جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « disaster management » در نشریات گروه « عمران »

Floods are one of the most frequent natural disasters that affect the society, impact human lives, and make costs for governments. Utilizing new technologies helps managers and first responders to decrease the damaging effect of floods and save time. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles equipped with accurate sensors along with powerful computer vision and deep learning techniques can act as potential platforms for surrveilance, mapping and detection of flooded regions. In this study, PSPNet as the main architecture enhanced by ResNeSt as the encoder, are utilized for semantic segmentation of very high resolution drone imagery acquired from urban flooded regions. Furthermore, in order to interpret and study the performance of the method, Monte-Carlo Dropout (MCD) technique is used as a Bayesian estimator for uncertainty quantification of the results. Comparing the results of our method with other models indicated that increasing the complexity and number of parameters of the model would increase its performance during training and testing by 10% and 3%, respectively, and the certainty of the models will increase in inference time. The Accuracy of semantic segmentation is 97.93% and F1-score is about 89%.

The road networks of Mazandaran province are one of the most important road transport routes in the country. Transportation systems are the backbone of Disaster management measures, and maintaining their dynamics and performance in times of disaster is of particular importance for the continuation of rescue and response activities. In spite of the significant role of these systems in times of disasters, these systems are very vulnerable to the occurrence of disasters, and with the occurrence of natural disasters, their performance is disrupted and rescue activities are affected by it. Considering the necessity and importance of road networks and their very important role in disaster management, in this research, the investigation of road networks in Mazandaran province has been done. This study has been carried out in an analytical-descriptive method. a total of 216 points have been collected in all road axes of the province, and studies of tunnels, technical buildings, and bridges have been carried out, and in the GIS software environment, analysis and processing and priority It is framed. Based on the results of this research, according to the investigations carried out in terms of the existence of an alternative way for the bridges of the province, 11 of the bridges of the province have an alternative point way (optimal condition), 13 of the bridges of the province have the possibility of constructing an alternative way with Reasonable cost and the number of 192 bridges in the province lack alternative ways and also the impossibility of constructing them.

Due to the value of time in disaster relief, access to current information about the geographical location and physical condition of the injured and the use of new technologies and methods of GIS is important. The purpose of this study is to create a platform that uses MobileGIS, WebGIS and VGI technology to transfer and collect immediate and accurate information that leads to reducing relief time, increasing the speed of sending online or offline assistance requests by victims and reducing casualties. Real-time information on the physical condition and position of the injured person according to the required hardware facilities and the importance of time in responding to the needs of the injured is provided by each victim and used in this system .In this research, the information sent by the victims and those around them has been used. The information sent in the geoserver is analyzed .At the disaster, due to solving the problem of disconnecting the Internet, the output of this research was used as a mobile application with Android and IOS operating systems. In addition, the web version of the system was available when connected to the Internet. After the implementation of this system, with the obtained information, an Instant map was made available to the rescue manager, which included mapping the type of assistance and relief for each person or in groups for a group of injured in a specific geographical area, which help to assistance-and-relief managerschr('39') decision-making process.

One of the inseparable parts of human life in all parts of the world and time periods is the occurrence of various natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes, etc. Some countries, such as Iran, are more vulnerable to these events due to their geographical location and special climate conditions. Disaster management is important in the event of such disasters, which can reduce the loss of life, property, and mental health and prevent the imposition of exorbitant costs on the country. One of the most important aspects of disaster management is the proper and equitable distribution of the aid. The disadvantages of conventional and non-systemic approaches are lack of accurate information on the position of the affected areas and the type of needs of the people living there, inconsistency in the allocation of aid between the different organisations, and lack of awareness of the type and amount of aid allocated. Such a distribution causes problems, such as the unfair distribution of aid in the form of accumulation and loss of certain items in some areas, and the scarcity and high cost of certain items in others. A spatial decision-making system based on volunteered geographic information was proposed and implemented in this study in order to properly and fairly distribute aid in the event of natural disasters, which supports the disaster managers’ needs and functions. The proposed framework consists of two main phases. In the first phase three groups of users collect data on the affected areas and their needs in the context of volunteered geographic information.This data includes location data and the needs of the affected areas. After collecting a huge amount of data, in the second phase, with the help of multi-criteria decision analysis tools, the affected areas are prioritized in terms of need for assistance and items. Therefore management and monitoring of the process of distribution of items and allocation of aid to different affected areas is done. The advantages of using the proposed system are accelerating the identification of damaged areas, timely and targeted distribution of aid in a manner appropriate to the type and amount of needs, effective participation of injured and relieved people, prevention of loss of aid and possible abuses and saving time and money.

