جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "بادام زمینی" در نشریات گروه "کشاورزی"

In order to investigate the effect of irrigation regimes and amounts of humic acid on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of peanuts, an experiment was conducted a split in a randomized complete block design. It was performed with three replications in the cropping years of 2018 and 2019 in Astana-Ashrafieh city of Guilan province. Experimental treatments included irrigation regime (rainfed and water requirement of 60, 80 and 100%) as the first factor and humic acid (without fertilizer, 3, 6 and 9 L.ha-1) as the second (secondary) factor. The results showed that the interaction of irrigation and humic acid on biological yield and pod and grain yield was significant. The highest grain yield was obtained in the irrigation treatment of 100 and 80% of water requirement and with the use of humic acid 9 L.ha-1 with an average of 2562 and 2526 kg.ha-1, respectively. Biological yield under 80 and 100% water requirement was 6714 and 6772 kg.ha-1, respectively. The highest biological yield was observed in different amounts of humic acid in treatments of 9 L.ha-1 at the amount of 7436 kg.ha-1. Pod yield in the treatment of 80 and 100% of water requirement were 2427 and 2435 kg.ha-1, respectively. The lowest and highest pod yields in different amounts of humic acid were in the treatments without fertilizer and 9 L.ha-1 with an average of 1453 and 2706 kg.ha-1, respectively. Treatment of 80% of plant water requirement and the amount of humic acid consumed at 9 L.ha-1 with an average of 745.5 kg.ha-1, had the highest rate compared to other treatments. According to the research results, the use of humic acid 9 L.ha-1 can be suggested by providing 80% of water requirement as suitable conditions for the study area.

This research aims to explore the energy usage and environmental impact of cultivating soybean and peanut, with a specific focus on a case study. The cultivation of these crops is crucial for agricultural production, and understanding their energy use and potential damage is essential for sustainable farming. The results of this study will be valuable for farmers, policymakers, and researchers working towards sustainable agricultural production. The study reveals that soybean production in Ardabil province of total energy was 43170.20 MJ ha-1, also, output energy was 40417.28 MJ ha-1, while peanut production requires 28677.36 MJ ha-1 of total energy and produces 28677.36 MJ ha-1 of output energy. The results of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) show that emissions on farms are closely related to the inputs used in soybean and peanut production. Diesel fuel and chemical fertilizers are the main sources of emissions in both systems, with soybean farming showing higher levels of diesel fuel pollutants due to reduced usage compared to peanuts. The distribution of emissions from different sources in soybean and peanut production is highlighted in the study. Both methods of production have a significant impact on human health, with soybean responsible for 70% of emissions and peanuts contributing 65%. Diesel fuel and nitrogen fertilizer have the most significant environmental impact, accounting for over 50% of the overall impact. Proper management of nitrogen fertilizer is essential for maximizing crop growth and yield, making it a top priority for researchers and farmers.

In order to evaluate of grain yield, anti-oxidante enzymes activitie and osmolytes accumulation in leaves of peanut as affected by different irrigation levels and Salicylic acid, the present study was done. This experiment carried out as split plat based on randomized complete block design with three replications in experimental field of Agicutural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Guilan Province, Astara, Iran, during 2018 and 2019 years. Four level of irrigation regimes including no irrigation (as control), irrigation at initial flowering stage, irrigation at pod formation stage and irrigation at initial flowering + pod formation stages and three levels of salicylic acid such as 100, 200 and 300 µmol/l comprised experimental treatments, as main and sub plot, respectively. Deficit irrigation decreased grain yield, chlorophyll index (SPAD) and leaf relative water content in peanut. Prolne, catalaz, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, soluble sugar content, soluble protein content and leaf anthocyanin content enhanced in responses to deficit irrigation. In addition, foliar application of salicylic acid caused to improve all measured traits in peanut at different irrigation levels. The greatest grain yield of peanut (3450 kg/ha) was obtained in response to supplementary irrigation at both initial flowering stage + pod formation stage along with salicylic application at the rate of 300 µmol/l. Based on results of this study, supplementary irrigation and foliar application of salicylic acid could be recommendable in direction to increase plant resistance to drought stress and grain yield improvement in peanut .

