جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "ارزن دم روباهی" در نشریات گروه "کشاورزی"

Recently, with the rapid growth of industry and agriculture, the contamination of agricultural soils with the cadmium (Cd) and microplastic particles has become a serious issue. Simultaneous presence of microplastics and Cd in soil can cause various biological effects, especially in the early stages of plant growth. In this research, the effect of Cd stress in the presence of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microplastic particles was investigated in the early stages of the growth of foxtail millet (Setaria italica L., cv. Bastan). The experiment was arranged in a factorial according to the completely randomized design with three replicates based on five concentrations of Cd (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 µM) and PVC microplastic (0, 1, 2, 4, and 6%). The studied traits included percentage and inhibition of germination, rate and mean germination time, seedling vigor index, weight of mobilized seed reserve, seed reserve utilization efficiency, seed reserve depletion percentage, relative seed germination, seedling toxicity level, germination tolerance index and root tolerance index. The results showed that both pollutants led to the decrease of most germination indices, however, certain concentrations of PVC with Cd stress improved the desired indices. So that germination percentage and seed reserve utilization efficiency in 200 µM Cd concentration with 1% of PVC increased by 43.2 and 206%, respectively, compared to the concentration of 200 µM Cd alone. The highest inhibition of germination percentage belonged to 200 μM Cd concentration, which was reduced by 52.4% with the application of 1% microplastic. Although PVC microplastic particles had adverse effects on the germination process of foxtail millet seeds, but in the presence of Cd in the soil, low concentrations of PVC can have some moderating effects on Cd toxicity.

Millets have short growth cycle, and tolerant to drought and salt conditions, so they are good candidate to produce fodder in marginal lands. There are many millet landraces in the country. Development and extension of new varieties and farms or changing in cropping patterns result to extinct local landraces. This study was conducted to collect of millets landraces all over the country. Totally, 140 accessions were collected consisted of 85 accessions of common millet, and 55 accessions of foxtail from 15 provinces. Geographical altitude of the collection sites differed from 820 to 1970 m. Some millet germplasms collected from high salty lands. Statistically, as well as correlation coefficients were calculated for 25 characteristics of the collection site and 10 seed traits. There were good levels of diversity for seed traits in 2 studied crops. Endosperm texture differed from completely waxy to completely starchy in the 2 species. Pearson correlation coefficients showed there was a positive significant correlation between geographical altitude and grain color (p<0.01, r= 0.583), in the fox tail millets. During this study the Iranian millet genetic resources increased to 90% of the first collection. Since there were high levels of genetic diversity for grain characters, it can be expected for other agro-morphological traits too, that makes the collection suitable for millet breeding.

Drought stress is one of the most important factors limiting production in the agricultural sector. The use of drought-tolerant alternative plants with high water use efficiency is of great importance. Foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) is one of the important drought tolerant fodder and food grains in semi-arid regions. In this study, drought stress associated QTLs were collected and located on the integrated genetic map of millet chromosomes. From a total of eight studies, 386 QTLs associated with yield controlling traits including plant height, water use efficiency, plant biomass, root length and panicle length were collected in foxtail millet. Under drought stress and normal irrigation conditions, 96 and 287 QTLs were collected and projected on the reference consensus genetic map, respectively. The meta-analysis of QTLs was conducted using BioMercator software V4.2. A total of 32 meta-QTLs (MQTLs) were detected on 9 foxtail millet chromosomes with a confidence interval of 3.4 times lower than the average of the original QTLs. In order to investigate the pattern of gene expression in the MQTL regions, available microarray and RNA-seq data sets in the databases were analyzed. Based on the achieved results, 95 and 2172 differentially expressed genes at drought conditions were identified in 4 MQTLs with a CI of less than 1 Mbp and in all MQTL regions, respectively. Also, eight key genes were identified by the hub analysis which belong to transcription factors and regulatory elements. We hope that the results of this study would be useful for marker assisted selection (MAS) and foxtail millet breeding programs with the aim of development of new high yielding drought-tolerant genotypes.

