جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "سازگاری" در نشریات گروه "کشاورزی"

The Amin wheat cultivar, with the pedigree "KAUZ/LUCO-M//PVN/STAR/3/ Yaco/2*Parus/4/Pishtaz", was developed through a national irrigated bread wheat breeding program for the temperate climate of Iran. Initial and advanced crosses were conducted at the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute in Karaj, Iran, while the evaluation and selection of segregating generations (F2-F6) carried out at the Zarghan Research Station in Fars Province. Selected lines, including M-94-14, advanced to both preliminary and advanced yield trials. Under optimal irrigation conditions in temperate climate adaptation trials, the M-94-14 line (Amin cultivar) achieved an average grain yield of 6950 kgha-1, representing a 3.9% and 5.7% yield advantage over the control cultivars Parsi and Baharan, which yielded 6688 and 6574 kgha-1, respectively. This line exhibited desirable baking quality traits, including favorable grain protein content, Zeleny sedimentation volume, bread loaf volume, grain hardness index, and SDS sedimentation height. Additionally, it demonstrated acceptable resistance to yellow and leaf rusts. On-farm trials across various regions showed that the Amin cultivar achieved a grain yield of 6820 kgha-1 under optimal irrigation conditions, outperforming the average grain yield of control cultivars, which was 6609 kgha-1. Given the superior performance of this line compared to existing cultivars in temperate climate of Iran, the M-94-14 line was officially released as the Amin cultivar in 2019.

The new barley cultivar Negin was derived from cross between Violeta/Mja and Manal/Alanda-01 lines as female and male parents, respectively. Initial cross between parents of this cultivar and selection in segregating populations was performed till pure line stage, in Seed and Plant Improvement Institute. Observational evaluation and preliminary and advanced yield trial were performed at Ahvaz, Darab, Zabol and Gonbad Agricultural Researches Stations and target line was selected because of its high yield and desirable agronomic characteristics. Grain yield stability experiment included line No. 9 (Negin cultivar) and 17 pure lines and Nimrooz/Sahra and Oxin as checks were conducted in Ahvaz, Darab, Zabol, Gonbad and Moghan Agricultural Researches Stations in 2016-2018 cropping seasons. Results of grain yield mean comparisons, rank mean, rank standard deviation and kang’s rank sum were used for selecting of genotypes with high and stable yield. Grain mean yield of line No. 9 (Negin cultivar) was 4480 kgha-1 that was 13.7% more than Oxin with 3939 kgha-1 grain yield. In the research-extension experiments, the grain yield mean of this variety was 4554 kgha-1 that was between 2 to 27% more than controls used in each location. According to the results it was determined that WB-95-9 line in addition to desirable performance and desirable agronomic characteristics, was generally adapted to the warm regions of the country and therefore was released as Negin cultivar. Negin variety is six rows, exhibits lodging resistance and non-shattering rachis. The growth type of this cultivar is spring and its protein content is 10.9%. Negin variety has high tolerance to salinity and drought stresses. Its reaction to powdery mildew is semi-resistant to semi-sensitive and to yellow rust and barley stripe is resistant to semi-resistant.

Mahtab barley variety (line CB-84-10) was initially selected from International Winter Barley Crossing Block Nursery received from ICARD in 2001-2002 cropping season. During observational evaluation, preliminary yield trial and advanced yield trial during 2002-2005 cropping seasons based on its considerable grain yield compared to the other studied genotypes, this line was selected for final evaluation in the elite barley lines yield trial which was conducted in Karaj, Mashhad, Jolge rokh, Miandoab, Tabriz, Ardabil, Hamadan and Arak research stations during 2005-2007 cropping seasons. The average grain yield of Mahtab cultivar in this experiment was 7167 kgha-1, that was 591 kgha-1 (9%) higher than the grain yields of check variety Bahman. Mahtab has facultative growth habit, plant height of 88 cm, thousand kernel weight of 44 grams and exhibits lodging resistance and non-shattering rachis as well as wide adaptability across cold regions of the country. In addition, this variety has moderately-resistant (MR) to moderately-susceptible (MS) infection responses to yellow rust and powdery mildew and MR infection response to barley stripe and barley net blotch. The protein content of this variety is 11.5% that indicates its appropriate quality for animal feeding. Based on high biomass of Mahtab variety in the soft dough stage, this cultivar can be also used as green forage for animal feeding. Agricultural lands located in the cold regions of Alborz, Khorasan Razavi, Fars, East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan, Ardabil, Hamadan, Zanjan, Ghazvin, Markazi, Kurdistan, Kermanshah, Lorestan, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Isfahan and Kerman provinces are appropriate areas for cultivation of the new cultivar.