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an annual plant of the legume genus that is cultivated in 109 countries due to its high-quality oil and seed protein. In Iran, this crop is cultivated on an area of 3000 hectares, with an average yield of 4 tons per hectare. Threshing performance significantly affects seed loss and physical damage, including cracking and crushing of seeds during harvest. Therefore, over the last century, extensive research has been conducted on different types of threshing methods, as well as the design and development of various threshing machines.Research on seed crops such as cereals and seeds suggest that factors such as the rotational speed of the thresher, threshing-concave distance, feeding rate, and shape of threshing teeth play a crucial role in determining the threshing efficiency and quality of the threshed seeds. Although limited research has been conducted on peanut threshing, there are currently no combine-machines available for this crop on global markets. Therefore, this study aims to investigate several working parameters of an experimental peanut thresher, including the effect of sieve angle, sieve range of movement, and suction speed on the separation unit.

The relevant experiments were conducted in the Parsabad Moghan region of Ardabil province (latitude 39.65 North, longitude 47.91 East). To conduct the experiments and separate the seeds from the pods, we used a peanut threshing machine cultivar Nc2, which is commonly cultivated under agricultural conditions in Ardabil and Gilan Agricultural Research Centers.To achieve the aims of this research, we investigated several effective parameters in the performance of the machine, including sieve angle, sieve movement range, and fan suction speed, to obtain the best settings for maximum threshing performance and separation efficiency. It is worth noting that the average seed weight per kilogram of peanut plant was between 300-400 grams, and the moisture content of the seeds in the tested cultivar was 45%. Before using the machine, workers must first dig up the plants and place them on the ground in a coupe, after which another worker must feed the plants into the machine through the feeder.

The study found that changes in sieve angle, sieve movement range, and suction speed significantly affect the separation efficiency and peanut loss rate at a 1% significance level. Increasing the sieving angle leads to a higher speed of material movement on the sieve, which results in insufficient time for separating straw from the seed. Similarly, increasing the sieve movement range causes a rapid decrease in cleaning efficiency. To achieve better straw-seed separation, it is necessary to apply impact shocks to the products located on the sieve within a short period. However, as the range of movement increases, the time interval between impact shocks also increases, which disrupts the straw's separation from the seed.The study found that increasing the sieve range and suction speed leads to a higher rate of peanut loss. This is due to the fact that when the suction speed and sieve movement range are increased, the product spends less time on the sieve, which results in insufficient time for proper separation. Additionally, high speed may exceed the limit of peanut seed and cause it to move out of the machine with the straw. Increasing the sieve movement range leads to a more uniform movement of straw and seed on the sieve; however, achieving better separation of straw from the sieve requires dynamic shocks and sudden acceleration, which decreases as the sieve movement range increases. The optimal farm capacity and material capacity were achieved with a 5-degree slope at 0.55 hectares per hour and 509 kilograms per hectare, respectively, using a sieve range of 3.5 centimeters and a fan suction speed of 8 meters per second.

The study concluded that the sieve movement range has the most significant impact on cleaning efficiency, while the sieve angle has the least effect. Similarly, the sieve movement range has the most significant influence on the rate of peanut loss, while the sieve angle has the least effect.

This research was done to study the grain yield stability of 11 groundnut genotypes based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications at three different research stations in Guilan province, Iran, during two growing seasons of 2020 and 2021. The combined analysis of variance indicated that the main effects of genotype (G), environment (E), and their interactions (G×E) were highly significant (p<0.01). The principal component analysis (PCA) based on the rank correlation matrix indicated that the first two PCAs explained 76.6% of the variance of the original variables. Based on the biplot analysis, the non-parametric stability statistics were classified into four groups. The clustering of the genotypes according to the mean yield and non-parametric stability statistics showed four main clusters. The ideal genotype selection indicator (IGSI) results, calculated based on all non-parametric methods, indicated that the genotypes 178, 128, 201, 176, and 115 having the maximum IGSI values, were the most stable genotypes. In addition, according to the multi-trait genotype-ideotype index (MGIDI), genotypes 178 and 176 were introduced as the most stable genotypes, and the 115, 201, and 128 genotypes followed the next.