Foxtail millet contains amounts of nutrients such as starch, protein, vitamins and minerals. The aim of this study was to investigate the physicochemical properties of refined wheat flour (RWF) replaced by different ratios of foxtail millet flour (FMF) from 10% to 30%. The composite flour samples were analyzed for proximate composition, color, falling number, wet and dry gluten content, damaged starch content and alveo-consistograph characteristics. Correlation coefficients between flour analytical parameters and alveo-consistograph characteristics were obtained. Crude fiber, fat, protein and ash content increased not significantly (p>0.05) with increasing the amount of FMF. No significant difference (p>0.05) of b* value was observed between the flour samples. Adding the FMF, not significantly reduced (p>0.05) falling number, damaged starch content, wet and dry gluten content. Consistograph test indicated that addition of the FMF decreased water absorption capacity, maximum pressure and tolerance, however, drops in pressure at 250s and 450s became greater. Alveograph test revealed that with adding FMF, dough resistance to extension and dough strength decreased but an increase in dough extensibility obtained at FMF30%. The results of rheological properties by alveograph indicated the rate of the FMF influenced the rheological behavior.

Additionally drought, unused management methods in applied of water resource in agriculture lead to shortage of water in different subjects such as farm and garden management. One of the solutions water source management about shortage water problem in agriculture is applied urban wastewater. This research was conducted to investigate the effect of urban wastewater management and water deficit method on the yield and physiological characteristics of millet. Therefore, a Completely randomized block design with split plot arrangement with Irrigation source is at three levels (I1 and I2 and I3: wastewater, the well and the well-wastewater alternate respectively, irrigation at three levels (C1, C2 and C3: irrigation with 100%, 50% and 30%water requirement respectively), with three replications at the research farm of the water and sewage company of Birjand. The result of this research was indicated that using of urban wastewater as irrigation source had significant effect on physiological characteristics of millet such as plant performance, 1000 seed weight and water use efficiency. The plant height value in alternative treat with the best yield to test treat was indicated 20% increasing of variation of course under deficit irrigation in 30 level percent demand water was observed 5 % decreasing of variation. The weight of each cluster (gr) in wastewater treat to test treat had 18 % increasing of variation. Also, under deficit irrigation, the water use efficiency of the well-wastewater alternate to test had increased to 5 at the 50 and 30 level percent demand water. The obtained results represent the effective role of urban wastewater with the well on growth of the plant millet grass that lead to improve physiological characteristics and also increase yield of millet. So, use of urban wastewater is a valuable to Management of water resources in agriculture.

Identification of associated markers with important agricultural traits is one of the most important methods for accelerating the transfer of desirable traits to other genotypes and their tracking. The aim of this research was to study thegenetic diversity and identification of molecular markers related to drought tolerance traits in foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.]genotypes using the AFLP molecular marker.

In this study, 21 genotypes of foxtail millet were studied in three growing seasons (2013, 2014 & 2016). Drought tolerance indices and correlation between them with grain yield and biological yield were calculated. In order to identify molecular markers associated with drought tolerance traits, association analysis was performed by using the Mixed Linear Model (MLM) and 12 primer combinations of AFLP. Also, marker indices and principal components analysis (PCA) were performed using GenAlEx 6.5 software

The primer combinations used in this study generated a total of 443 scorable bands, of which 316 (71%) were polymorphic. The mean of polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.24, the mean of Shannon index was 0.38, and the mean of Marker index was 6.22. Also, M-CTG/E-ACC, M-CAA/E-ACC and M-CTA/E-AAC were the most efficient combinations in investigating the diversity of genotypes studied. Based on the results of PCA, the first and second components justify 61.13 percent of the changes. The results of this study showed that HARM, GMP, and MP indices were the best indices for differentiation of drought tolerant samples, and M-CAA/E-AAC-14 and M-CTG/E-ACC-283 markers according to Grain yield and M-CTT/E-ACC-264 markers according to biological yield, were related to these indicators.

According to the results of this study, the HARM, GMP and MP indices could be considered as the best indicators for differentiation of drought tolerant foxtail millet samples. Also, molecular markers associated with these indices can be used to evaluate the drought tolerance of other genotypes in future breeding programs.

Considering the importance and application of informative markersin the plant breeding programs, the current research aimed to identify the markers related to morphological traits using the association analysisin foxtail millet genotypes.
 

The current study attempts to identify molecular markers relevant to morphological traits of 30 foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) genotypes by applying an association analysis through a Mixed Linear Model (MLM). In order to avoid false linkage, a population structure study was first performed and 9 probable subgroups were observed in the studied genotypes.
 