Genotype × environment interaction is one of the complex issues in plant breeding programs to introduce high yielding and stable genotypes, which is evaluated using multi-regional experiments before the release of new cultivars. The presence of genotype × environment interaction causes the yield of cultivars to be affected by the environment and leads to differences in the yield of cultivars in different environments. AMMI and GGE-Biplot models are very important among the multivariate methods and have high resolution in identifying high yielding and stable genotypes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the stability of promising bread wheat genotypes and to identify high yielding and stable genotypes in the cold climate of the Iran.

Fourtheen wheat genotypes with winter and intermediate (facultative) growth type along with Mihan, Heydari, Zarrineh and Zare varieties as controls (a total of 18 genotypes) were investigated in randomized complete block design with three replications in research stations of Karaj, Hamadan, Mashhad, Jalgarokh, Miandoab, Ardabil, Arak, Eqlid, Tabriz and Qazvin. To analyze the data, first analysis of variance was seprately done in each year and location, and then combined analysis of variance was performed for grain yield after confirming the homogeneity of the variances of experimental errors. AMMI and GGE-Biplot methods were used to investigate the stability of the studied genotypes. AMMI stability parameters and simultaneous selection indices were also calculated based on these parameters.

The results of combined analysis of variance showed that the main effect of environment and genotype and the interaction of genotype × environment accounted for 47.2, 9.8 and 28.3 percent of the total sum of squares, respectively. Genotypes G7, G8, G12, G2 and G1 had the highest grain yield and genotypes G15, G18, G10, G13, G14 and G16 had the lowest grain yield among the studied genotypes respectively. The results of AMMI analysis showed the existence of significant differences between environments, genotypes and their interactions. The first 12 significant principal components of AMMI analysis explained 98% of the genotype × environment interaction variance, and the first and second principal components explained a total of 46.27% of this variance. Based on the AMMI1 biplot, genotypes G8, G3, G1 and G4 and environments E9 and E5 with the higher grain yield than average grain yield and the lowest value of the first principal component were recognized as the most stable genotypes and environments. AMMI2 biplot did not identify a specific genotype as the genotype with general compatibility, however, G3 and G4 genotypes showed somewhat better general compatibility than the others. The simultaneous selection indices based on AMMI parameters identified G8, G12, G1, G4, and G3 genotypes with the lowest total rank as the stable and high yielding genotypes, respectively. The results of GGE-Biplot method based on biplot of the average yield and stability, introduced G8, G4, G3 genotypes followed by G1 as the most stable genotypes, due to grain yield higher than the average of the studied genotypes. Which-won-where biplot pattern divided the studied genotypes and environments into five and three groups, respectively, so that G12, G11, G3 and G4 genotypes in Karaj and Miandoab and G5, G7 and G8 genotypes in Jalgerokh and Mashhad showed better adaptation in both years. According to the biplot of the ranking of genotypes, there was no ideal genotype, but G8, G3, G5, G7 and G4 genotypes with the smallest distance from the hypothetical ideal genotype were identified as the best genotypes.

The results of this study showed that there is a little difference between AMMI and GGE-Biplot analyzes and both methods presented the same genotypes as superior genotypes. However, it is more logical to select genotypes using simultaneous selection indices based on AMMI analysis parameters, because all significant components are included in the calculation of these parameters. Therefore, based on simultaneous selection indices, genotypes G8, G12, G1, G4 and G3 with the lowest total rank are introduced as stable and high yielding genotypes.

Cotton is a vital industrial crop worldwide, recognized as a strategic commodity in many countries and particularly well-suited for cultivation in arid and semi-arid regions. Its significance stems from its potential to generate employment, its diverse applications—including fiber production, animal feed, and vegetable oil—and its compatibility with sustainable agricultural practices compared to other crops, such as corn. 