Having a 3-Dimensional model of high-rise buildings can be used in disaster management such as fire cases to reduce casualties. The fundamental dilemma in 3D building modeling is the unavailability of suitable data sources. However, available cadastral 2D maps could be used as low-cost and attainable resources for 3D building modeling. Smoke will be a great threat to people's health during a fire in a building and its movement and diffusion in different parts of the building are affected by the architectural design of the building. Computer simulation can be utilized to investigate smoke movement and its emanated toxic gases under various scenarios which can play a significant role in decision making during a fires incident event to reduce human casualties. In this research, at first, 2D cadastral maps of a high-rise building located at Tehran were utilized to produce a 3D model of building with adequate details in CityEngine. Next, smoke emission in the building was simulated under seven scenarios, using PyroSim software. The two-dimensional data of apartment separation is readily available and at the lowest cost. Using some tools and techniques in spatial information systems, making it possible to utilize this data to implement a three-dimensional model of a building with details to simulate the spread of smoke from fires. The process adopted in this study made it possible to use a two-dimensional floor plan to produce a three-dimensional model of the building at the LoD4. The results confirm the appropriateness of the constructed 3D model to simulate smoke emission under various scenarios in the high-rise building. This result shows the effect and importance of smoke transfer routes, both inside and outside the building, on the emission of toxic gases. The results show that ensuring that the ducts are closed is one of the factors controlling the spread of smoke to other floors. Flue gutters and ducts are among the most important routes for emitting smoke in high-rise buildings. The simulation results of Scenario 4 show that 40 seconds after the start of the fire, the toxic fumes spread through the stairs at all top floors of the building. Although data from 2D cadastral maps can be used to create a three-dimensional model of a building, these data have shortcomings. The part related to the texture of the map features is faced with a lack of information such as the thickness of the walls, the type of used materials, the exact location of the components (doors and windows) on the walls, and so on. These factors affect the smoke emission simulation results. As a result, development of a three-dimensional model of the building containing more detailed information about the specifications and materials used in the walls and various parts of the building needs to be considered in future research. The smoke emission simulation results can also be used in a variety of applications, including emergency evacuation modeling in the event of a fire in a building, along with the inclusion of other information such as number and physical characteristics of residents in different parts of the building.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of emergency response forces on the number of survivors during the disaster. In this research, a model is presented to calculate the optimal number of forces for each mode depending on the available budget. Frank Wolff's algorithm was used to assign ground forces, and for more realism, the impact of post-disaster links failure was also considered in ground forces. The proposed model in this study was solved using Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm. One of the most important results of this study is the effectiveness of air mode in particular in high budgets and variable effectiveness of land forces in different budgets. Also, it has been shown that in lower budgets, the effect of budget increases is greater than high budgets. In other words, the increase in the number of survivors in the fixed amount of funding increases from 98% for low budgets to 2% for high budgets.

Natural and Non- Natural disasters have harmful results in various fields of society such as socio- economic. Infrastructure performance have a huge impact in disaster situation and can increase or decrease effects of damage. Considering the unpredictable feature of intensity of disaster, appropriate decisions can reduce failure. In this regards, this paper for the case of Tehran Province Transportation network roads, investigate the important links based on Network Robustness Index (NRI). For that, Tehran intercity networks links, are disconnected in each iteration and OD matrix assigned. Aggregate results on network such as Vehicle hour (VHT) are calculated and used for prioritization. Based on reduced VHT, links are categorized in 4 classes.