Association analysis, having taken the structure of the population and kinship relations into consideration in the 30 foxtail millet genotypes in question, represented 38 points of linkage with 12 morphological traits. The coefficient of determination at a highly significant level (P<0.01) was variable from 0.102 and 0.328. The results showed that among the 12 primer combinations of AFLP used in this study, M-CTG/E-AAC, M-CTT/E-AAC and M-CTA/E-AAC were the most efficient in investigating the variety of the genotypes. Also, a number of markers such as M-CAA/E-AAC, M-CTG/E-AGC and M-CTT/E-AAC were connected to several traits such as height, leaf length and width, number of tillers, 1000- seed weight and grain yield, among which the highest connection was with M-CTT/E-AAC.
 

Identifying joint markers is of paramount importance in plant breeding plans because they make simultaneous selection of several traits possible. These markers can be used in screening germplasms in the presence of close linkages with the controlling genes. They also can be used in QTL identification programs in genotyping of foxtail millet cross populations. Therefore, the findings of this study can be applied in primary selection and breeding plans of foxtail millet using a Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS) process.

In order to stablity analysis of foxtail millet, six foxtail millet genotypes (five new genotyps and Bastan as control) were cultivated in six locations (Karaj, Gonbad, Varamin, Yazd, Sari and Birjand) across two years in a randomized complete block design with four replications. the results of combined analysis for studied traits (number of tillers, number of leaves, days to flowering, height, fresh forage yield, dry forage yield and seed yield) showed that the cultivars and environments main effects and intraction between cultivars and environments were statistically significant. all of the studied genotypes except G4 had forage yield higher than Bastan (control). the total mean (fresh forage yield) was 24.76 t/ha and the average of all cultivars except G3 and G5 was lower than total mean. the results of the stability analysis by differnrt methods showed that G5 was high yield and stable genotype in the studied environments. spearman's rank correlation between forage yield and stabilty parameters showed strong negative correlation between forage yield and superiority index (Pi) and ranking (Si). these results indicated thet use of Pi and S1 for simultanious selection of stable and high yielding foxtail millet genotypes would be efficent. reggersion deviation, Wricke oekovalenz and Shukla stability variance are equivalent in ranking genotypes for stability and could be substituted with each other in breeding programs. in conclusion, the results showed that G5 had high yield and good stability to all environments and could be introduced as a new cultivar.

To evaluate the tolerance of 13 accessions of foxtail millet to terminal drought stress, two separate experiments were carried out at Agricultural Research Station of Birjand, Southern Khorasan, Iran, in 2005 and 2006, using randomized complete block design with three replications. In first experiment (stress condition) irrigation was stopped at the beginning of flowering stage (10% panicle emergence) and in second experiment (non-stress condition) the irrigation interval was seven days. Agronomic traits including; panicle number.m-2, grain number.panicle-1, 1000 grain weight, grain yield and dry forage yield were measured. Results showed that drought stress reduced all measured traits and grain yield was affected the most. Accessions 15-143, from Southern Khorasan and, and 15-24, from Yazd, had higher grain yield (1544.8 and 1468. kg.ha-1, respectively) and dry forage yield (3522.3 and 2653 kg.ha-1, respectively). Evaluation of foxtail millet accessions for tolerance to terminal drought using MP, TOL, SSI, GMP, STI and HARM and their correlation with grain yield and dry forage yield in stress and non-stress conditions showed that HARM, GMP and STI were suitable indices for identifying drought tolerant accessions. Three dimensions graph study showed that accessions 15-143 and 15-131, from Southern Khorasan, and 15-24, from Yazd, had higher grain yield and were tolerant to terminal drought stress.