To evaluate key traits and identify the most suitable cotton cultivars for the Sistan region, a study was conducted involving 14 cotton cultivars. The experiment was designed as a randomized complete block design with three replications, carried out at the Zahak Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Station over two crop years (2021-2022 and 2022-2023). 

Analysis of the composite data revealed significant differences in several traits. Traits such as earliness, number of bolls per plant, boll weight, yield from the third row, and yield per hectare showed significant differences at the 1% probability level. Additionally, the number of sympodial branches, yield from the first row, and yield from the second row were significant at the 5% probability level. The cultivars exhibited distinct characteristics, with Latif (6,932 kg/ha), Khordad (6,880 kg/ha), Golestan (6,766 kg/ha), Khorshid (6,664 kg/ha), and Sepid (6,394 kg/ha) demonstrating the highest yields per hectare. In contrast, the Armaghan variety yielded the lowest at 3,408 kg/ha. Among the cultivars, Khorshid and Khordad had the shortest growth periods, while the white cultivars had the longest growth and ripening times. 

The Latif and Golestan cultivars showed more stable production compared to others, particularly under changing climate conditions in the second year of cultivation. Considering the impacts of climate change and environmental challenges such as increasing water and soil salinity, these cultivars offer better production sustainability. Additionally, Khorshid and Khordad cultivars, with their earlier maturation, are well-suited to the Sistan region's climatic conditions, including its 120-day winds. These cultivars not only have shorter growth periods but also rank among the highest in yield.

It is important to attend the physical and biochemical characteristics of the fruit, especially in newly introduced cultivars that may be unknown to the consumer. Nutritive compounds in fruit are usually influenced by variety, rootstock and post-harvest conditions. In this article, the results related to the evaluation of the fruit quality of three varieties of oranges on two rootstocks have been examined at harvest time and during storage.

Fruit of Thomson Novel, Fukumoto, and Navelate oranges on two rootstocks including Swingle Citrumelo and Citrange C-35 were harvested when TSS/TA reached about 6.5-7. Fruits were evaluated at the harvest time and then stored in cool storage (5oC, RH=85%) for 60 days. The fruit quality were checked on the 30th and 60th days of storage for two years. Evaluated Characteristics included fruit lenght, width, thickness; arithmetic, geometric, equivalent diameter and harmonic means ; fruit aspect ratio, sphericity, surface area, true volume, apparent volume, volume error, density, weight, weight loss, peel thickness, juice percentage, peel color indices (L*, a*, b*, hue angle, chroma and CCI), total soluble solid (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), technological index (TI), total phenol, ascorbic acid, antioxidant capacity and organoleptic evaluation.

The fruit of Navelate orange on Citrumelo rootstock and Fukumoto orange on C-35 rootstock had smaller physical characteristics than Thomson Novel. In all treatments, the shape of the fruit was balanced and without elongation or indentation. The fruit of Navelate on Citrumelo (aspect ratio: 96.96) was slightly elongated. Navelate variety on C-35 produced larger and heavier fruit similarly Thomson fruit. The volume error in Fukumoto and Navelate varieties and on both rootstocks was less than the control. At the time of harvest, the fruit of the Fukumoto had a thicker peel (more than 4 mm) on both rootstocks than the other cultivars. The amount of juice percentage was not significantly different than control at harvest time, but at the end of storage, the fruit of Navelate on the C-35 had the lowest (35.73%) of juice percentage. Fukumoto and Navelate fruits on both rootstocks had higher TI index than Thomson at harvest time. The TSS at harvest time was the lowest (9.22 and 9.78 respectively) only in the fruits of Thomson and Navelate on Citrumelo rootstock. Navelate and Thomson fruits had higher TA on C-35 rootstock. In all treatments, the amount of TA decreased during storage. Fukumoto fruit on C-35 had the highest TSS/TA ratio, which was preserved during storage. The fruit of Navelate had a lower TSS/TA level at the harvest time on both rootstocks (7.12 and 7.5). At the time of harvest, the average ascorbic acid in all three cultivars on C-35 rootstock was higher than the same cultivars on Citrumelo rootstock. The value of a*, hue angle, and CCI of the skin of Navelate orange with a negative value were different from the other cultivars on Citrumelo and C-35 rootstocks (-1.12 and -0.61 respectively). The antioxidant capacity of Fukumoto fruit was 43.99% on Citrumelo and 62.12% on C-35 rootstock at the harvest time. The amount of antioxidant capacity and total phenol increased during storage. The organoleptic evaluation showed that the Fukumoto as Thomson, scored better in relations to peel and pulp appearance, sourness, aroma and taste than the fruit of the same cultivars on the C-35 rootstock. Navelate fruit produced higher score in terms of taste and sweetness (7) on Citrumelo rootstock than C-35 (6) rootstock.