The aim of this study was to see how alkaline salts of sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate, as well as peanut skin extract, affected the qualitative qualities of fried coated peanuts during shelf life, as well as the chemical properties of the oil used in the frying process.Control coated peanuts with no alkaline salts or peanut skin extract, as well as additional samples with varying percentages of two alkaline salts, sodium carbonate (0.10, 0.12, 0.14) and potassium carbonate (0.16, 0.18, and 0.20)next to each other or along with 0.02% peanut skin extract.Following the production of samples, the peroxide and anisidine indices, oil absorption rate, colorimetry, and sensory assessment of peanuts were assessed.The utilized oil's iodine, soap, peroxide, anisidine values, polar compounds, and acidity were also studied.The addition of alkaline salts reduced oil absorption in peanuts significantly (p< 0.05).Lower peroxide and anisidine values were detected in samples containing peanut skin extract in addition to alkaline salts (p<0.05).Increasing the concentration of alkaline salts significantly led to a decrease in brightness, an increase in redness, yellowness, and ΔE in coated peanut samples (p<0.05).The sensory evaluation scores decreased as the concentration of alkaline salts increased, but the use of concentrations of 0.10% sodium carbonate and 0.16% potassium carbonate significantly improved texture crispness and overall acceptability compared to the control (p<0.05).There was no significant difference in other sensory indications as compared to the control.Chemical analysis of used frying oil revealed the same results for all samples, and alkaline salts and peanut skin extract had no effect on the oil's quality.The iodine and soap values of the oils used to fry all peanut samples declined, whereas acidity, peroxide and anisidine values increased.According to the results, it was proposed to coat peanuts in the frying process with 0.10% sodium carbonate,0.16% potassium carbonate, and 0.02% peanut skin extract.

In order to evaluate of grain yield and fatty acids composition in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) oil as affected by supplementary irrigation and Salicylic acid, this experiment was performed as split plat based on randomized complete block design with three replications in experimental field of Agicutural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Guilan Province, Astara (Kanroud research station), Iran, during 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons. Four level of irrigation regimes including no irrigation (as control), irrigation at initial flowering stage, irrigation at pod formation stage and irrigation at initial flowering + pod formation stages and three levels of Salicylic acid such as 100, 200 and 300 µmol/l comprised experimental treatments, as main and sub plot, respectively. Drought stress dercreased grain yield, grain oil content, oil yield, protein yield, linolenic, stearic and bihenic fatty acids percent in peanut oil. But, grain protein percent, oleic, palmitic and arashidic fatty acids percent enhanced in response to drought stress. Foliar application of salicylic acid at the rate of 300 µmol/l improved all measured characteristics except stearic and bihenic fatty acids under both drought stress and supplementary irrigation conditions. The greatest grain yield (3450 kg/ha) of peanut was obtained in response to supplementary irrigation at initial flowering + pod formation stages along with Salicylic acid application at the rate of 300 µmol/l. Also, Salicylic acid application at the rate of300 µmol/l. showed the highest rate of oleic acid in peanut oil (60.98 %) under no irrigation (rainfed) condition. Hence, supplementary irrigation and foliar application of Salicylic acid could be recommendable in direction to enhance quantity and quality of grain and oil yield of peanut under similar climatic condition.