Natural disasters are abrupt events and have extended effects on vast areas. Due to these features, decision making and crisis management are complicated tasks. In this situation, hasty decisions may cause immense waste of organizational and national resources and drop in quality of services. This study provides a model to optimize emergency services with regard to two objectives, namely 1) maximizing the total satisfied demand of customers, and 2) minimizing the cost of emergency services (i.e., time or distance). One of the practical assumptions of this problem is using the covering idea to provide the customers demand in case of unavailability of communication paths to the customers. Essentially, the demand of each customer can be satisfied by directly visiting it on a vehicle route or it can be covered by other visited customers located within a given pre-specified distance of it. We propose a node-based mathematical formulation. Moreover, to obtain the Pareto frontier, we present a hybrid bi-objective heuristic algorithm by combining the adaptive large neighborhood search (ALNS) and multi-directional local search (MDLS) algorithms. The performance of the proposed algorithm is tested on a set of 72 randomly generated instances. Computational results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Rapidly discovering, sharing, integrating and applying geospatial information are key issues in the domain of emergency response and disaster management. Due to the distributed nature of data and processing resources in disaster management, utilizing a Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) to take advantages of workflow of services provides an efficient, flexible and reliable implementation to encounter different hazardous situation. The implementation specification of the Web Processing Service (WPS) has guided geospatial data processing in SOA to become a widely accepted solution for processing remotely sensed data on the web. This standard is a generic interface without any restriction on supporting any specific process. It is possible to integrate different geoprocessing services in an individual WPS service and expose it as a single web service. This paper presents an architecture design based on OGC web services for automated workflow of acquisition, processing remotely sensed data, detecting fire and sending notifications to the authorities. A basic architecture and its building blocks are represented using web-based processing of remote sensing imageries utilizing MODIS data. As a framework for this application, we consider a generic architecture, which consists of several components. These components are divided into layers according to the types of functionality they provide. A core module is provided to manage the interactions between different layers and components. To achieve the interoperability issue, OGC standard interfaces are utilized for storing, processing and representing remote-sensing data. A workflow of distributed processes are used for hot pixel detection using MODIS data to implement the feasibility of the proposed architecture. A composition of WPS processes, in a centralized opaque pattern, is proposed as a WPS service to extract fire events. The workflow includes several processes such as pre-processing of data, radiance number calculation, brightness temperature process, fire event rules computations. The paper highlights the role of WPS as a middleware interface in the domain of geospatial web service technology that can be used to invoke a large variety of geoprocessing operations and chaining of other web services as an engine of composition. The usage of available data and processing resources on a flexible infrastructure as a composite service is one of the benefits of service oriented architecture that provides a higher level of functionalities and applications. The applicability of proposed architecture by a real world fire event detection and notification use case is evaluated. For the implementation of described system, open source web service software and java technology have been used. OGC standard interfaces of data access services, Web Coverage Service (WCS) and Web Feature Service (WFS), have been used to store and retrieve required data in a standard way. To notify the realized events of fire hazards to the authorities the standard implementation specification of OGC, Web Notification Service (WNS), was used to provide alerts in different protocols of communication. A GeoPortal client was developed to manage data, metadata, processes, and authorities alongside the mapping of results of fire event detection processes on satellite imageries. Investigating feasibility and benefits of proposed framework exposes that this framework could be extended and reuse the components of this architecture for wide area of geospatial applications specially disaster management and environmental monitoring.

In recent years، unmanned aerial platforms (UAV) equipped with autonomous navigation systems is used in various applications such as disaster management، remote sensing، search and rescue، surveillance، reconnaissance، and target tracking. Importance of using the autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles as sensor platforms and its role in disaster management shows that flexible، optimal، and automatic path planning of UAV flight trajectory is an essential task for automatic guidance and navigation due to various spatio-temporal constraints. Therefore، this problem requires a comprehensive spatial analysis of parameters that influence on platform''s trajectory، development of efficient algorithms، and robust approaches for planning and optimal autonomous navigation. In this paper، after reviewing pervious works، a comprative study of general path planning methods is presented. Then strengths and weaknesses of these approaches are discussed and after comparison، some suggestions are provided. Finally، routing strategies and planning for platforms in target search scenarios is studied.