Based on the TSS/TA ratio, it was determined that Fukumoto and Navelate oranges are early and late ripening respectively. Citrumelo rootstock increased late ripening in Navelate fruit and contrary C-35 rootstock increased early ripening in Fukumoto fruit. According to the a* and CCI indices, the Navelate fruits did not have suitable coloring at the time of harvest, and Citrumelo rootstock delayed the color change of the fruit skin. In general, the organoleptic characteristics of the fruit on C-35 were better than Citrumelo. Finally, it seems that the combination of Navelate/C-35 is more suitable than Navelate/Citrumelo. Fukumoto/C-35 combination is suitable for having early ripening fruit.

This research investigated the reproductive isolation of Branchinecta orientalis populations from three different geographical locations in Azerbaijan, Iran. The collected eggs of Anostraca were tested for biometry and hybridization studies. Based on the obtained results, the diameter of hydrated cysts, the diameter of decapsulated cysts and the chorion thickness of eggs in the Aigher Goli (AIG) habitat were observed to be larger than other groups. The percentage of hatching in the eggs obtained from crossbreed populations showed a significant decrease compared to pure populations (P<0.05). The lowest hatching rate was observed in the eggs produced by the AIG population (8.99±1.70). Also, the mortality rate of newly hatched nauplius from crossbreed populations was significantly higher than other studied samples (P>0.05). Thus, the highest early mortality was observed in AIG-KAS(L) (%8.27±2.87) and the lowest in KHS(F). The growth rates of different populations were almost the same and no significant difference was observed between them at the end of the breeding period (P>0.05). In general, it can be concluded that the difference in reproductive performance among B. orientalis populations is due to relative reproductive isolation due to geographic isolation and environmental adaptation.

Barley is highly variable in adaptation to marginal environments. The main objective of barley breeding programs has been on improving yield by developing new cultivars with high grain yield and quality characteristics for different climates. Ansar is a new high yielding and drought tolerant cultivar of barley with facultative growth habit. It was released in the year 2013 for rainfed cold areas of Iran. Ansar originated from a cross Yea168.4/Yea605.5//Yea206-4A-3 (a high yielding line received from ICARDA). Based on regional yield trials, the average graind yield of Ansar was 3025 kgha-1, which was 55 kg higher than Sahand (2970 kgha-1). In comparison with Sahand (check), Ansar had 1-2 days early maturity, 4-6 cm taller stem, 1-2 g higher TKW. In onfarm trials, Ansar had 34, 12, 11% more grain yield than Sahand in Miyaneh, Oshnaviyeh and Piranshar regions, respectively. Ansar is tolerant to cold, drought, grain shedding, lodging, two-rowed variety with 73 cm plant height. Ansar is resistance to leaf strip, scald and powdery mildew and rust. It can be concluded that Ansar is not only a high-yielder, possesses better quality traits and tolerant/resistant to all diseases, but is also best suited in cold rainfed areas of Iran.Barley is highly variable in adaptation to marginal environments. The main objective of barley breeding programs has been on improving yield by developing new cultivars with high grain yield and quality characteristics for different climates. Ansar is a new high yielding and drought tolerant cultivar of barley with facultative growth habit. It was released in the year 2013 for rainfed cold areas of Iran. Ansar originated from a cross Yea168.4/Yea605.5//Yea206-4A-3 (a high yielding line received from ICARDA). Based on regional yield trials, the average graind yield of Ansar was 3025 kgha-1, which was 55 kg higher than Sahand (2970 kgha-1). In comparison with Sahand (check), Ansar had 1-2 days early maturity, 4-6 cm taller stem, 1-2 g higher TKW. In onfarm trials, Ansar had 34, 12, 11% more grain yield than Sahand in Miyaneh, Oshnaviyeh and Piranshar regions, respectively. Ansar is tolerant to cold, drought, grain shedding, lodging, two-rowed variety with 73 cm plant height. Ansar is resistance to leaf strip, scald and powdery mildew and rust. It can be concluded that Ansar is not only a high-yielder, possesses better quality traits and tolerant/resistant to all diseases, but is also best suited in cold rainfed areas of Iran.