The harvesting stage is the most crucial phase in peanut production. In other words, one of the critical stages in producing this product is the harvest stage. Although it has its difficulties, this stage is associated with significant losses, which experts attribute to the high economic value of peanuts. In recent years, farmers in the Moghan Plain have also started considering this product due to the special conditions of the Iranian economy. In 2020, this study investigated three methods of peanut harvesting in two stages: manual, tractor-mounted thresher (semi-mechanized), and harvesting with a pull-type combine. The first stage involves the complete removal of the plants from the soil, while the second stage involves drying and separating the peanut pod from the plant in Moghan.

The experiment followed a split-plot design in the form of randomized complete blocks with four replications. The main plot consisted of soil moisture levels at harvest time, which were tested at three different levels: a1- 21%, a2- 18%, and a3- 15%. The sub-plot involved testing the separation of peanut pods from the plant using three different methods b1- combine harvesting, b2- harvesting with a tractor-mounted thresher, and b3- manual harvesting. The study evaluated important harvest indicators such as quantitative loss (first and second-stage losses), actual field capacity, harvest time, and the number of required laborers. The results led to the identification of the best harvesting system.

The study revealed that the optimal soil moisture content for the initial stage of harvest was 18%. For most parameters, there was a significant difference observed among treatments at the 1% level. The pull-type combine method had the highest farm capacity with a maximum of 0.46 ha per hour, while the manual harvesting method had the lowest capacity with a minimum of 0.006 ha per hour. The total losses ranged between 5.95% and 10.58%, with the manual harvesting method exhibiting the lowest loss and the pull-type combine method showing the highest loss. Furthermore, the manual harvesting method required more labor compared to the other methods.

Based on the obtained results, it is recommended to use a pull-type combine for the early harvesting of peanuts and a manual method for obtaining high-quality peanuts in the Moghan region.

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the most important legume crops and it is rich in oil (47-53 %) and protein (25-36 %). Drought stress is the prime abiotic constraint, under the current and climate change scenario in future situation. Globally, abiotic stresses drastically affect crop productivity and cause to decline substantial yield. According to the reports, the decline of quantitative and qualitative yield in crops is primarily due to water deficit condition. Foliar applications of methanol and ethanol cause to increas CO2 assimilation in plants. A wide range of C3 crops have shown an increase in growth and seed yield after spraying with 10-50% methanol alcohol. Positive effects of methanol and ethanol on C3 crops have been reported for wheat, soybean and oilseed rape.

In order to evaluate of seed yield changes and some agronomic characteristics in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) as affected by different irrigation regimes and foliar application of Ethanol Alcohol , this experiment was performed as split plat based on randomized complete block design with three replications in experimental field of Agicutural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Guilan Province, Astara (Kanroud research station), Iran during 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons. Four level of irrigation regimes at 25, 50 and 75 and 100 mm evaporation from class A pan evaporation and three levels of ethanol such as 10, 20 and 30 % (v:v), comprised experimental treatments, as main factor and sub factor, respectively.

All measured agronomic characteristics in groundnut were significantly influenced by the interaction effect between irrigation regimes and ethanol applications except the number of sub-branches per plant at 1% probability level (Table 2). In this experiment, the greatest days number to the initial flowering (41.5 days), days number to the end of flowering (89 days), flowering period (49.5 days), days number to the maturity (139 days), plant height (65.85 cm), biological yield (8492 kg/ha), pod yield (4067 kg/ha), grain yield (kg/ha), pods number per plant (49.26) and 100-seed weight (53.49 g) were obtained in response to the interaction effect between irrigation regim at 25 mm evaporation from class A pan evaporation and foliar application of ethanol at 20 % (v:v). But, drought stress significantly reduced all mentioned agronomic traits and foliar application of ethanol at 20 % (v:v) significantly improved these agronomic characteristics in both drought stress and irrigation conditions. In this experiment, the highest coefficient correlation was obtained between grain yield and agronomic traits such as plant height (r=0.95**), pod yield (r=0.97**), pods number per plant (r=0.92**) and 100-grain weight (0.91**).

Results of this experiment showed that irrigation and foliar application of ethanol caused to improve plant growth and grain yield of groundnut under region climatic condition. Hence, the foliar application of ethanol with 20 % (v:v) does could be recommendable to enhance plant growth and grain yield of groundnut under region and similar climatic conditions.