The shocking consequences of disasters and natural hazards have already proven the urgency and necessity of disaster management and emergency response. Preparedness of Responsible Organizations Plays an Important role in mitigating impact of natural hazards. Timely and Updated environmental information is so helpful in effective response and efficient actions in disaster management systems. With the ongoing development of cheaper miniature and smart sensors; abundant fast and ubiquitous computing devices; wireless and mobile communication networks; and autonomous and intelligent software agents, the Sensor Web is rapidly emerging as a powerful technological framework for geospatial data collection, fusion and distribution. In this research we present a Standard framework based on sensor web concept to monitor and analyze Sensor data and notifying responders when alarming condition occurred. We design this frame work in an interoperable way to satisfy necessities of disaster management systems.

Every year natural disasters cause a lot of damage to road infrastructure and many problems in disaster relief and rescue operations. Today, in many developed countries where the automatic vehicle location(AVL) can be used for emergency vehicles routing and reduction of the duration of relief. In this study, this system and its operation in disaster management in other countries were reviewed. A model was presented for subsystem in AVL for Disaster Management. The case study in this research is karaj- chaloos road. The research result shows that the important subsystems for using AVL are emergency management, traffic management, emergency vehicle, roadway & maintenance and construction management. The most important factor is communication between these subsystems. In a road, such subsystems are provided by police, road management centers, emergency centers, emergency vehicles and road administrations. This research aims to provide the communication patterns between these subsystems.

The planning and decision making processes to reduce the effects of natural disasters are depends on the spatial data and making efficient decisions without these information is impossible. On the other hand by increasing the sources of spatial data production and different attributes of the datasets, standardization in the field of production, sharing and processing of spatial data has been taken into consideration. Nowadays GIS is the representation of GIS functionalities through the web as autonomous and interoperable services. Systems that implement OGC standards reduce the time required to find, analyze and update crucial information, as a result of open standards is that Emergency Response and Disaster Management stakeholders have more information available to them before, during and after an emergency or disaster occurs. In this paper, some of the OGC's common web service standards, that used in the modeling of fire detection use case, are presented. The used services are data access service, WFS and WCS, portrayal service, WMS, and processing service, WPS.

Disaster management and emergency response, including various activities which are required to share information. A common problem in all this activities is search, access, integration and using data types that are involved in decision making and planning. One of these data sets is spatial data that is produced and updated by different organizations. Efficient sharing of this information is critical in disaster management. Therefore, it is essential that appropriate technologies such as Web services are used. Web Services enable find, access and use of spatial data to solve spatial problems with more speed and efficiency. In this study, a variety of Web services and their characteristics are introduced. Also an overview of spatial web services, and their role in disaster management is presented. At present, the OGC has developed a comprehensive collection of standards. Because of the important role of spatial information in disaster management and decision making and the need to share information from different sources, spatial web services are very important.

The temporary housing problem plays essential role in disaster management since its usage would significantly reduce the number of casualties (human and financial tolls). Different factors such as minimizing the transportation of people and homogeneous distribution of population based on safe areas’ capacity should be simultaneously optimized in order to achieve the best solution for temporary housing problem. Two objective functions were defined and their weight was estimated using AHP, then a single objective function was produced using weighted average of the initial objective functions. The objective of this research is to assess the functionality of Bees algorithm in the process of optimizing the objective function. BCO is inspired by the natural foraging behavior of honey bees to find the optimal solution. In order to calibrate the aforementioned algorithm a batch of simulated data has been used and then in order to assess the functionality of the calibrated algorithm the real data of the 7th district of Tehran has been used. Then a repeatability test has been conducted in order to assess the accuracy of the algorithm. The results showed that by using this algorithm the assignment of population to the safe areas is facilitated.