In order to produce varieties of barley that tolerate drought and cold, Artan variety was entered into internal tests of the cold and temperate cold stations of the Dryland Agriculture Research Institute through the international center of ICARDA in the form of the of segregating populations (F3 generation) in 1997-98. Genetic purity was achieved by the modified bulk method. Then, during several years, it was evaluated in Maragheh, Shirvan, Ghamlo, Sararoud, Zanjan, Urmia and Ardabil stations in yield trials and yield stability experiment. The Artan variety with an average seed yield of 2.142 Kgha-1 had 11% higher seed yield than the Abidar check variety. Artan had relatively early maturity, height and high thousand-seed weight. Artan variety has general adaptability and good yield stability, facultative growth habit, resistance to seed shattering, tolerance to cold and drought, relative early maturity, high plant height (83 cm) and high thousand-seed weight (42 gr). It has also good level of resistant to yellow rust and brown rust diseases of barley. Artan variety was selected and released as a new cultivar due to its high yield and favorable agronomic characteristics for planting in the cold and moderately cold regions in rainfed areas of the country.

Genotype × environment interaction is the main limiting factor in identifying superior genotypes in plant breeding programs. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the genotype × environment interaction and selecting high-yielding and stable quinoa genotypes using AMMI (Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction) and GGE (Genotype plus Genotype by Environment interaction) biplot methods. A number of 30 different quinoa genotypes prepared from the IPK Institute of Germany with different origins were cultivated as plant materials of this experiment in the form of randomized complete block design in two environments, Buin Zahra and Takestan, during the two crop years of 2022-2023. The results showed that the variance caused by the effects of genotype, environment and genotype × environment interaction was significant for grain yield and this trait was more affected by genotypic diversity. The variation of genotype × environment interaction in the AMMI method was explained by the Two principal components. Using this method, genotypes G14, G11, G12, G23, G1, G5 and G13 were recognized as high-yielding and stable genotypes, and the Takestan environment in the second year was introduced as a stable and high-yielding environment. Also, the first two main components in GGE biplot method explained about 92% of the variation of genotype and genotype × environment interaction for grain yield. In this method, the studied environments were placed in two mega-environments. All environments had high differentiation ability for grain yield in the studied genotypes. G11 and G14 genotypes were identified as ideal genotypes. Finally, based on both AMMI and GGE bi-plot methods, genotypes G5, G11, G12, G13, G14 and G23 among the quinoa genotypes studied were identified as high-yielding and stable genotypes, and Buin Zahra environment was introduced as an ideal environment.

Floods have many effects on the aspects of the life of rural households, especially those whose livelihood depends on agriculture. During floods, much economic and social damage is caused to farmers and their livelihoods. Therefore, in order to reduce damages and increase the flexibility of farmers to the negative consequences of floods, it is necessary to adopt flood adaptation strategies. Knowledge about farmers' perceptions, attitudes, and behavior towards floods can reduce their vulnerability and increase their adaptive response to floods. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the factors influencing the adaptation behavior of farmers to floods by using the protection motivation theory. The studied sample included 384 farmers of Aligudarz County, who were selected by a three-stage cluster sampling method. The result of structural equation modeling showed that the variables of perceived sensitivity, perceived intensity, response costs, response efficiency, and perceived self-efficacy explained %38 of the changes in farmers' adaptive behavior to floods. Also, the perceived self-efficacy variable with a value of 0.31 had the most significant effect on the adaptation behavior of farmers against floods. The findings of this study can help executive organizations such as agricultural jihad and natural resources to inform and train farmers to adapt to floods.