Wheat residues management and modification in tillage time are among suggested practices in weed control. To evaluate the effects of wheat residues and tillage time on weed dry matter and leaf area, corn dry matter and corn grain yield, a study was conducted at Darab Agriculture and Natural Resource College, Shiraz University during growing season of 2008-2009. This experiment was conducted in a split plot arrangement based on randomized complete block design with four replications. Tillage time was considered as main plot at two levels of plowing at day time and during the night and residue rates were sub plot at four levels; 0 (control), 25%, 50% and 75% of left wheat residues (3 t.ha-1). The results showed that the tillage time had significant effects on corn dry matter and corn grain yield and also on weed dry matter. The highest grain yield and dry matter of corn and the lowest weed dry matter was obtained from night tillage treatment. The final number of common lambsquarter (Chenopodium album L.), foxtail (Setaria spp.) at night tillage treatment was 38.6 and 22% lower than that of day tillage, respectively. These differences were significant at 5% probability level. Final number and dry matter of weed, were reduced significantly (p≤0.01) by using wheat residues. The interactive effects of tillage and crop residue on measured traits were not significant. It was concluded that to achieve the highest grain yield of corn and to suppress the weed on the similar agro-climatic conditions, night tillage and application of 50% of wheat residues might be recommended.

In order to select and release of Bastan a new cultivar of foxtail millet, after preliminary selections in small millet germplasm a research was carried during 1997-2003 in Karaj, Golestan and Dezful. During these years production potential of 10 foxtail millet genotypes was determined in a randomized complete block design for 3 years. The different characteristics include, leaf size, stem diameter, plant height,1000 seed weight, growth period, plant type, response to fungal diseases (in terms of natural inoculation), respond to lodging, Birds damage, seed falling and finally seed and forage yield was recorded. Result showed, genotypes No. 1, 3, 6, 9 and 10 are the best, but the genotype No. 9 (KFM9) the superiority to other genotypes. These genotypes, while has been the desirable traits such as earliness, tolerance to the natural losing, tolerance to birds’ damage and no lodging. It’s mentioned also having yield 2.5t h-1, dry forage yield 3.3 h-1 and fresh forage yield 20 t h-1, as a dual purpose genotype was released, and introduced and named as Bastan.Before the releasing of the Bastan it was evaluated and compared to local varieties at two locations (Yazd and Zabol). Bastan showed higher yield (dry matter, fresh and dry forage and grain yield) than local varieties.

In this study the effects of irrigation with raw or diluted municipal effluents along with foliar micro-nutrients fertilizer spray were examined on the growth, yield and mineral nutrient in foxtail millet plants. The experimental design was a split-plot with three irrigation sources (namely raw sewage, 50% diluted sewage and well water) as main-treatment and four combinations of Mn and Zn foliar spraying as sub-treatments, which were applied with three replications. The experiment was conducted at the Zabol University research farm during 2009. The applied municipal effluents contained higher levels of macro and micro-nutrients than the well water. The experimental results indicated that irrigation of plants by raw or diluted sewage improved the measured growth parameters and productivity of foxtail millet plants. In addition macro and micro-nutrients concentrations were improved. These improvements were attributed to the presence of high levels of essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic matters in wastewater. Manganese and Zn supplied through sewage water alone were not able to raise the productivity of millet to the level obtained through fertilizers at the recommended level, which indicated that additional nutrients through fertilizers are required to obtain higher productivity of millet under sewage farming. Despite the differences in nutrients concentration among different irrigation water sources, the micro-nutrients foliar spray did not affect concentration of macro and micro-nutrients in foxtail millet plant. Overall, the results suggest that municipal sewage could be efficiently utilized as an important source of water and nutrients in growing foxtail millet Sewage water irrigation did not have any appreciable harmful effect on crop productivity.

To determine the most suitable sowing date for obtaining the maximum forage and grain yield of promising lines of Foxtail Millet this research was carried out as split-plot arrangement in randomized complete block design with three replications in 2008 and 2009 growing seasons in Birjand research field station, Birjand, Iran. Sowing dates; 22 May, 05 June, 22 June and 06 July were assigned to main plots and five Foxtail Millet promising lines were randomized in sub-plots. Tiller number plant-1, leaf number plant-1, plant height, panicle length, stem diameter, grain number panicle-1, 1000 grain weight, grain yield and forage yield were measured and recorded. Results indicated that grain yield was greater in second and third sowing dates with 4.3 and 4.6 tons ha-1, respectively. Fresh forage yield in the first sowing date with 25.6 tons ha-1 was the highest among the sowing dates. Dry forage yield was also greater in the fourth and first sowing dates as compared with the second and third sowing dates. KFM5 promising line with 4.9 tons ha-1 grain yield and 24.7 tons ha-1 fresh forage yield performed superior in comparison with other promising lines. The highest dry forage yield was obtained from KFM15 in the first sowing dates.