In order to evaluate the effect of different irrigation regimes on quantitative and qualitative yield of grain and oil in peanut as affected by Ethanol Alcohol, this experiment was performed as split plat based on randomized complete block design with three replications in experimental field of Agicutural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Guilan Province, Astara (Kanroud research station), Iran during 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons. Four level of irrigation regimes at 25, 50 and 75 and 100 mm evaporation from class A pan and three levels of Ethanol Alcohol such as 10, 20 and 30 % (v:v), comprised experimental treatments, as main plot and sub plot, respectively. Drought stress caused to decrease grain yield, grain oil content, oil yield, protein yield and inoleic acid, palmitic acid and arashidic fatty acids lin peanut oil. But, drought stress had positive effect on grain protein content, oleic acid and stearic fatty acids. The greatest grain yield (3275 kg/ha) was pbtained influenced by the interaction effect between irriation regim at 25 mm evaporation fron A pan and Ethanol application at thr rate of 20 % (v/v). Ethanol foliar application at thr rate of 20 % (v/v) showed the highest rate of oleic fatty acid (57.17 %) under irrigation regim at 100 mm evaporation fron A pan (sever drought stress). In this experiment, drought stress caused to decrease quantitative yield of grain (69.56 %) in peanut and enhancement of oleic acic synthesis under drought stress condition improved oil quality (13.93 %) in peant. Ethanol applicatiom led to improve the quantity and quality of grain and oil yield in peanut under bath irrigation and drought stress conditions. Hence, foliar application of ethanol could be recommendable in direction to enhance quantitative and qualitative yield of grain and oil in peant under similar climatic condition.

Rainfed planting of peanuts in Guilan province has a history of more than 120 years. The use of late cultivar NC2 in most of the peanut fields in this region during the last 45 years has provided the basis for the spread of diseases and severe functional fluctuations in the production of this plant. The light soil texture in the fields of this plant also increases the yield fluctuations of this cultivar in the low rainy years by reducing the available moisture for peanut plants. As a result, the introduction of new cultivars adapted to the climatic conditions of the region, which have good pod yield in rainfed conditions, is one of the most important necessity for Guilan province. Therefore, the present study was designed and conducted to investigate and compare physiological indices and radiation use efficiency in 14 new peanut genotypes and compare them with NC2 cultivar.

This study was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications in two years 2016 and 2017 in Astaneh Ashrafiyeh city. 14 peanut genotypes along with NC2 cultivar, which is the dominant cultivar in the region, formed experimental blocks. All genotypes were planted flat and in rainfed conditions. Heat unit throughout the growth period, crop growth rate, pod growth rate, partitioning coefficient, radiation use efficiency, pod yield, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index were studied in all genotypes and NC2 cultivar and were compared with this cultivar.

The results of this study indicated that the highest heat units from planting to harvesting maturity were observed in NC2 cultivar and ICGV02317 and ICGV92222 genotypes, respectively, while ICGV00350 and ICGV87846 genotypes had the lowest heat units during the growing season. The highest values of crop growth rate, pod growth rate, radiation use efficiency, pod yield and grain yield were obtained from NC2 cultivar and ICGV00420, ICGV99019 and ICGV92116 genotypes.

According to the results, in rainfed conditions, 3 genotypes ICGV00420, ICGV99019 and ICGV92116 reached the harvesting maturity stage faster than NC2 cultivar with a lower heat unit in this area while in many of the measured traits were similar to the mentioned cultivar. The results also indicated that the mentioned genotypes can be considered as an alternative to planting NC2 cultivar in the region's farms according to the calculated physiological indices and radiation use efficiency because these genotypes had suitable radiation use efficiency, pod and grain yield under rainfed cultivation conditions.