Maize is an important crop that is cultivated in many parts of the world. The evaluation of genotypes in breeding programs often faces two important challenges, the genotype × environment interaction effect for the target trait and unfavorable relationships between the target traits. Even though many methods have been offered for stability analysis, especially graphical tools and their relatively good efficiency in interpreting the results, it seems that the best linear unbiased predictions (BLUP) method estimates the means with high accuracy, especially in mixed models, in multi-environmental trails (MET). Therefore, the stability index of weighted average absolute scores (WAASB), which is estimated from the integration of the two stability methods of additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and best linear unbiased predictions, can be used in METs to estimate more accurately the stability of genotypes. Maize breeding programs prioritize high grain yields and earliness as important traits. The multi-trait stability index (MTSI) is a valuable tool for the simultaneous selection of multiple traits. It is estimated based on the average performance and simultaneous stability of genotypes in different traits and environments. Therefore, the current research aimed to identify stable and high grain yield maize hybrids along with the optimal level of grain moisture percentage at harvest time and days to physiological maturity using the integration of AMMI and BLUP methods with WAASB, WAASBY, and MTSI indices.

This study involved the evaluation of seven promising maize hybrids along with four commercial check varieties, including SC647, TWC647, SC704, and SC715, in maize METs based on a randomized complete block design with four replications across 10 regions (Karaj, Moghan, Shiraz, Kermanshah, Kerman, Mashhad, Dezful, Miyandoab, Jiroft, and Mazandaran) during two cropping seasons of 2019-2020. The recorded traits were grain yield adjusted at 14% moisture content, grain moisture percentage at harvest time, and days to physiological maturity. The WAASB was used to estimate genotypic stability for each genotype. It was computed from the singular value decomposition (SVD) of the matrix of best linear unbiased predictions of genotype vs. environment interaction effects generated by a linear mixed-effect model. The WAASBY index for simultaneous selection based on grain yield (Y) and stability (WAASB) was  estimated by assigning different weights to grain yield and stability. The simultaneous selection for grain yield and stability based on several traits was conducted using the scores obtained from an exploratory factor analysis (MTSI).

Based on the grain yield across 10 environments over two years, promising hybrid NO. 3 had the highest grain yield with 12.80 tons per hectare. According to the likelihood ratio test (LRT), the genotype-by-environment interaction was significant for the traits of grain yield, grain moisture percent at harvest time, and the days to physiological maturity. Therefore, BLUP analysis can be performed on these data due to the significant genotype by environment interaction. The BLUPs performed for hybrids were followed by stability analysis using the AMMI method on these BLUPs. The results indicated that the first and second components justified 27.7% and 24.6% of the hybrid by environment interaction variances, respectively. The highest predicted grain yield by the BLUP method belonged to hybrids No. 3, 2, 4, and 1, with higher than average predicted grain yields. Based on the biplot for the first principal component of the environments against the nominal grain yield, hybrids 2, 6, 3, and 1, having the lowest scores of the first principal component (coefficient b or line slope), had a negligible contribution to the hybrid by environment interaction and were distinguished stable. To enable simultaneous selection based on both grain yield and stability, the WAASBY index was estimated by integrating grain yield (Y) and the WAASB stability index. Considering the 50% contribution of each of the two grain yield and yield stability components, five hybrids (1, 2, 3, 6, and 4) showed above-average WAASBY. Among these, hybrids 1, 2, and 3 had significantly higher WAASBY than the other hybrids. All four control cultivars SC647, TWC647, SC704, and SC715 had lower-than-average WAASBY. Based on the MTSI, hybrid 3 was selected as the best hybrid. In addition, the estimated variance components by restricted maximum likelihood (REML) for grain yield indicated that 75.72% and 7.57% of the phenotypic variance were explained by the environment and GEI variances, respectively, whereas the contribution of residual variance to the phenotypic variance was 16.77%.

Based on the results, hybrid 3 (K47/2-2-1-4-2-1-1-1× MO17) was identified as a high-yielding hybrid, which can be introduced to farmers as a new superior maize hybrid. It seems that the use of the ratio of the WAASB stability index to grain yield (WAASB/Y) and the selection of superior genotypes based on the MTSI could identify hybrids with high grain yields, stability, and desirable levels of important agronomic traits.

The increased demand for cereals that are consumed by humans and livestock can be met through the development of planting drought-tolerant genotypes. Due to the interaction of genotypes × environment, the best genotype in one environment may not be the best in other environments, and therefore, this interaction provides valuable information about the yield of each genotype in different environments and plays an important role in evaluating yield stability. Genetic modification of drought tolerance in crops is one of the most stable and cost-effective approaches to increase production and yield stability. Examining the compatibility and stability of grain yield based on various parametric and non-parametric stability statistics and evaluating tolerance to drought stress based on stress indices in promising barley genotypes of the country's temperate climate are among the goals of this research.