The study was carried out on karyotypes of 15 Panicum miliaceum L. and Setaria italica L. populations. Karyotypic attributes were recorded at metaphase stage of mitotic cells of the populations. Karyotypic parameters, including total length of chromosome, long and short arms length, arm ratio, centromer index, differences between the relative length, intra and inter-chromosomal index and total form percentage were estimated. Analysis of variance using completely randomized design model showed a significant difference (P<%1) among the populations for all of the estimated parameters. Total length of chromosomes varied from 87.3 micrometer in population of Najaf Abad to 238.3 micrometer in population of Badroud. The chromosome number was x = 9 for studied populations. P. miliaceum and S. italica were tetraploid and diploid, respectively. According to Stebbins classification, most of the populations placed in 1A and 2B class, indicating relative symmetrical karyotype.

To study yield and its relationships with yield components in 10 varieties of foxtail millet (KFM1 to KFM10), an experiment was carried out in Safiabad Agricultural Research Center in RCBD design with three replications for a period of three years (2003 to 2005). Vegetative and reproductive characteristics of each cultivar were recordered during the growing seasons. Three year results showed significant differences among cultivars for all the traits. KFM10 was found out as the most adaptable among the studied cultivars in Safiabad region due to its high seed and forage yield and less lodging because of its stem thicknes. Path analysis was employed to study the correlations among seed yield, dry forage yield as well as other traits. Results of path analysis for seed yield indicated that the number of tillers, stem diameter and days to 50% flowering positively and direct affected seed yield (respectively 0.564, 0.516, 0.472) while effected negatively (-0.323) spike length. Results of path analysis for dry forage yield indicated that the number of seeds per spike, number of leaves, number of tillers as well as days to 50% flowering had positive direct effect on the yield (respectively 0.247, 0.221, 0.3, 0.628). To improve seed yield in foxtail millet, it is finally recommended to select late maturity cultivars with high number of tillers, thicker stems and shorter spike lenght. In order to increase dry forage yield, the first priority should be firstly given to a selection of late maturity plants and then to plants with a higher number of leaves & tillers as well as higher number of seeds per spike. High residual effect for seed yield (0.67) and for dry forage yield (0.667) was indicative of the fact that lots of traits that affected seed yield and dry forge yield had not been dealt with in this research.

In order to study the effects of wastewater irrigation and foliar complete nutrient on grain yield and antioxidant-enzymatic active on Setaria a field experiment was conducted at the University of Zabol in Iran during 2009 growing season. The statistical plan selected was split plot design with three replications. The treatments were comprised of three kinds of irrigation water (W1=well water and W2= domestic waste water+well water and W3= domestic waste water) in main plot and three foliar complete nutrient (F1=control, F2= 400 and F3= 800 gr/ha) in sub plot. Results showed that irrigation with wastewater and 800 gr/ha foliar complete nutrient significantly increased grain yield. In this study wastewater application decreased antioxidant-enzymatic activity of CAT, APX and GPX enzymes. Foliar complete nutrient except GPX enzyme decreased CAT and APX antioxidant-enzymatic activity.

In order to study the effect of corn and foxtail millet intercropping on grain yield and weed control, an experiment was conducted in a split plot arrangement in randomized complete block design with four replications at the Field Station of Tehran University in Karaj during 2006 cropping season. In this experiment maize (SC704) and foxtail millet (KFM4) was intercropped using additive pattern. In this study, the main plots were different dates of planting (planting foxtail millet 20 days before maize planting, planting foxtail millet 10 days before maize planting, planting maize and foxtail millet at the same date, planting foxtail millet 10 days after maize planting). Sub-plots were pure stand of two crops as well as three intercropping ratios (100% maize +12.5% foxtail millet, 100% maize + 25% foxtail millet, 100% maize + 50% foxtail millet). Intercropping of maize and foxtail millet controlled weeds and intercropping ratio of 100% maize + 50% foxtail millet had the lowest weeds density and biomass. The combination of 100% maize + 50% foxtail millet at the same planting date was the superior treatment, because of the highest Land Equivalent Ratio (1.435) and the highest grain yield. This was referred to better use of growth inputs and control of weeds biomass and density as compared to monoculture. Generally, intercropping 100% maize + 50% foxtail millet in the same planting date was of high grain yield, better use of growth resource and reducing of weeds density.