that is carried out on the basis of the primary factors which include type of Post mining land use, Climate, Nature­ of soil. The priority is defined between the selected species, based on of the secondary factors (Perspective of the region, resistance against disease and insects, strength and method of growth, availability to plant Species, Economic efficiency, Protection of soil and storing water, prevention from pollution) by a MCDM model. This model is implemented by FUZZY TOPSIS method. The mentioned procedure was applied in the Sungun Copper Mine in Iran. Decision making was executed on the basis of oral judgments and experts group opinions in the case study.Risults and Discution: The results have been consisted of maple, Ash, Barberry, Paliurus Spina –Christi, Oak, and Sloe respectively. All species are native. In parts that ground is damaged and also waste dump sites, are used Maple and Paliurus Spina –Christi and Sloe are stabilizers and compatible till field is prepared for planting residuary of plants.

Iran has limited freshwater resources and on the other hand it is currently facing a growing water demand for different usages. So dam building has been increased during the last 30 years in Iran. Nowadays, awareness about the impacts of water resource development projects on river's natural flow regimes and river ecosystems has been increased. Meanwhile, a component of environment is known as a legitimate user of water and estimation of environmental water requirement is assigned as one of the most essential parts of the environmental impact assessment and water resource planning reports of dams in Iran. Hence, in 6th commission of water and environment (2005) in Iran this issue is determined as an enactment and terms of reference for assessing EFR, but as a result of lack of acquaintance regarding EFR assessment methods and incongruity with Iran’s environmental and managerial condition, it has not been implemented completely yet. As at the present time, some simple hydrological methodologies generally have been used for EWRA. Therefore, the most important aim of this study is to identify firstly the features, advantages and disadvantages of environmental flow assessment methodologies (EFAM) which are used in the world; and secondly finding about the fact that whether these methods are adaptable to the conditions of EFA in downstream of dams in Iran. Accordingly, after reconnaissance of different EFA methodologies, the 26 methods among the most applicable and important ones were selected. Then, each of these methods was evaluated in accordance with the adoptability to 45 comparative criteria. Finally the suitability and priority of these methods for application in Iran was designated by using TOPSIS technique. The result of comparison demonstrates that Holistic approach especially DRIFT method has the most conformity with the situation of environmental water requirement assessment of rivers in Iran. Thus, this method has been selected as the proposed approach.