In order to evaluate of physiological activities in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in response to different irrigation regimes and Ethanol foliar application, an experiment carried out as split plat based on randomized complete block design with three replications in experimental field of Agicutural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Guilan Province, Astara (Kanroud research station), Iran during 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons. Four level of irrigation regimes at 25, 50 and 75 and 100 mm evaporation from class A pan and three levels of Ethanol 10, 20 and 30 % (v:v), comprised experimental factors, as main plot and sub plot, respectively. The interaction effect beween irrigation regime and Ethanol alcohol was significant for all measuered characteristics in peanut at 1% probability level. Drought stress caused to decrease grain yield per unit area, leaf chlorophy index and leaf relative water content in peanut. But, drought stress increased the value of proline, soluble sugar, soluble protein, anthocyanins and the activitiy of catalase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzymes. The greatest grain yield (3275 kh/ha) was obtained in response to irrigation regime after 25 mm evaporation fron “A pan” along with foliar application of Ethanol at the rate of 20% (v/v). In general, result showed that the foliar application of Ehanol could be recommendable in direction to enhance grain yield and resistance of peant plans againest to drought stress under similar climatic condition.

Aflatoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by speices of Aspergillus including A. flavus and A. parasiticus. Mycotoxins are potential carcinogens and reduce global trade of agricultural products. Soil and peanuts were sampled across fields located in seven important peanut production villages of Astaneh Ashrafieh to investigate the frequency of toxigenic and atoxigenic strains of A. flavus and A. parasiticus. Toxigenicity of the Flavi section strains was evaluated according to change in color of the back of colonies on coconut agar in contact with ammonium hydroxide vapor. 48 isolates of Flavi section were identified, including 20 isolates of A. flavus and 28 isolates of A. parasiticus with nine atoxigenic and 39 toxigenic isolates. Risk maps were developed based on mean toxigenicity where Lakujdeh, Mohsenabad, and Noghredeh respectively with mean toxigenicity of 2.50, 2.25 and 2.10 had the highest risk scores for peanut cultivation while parkaposht, Nubijarmahale and Nabi dehka with mean toxigenicity of 1.00, had the lowest risk scores. Peanut fields located in Dehsar with a mean toxigenicity of 1.50 were classified with moderate risk scores. The outlook of this study was based on identification of atoxigenic isolates of the fungus with potential future application in biological control of toxigenic strains of Flavi section and emphasize on their competitive ability to colonize peanuts as well as developing risk maps to plan for reducing the risk of aflatoxin production on peanuts, an important product of Guilan province, and to pave the way for increased production and export of this product.

The predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot has been used as importation from abroad or rearing in the laboratory and greenhouse in Iran. This predatory mite has been used for biological control of spider mites in greenhouses and fields. Due to the special thermal and humidity requirements of this mite, including temperature between 17-28˚C and relative humidity between 40-70%, the presence of this mite in natural conditions of Iran has not been reported so far. In the study of the fauna of mites associated with peanut in Astaneh-ye-Ashrafieh vicinity in Guilan province, a few specimens of this predatory mite were collected on peanut plants infected with the two spotted spider mites. After preparing microscopic slide and examining it under the microscope, the species of predator mite was identified as P. persimilis. This is the first report of the natural establishment of the predatory mite P. persimilis in Iran.

Surveying of energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions and their modeling using artificial intelligence methods in peanut production of Astaneh-Ashrafiyeh county of Guilan province were investigated in this research. The data used in the study were collected using a face-to-face questionnaire in 2019 production period. Results showed the total inputs energy and output energy were 19248 and 87210 MJ ha-1 with energy use efficiency as 4.53, respectively and the highest consumption of inputs was belonged to chemical fertilizers with 45%. Also, in production process, about 571 kgCO2eq. ha-1 was emitted that fuel with 57% had the highest share of emissions. The modeling results showed that in comparison with the results of artificial neural network, the performance of the ANFIS model is better in predicting the output energy and greenhouse gas emissions of peanut production.

Food contamination with fungi and their toxins is a serious public health issue. Peanuts can be exposed to microbial spoilage and adverse changes in their taste sensory properties. Chitosan is one of the biopolymers that is biodegradable and has antimicrobial activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of peanut coating on chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles on Aspergillus flavus and the taste sensory properties of peanut. Mold counting tests were performed by culture on Saburo dextrose agar medium, culture progress percentage by slide culture and microscopic observation and sensory properties (taste, color and general acceptance) by 5-point hedonic method by 15 evaluators. For this purpose, the experiments were performed on peanuts by covering the levels of 0.5, 1 and 1.5% of chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles and the control sample (7 treatments in total) at room temperature and darkness on days 0, 14, 28 and 42. The effect of type of treatments and storage time on the total count and the rate of progression of Aspergillus flavus and sensory characteristics was significant (P<0.01). But the interaction between treatments and the storage time of the samples were not significantly different. The highest and lowest antimicrobial effects were related to concentrations of 0.5% chitosan and 1.5% chitosan nanoparticles. But the highest sensory score was observed in the control and day zero samples and the lowest score was observed in the samples coated with 1.5% chitosan nanoparticles. The most suitable coating concentration can be 0.5% chitosan and 1% chitosan nanoparticles.

Peanut is one of the most widely used products worldwide because of its high sensitivity, concerns about its contamination with pathogens, as well as the oxidation of trans and non-trans oils in this valuable nutrient Peanut chemical spoilage is one of the most important factors limiting its consumption and trade due to its unsaturated acids. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant activity of chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles on the physicochemical properties of peanuts. In this research, physicochemical properties (moisture, weight changes, peroxide index, thiobarbituric acid, total volatile nitrogen) of peanuts were studied by coating 0.5, 1 and 1.5% chitosan and nano-chitosan levels. For this purpose, peeled peanuts (manually) with chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle 0.1 weight in acetic acid 0.1 volume are covered by immersion method and inside cellophane packages at ambient temperature and darkness on 0, 14, 28, 42 days were maintained and at these intervals the relevant tests were performed.Statistical results showed that moisture content, weight changes, peroxide index, thiobarbituric acid, total volatile nitrogen, affected by chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles were significant at 1% probability level (p <0.01). In general, it can be concluded that 1.5% chitosan nanoparticles is suitable for use as edible coating in nuts, including peanuts, in terms of antioxidant properties.

Peanut is one of the most important oilseed plants with indeterminate growth habit, which its seed and meal contains a range of 40-50% and 30-50% oil and protein on a dry seed basis, respectively. In many countries, peanut is planted as ridge method which help to control weeds by mechanical methods using rotary or cultivator. Also, a suitable plant density per unit area can improve photosynthetic process and enhance quantitative and qualitative yield in peanut seed. In the present study, we evaluated the influence of planting method and plant density on seed yield and physiological characteristics in some new lines of peanut under Guilan climatic condition.

In order to determine the best planting method and plant density to improve seed yield of some new lines of peanut, two experiments carried out in 2017 - 2018 cropping seasons as split-split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Rasht, Iran. Two planting methods (Flat and Ridge), three plant density per hectare (D1=125000, D2= 100000 and D3= 83333) and five new lines of peanut (128, 176, 192, 201 and 208) comprised experimental treatments as main, sub and sub-sub plots, respectively.

Results showed that 192 new line produced the greatest seed yield per hectare (3128 kg/ha), seed number per pod (2.08) and biological yield (8983 kg/ha) in response to flat method and D1 plant density. Also, the interaction effect between flat planting method, 100000 plant per hectare and 176 line showed the highest seed oil content (57.67 %). The highest harvest index (40.29%) was observed in 128 new line under flat planting method and 100000 plant per hectare.

In general, results showed that the flat planting method, 125000 plant per hectare and 192 new line of peanut caused to enhance seed yield of peanut under Guilan climatic condition. In this experiment, flat planting method had superiority to ridge planting method and new lines of peanut were differ for seed yield per unit area. The results of this experiment, indicated that peanut seed yield enhanced due to increase of plant density per unit area which could be caused by improvement of solar radiance absorption, exceed of photosynthetic capacity, optimized uses of field unit area and decline of inter plant competition. Based on results of this experiment, flat planting method, 125000 plant per hectare and 192 new line of peanut could be recommendable in direction to enhance seed yield of peanut under Guilan climatic condition

White stem rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii is a soilborne disease which is extensively common across the groundnut farms of Guilan province, especially during the harvest period. Using the beneficial microbial agents is an alternative method for applying the chemical fungicides.

To find the appropriate fungal antagonistic isolates for the biological control of peanut white stem rot, the effect of three isolates of Trichoderma spp., three isolates of Penicillium spp., two isolates of Aspergillus spp. and one isolate of Cladosporium cladosporioides were studied on S. rolfsii in vitro using dual culture, slide culture, volatile metabolites and non-volatile metabolites. Peanut plants were inoculated with these fungal isolates as well as S. rolfsii in greenhouse experiments, and parameters including disease severity, height, fresh weight, and dry weight of the plant were measured.

The results showed that in the dual culture method, T. harzianum and T. virens were most capable of suppressing the mycelial growth of S. rolfsii with a suppression capability of 93.58% and 92.94%, respectively. In the slide culture method, all isolates turned out to be effective in suppressing the mycelia growth of S. rolfsii, except for T. virens and T. viride. In the volatile metabolite assay, P. glabrum and A. flavus with 81.25% and 75%, respectively and in the non-volatile metabolite method, T. harzianum and T. viride with 93.75% and 97.5% respectively showed the greatest ability to inhibit S. rolfsii mycelial growth. Moreover, the effects of these fungi on the control of S. rolfsii pathogen were explored in greenhouse trials. The results revealed that P. glabrum was 39.4% effective and T. viride was 38.8% effective in reducing the extent and intensity of the disease. Under the presence of the pathogen, the treatment of these antagonistic fungi in greenhouse conditions enhanced plant height, shoot and root fresh and dry weight. In the in vitro and greenhouse approaches, an analysis of variance and a comparison of means of the attributes using the least significant difference (LSD) indicated significant differences (P ≤0.01 and P≤ 0.05) among the examined fungi.

The results of the in vitro and greenhouse trials showed that T. viride, T. harzianum, P. glabrum, A. flavus, and C. cladosporioides, which are present in the natural flora of groundnuts, have the potential capability of the biological control of S. rolfsii as the pathogen of groundnut stem white rot.

The production of extruded products enriched with oilseeds and nuts can be welcomed by producers as a new product in addition to helping to nourish consumers. But the production of a product with appropriate characteristics requires the examination of the effect of process conditions on the properties of the produced product.In this study, the effect of feed composition, feed moisture content and screw speed variables investigated on the physicochemical, textural, visual, acoustic and sensory properties of peanut puffed snacks produced by the extrusion process. For this purpose, the peanuts mixed with corn grits at a ratio of 7, 14 and 21 percent and water added to the mixture to reach a moisture content of 12, 15 and 18%. Then, the resulting mixture extruded at screw speeds of 120, 150 and 180 rpm, at 140 °C, with a die diameter of 2.5 mm. In the next step, the required tests performed to determine the intended properties of all produced samples.The results showed that increased moisture content of the feed increased water absorption, particle density, hardness, L*, b* and appearance and color scores in sensory evaluation and decreased water solubility and a* of the samples. Also, increasing the screw speed led to increase in the water solubility, a* and sensory evaluation scores (appearance, texture, flavor and overall acceptance) and reduced radial expansion, hardness, L* and b*. Increasing the ratio of peanut in the produced samples increased particle density, hardness and a* and reduced radial expansion, porosity and L* of the samples. In order to produce the optimum sample with the highest expansion ratio and brightness and the lowest hardness and density, which contains 14% peanut, the screw speed and feed moisture content calculated respectively for 120 rpm and 13.20% respectively.