To assess grain yield adaptation and stability and to select high-yielding barley genotypes suitable for terminal drought stress in the temperate climate of Iran, 16 barley genotypes were cultivated during two crop years 2021-2023 in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications in three research stations including Varamin, Birjand, and Yazd under two none-stress and drought stress conditions at the end of the season (12 environments). After determining the grain yield, stress indices, including MP, GMP, TOL, HARM, STI, YI, YSI, RSI, and SSI, and the correlation of each with grain yield were calculated in this study. Stability statistics included Nassar and Huehn’s stability statistics (S(1-6)), Thennarasu’s stability statistics (NP(1-4)), deviation from regression (S²dᵢ), regression coefficient (b), Shukla’s stability variance (σ²ᵢ), environmental variation coefficient (CV), variance component (θᵢ), coefficient of variance (θ(i)), Wricke’s ecovalence (Wᵢ²), and Kang’s sum of ranks (KR). Their relationships were calculated based on Pearson’s correlation. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), mean comparison, and simple correlation were calculated using the SAS-9.0 program, stability statistics were calculated using STABILITYSOFT and principal component analysis (PCA). Stress indices and the correlation of each of these indices with grain yield were calculated using iPASTIC. The three-dimensional distribution diagram of genotypes in the ranges of A, B, C, and D was drawn using Grapher software.

The results of the combined ANOVA indicated the significance of the genotype × environment interaction. According to S(1-2) statistics, G7, G10, G11, and G3, and according to S(3-6) statistics, G7, G3, and G9 were the most stable genotypes. Among the non-parametric Thennarasu’s stability statistics according to the NP(1) criterion of G9, G3, and G5, according to NP(2) G5, G3, and G8, and according to NP(3) and NP(4) criteria, G7, G3, and G9 were recognized as the most stable genotypes. Based on Wricke (W²) and Shukla (σ²) equivalency stability statistics, G3, G9, and G13 were the most stable genotypes. Based on Eberhart and Russell's regression method, G9, G7, and G3 genotypes, with high yields, had general compatibility and good yield stability. Based on Francis and Kannenberg (CVi), genotypes G1, G2, and G15 had the lowest coefficients of environmental variation. Based on the average rank of each genotype in all stress indices (AR), G2, G7, and G3 genotypes were the most tolerant, and G14, G11, and G10 were the most sensitive genotypes to drought stress at the end of seasons, respectively. In the drought stress conditions at the end of the season, grain yield had positive and significant correlations with YI, HM, GMP,  STI, MP, YSI, and RSI indices and negative and significant correlations with the SSI index. In non-stress conditions, grain yield had positive and significant correlations with MP, GMP, STI, HM, and YI indices, but no significant correlations were observed between grain yield and SSI, TOL, YSI, and RSI indices. The PCA revealed that the first and the second principal components explained 69.71% and 30.27% of the variance of the main variables, respectively. The first main component had a positive and high correlation with yield in both stressed and non-stressed environments, as well as MP, STI, GMP, and HM indices. The second component showed a positive and high correlation with grain yield in the non-stressed environment and TOL and SSI indices; it also had negative and high correlations with RSI and YSI indices. Based on the biplot diagram, G3, G7, G8, G9, G12, and G13 presented higher grain yield potential and are more tolerant to drought stress.

In this study, grain yield had negative and significant correlations with NP(3), KR, NP(2), NP(4), S(6), and S(1) statistics, respectively, therefore these statistics can be used for identifying stable genotypes. G3, G7, and G9 with averages of 6732.9, 6730.6, and 6608.1 kg/ha, respectively, not only produced the highest grain yield but also showed the highest grain yield stability and tolerance to terminal drought stress among the studied genotypes based on the total ranking of all studied stability statistics and stress indices. Therefore, they can be used as new cultivars in drought-affected regions in temperate climates or as desirable genetic materials in barley breeding programs for drought tolerance.

Lentil is a popular legume crop in the Mediterranean region, widely grown for its nutritious seeds and improving soil fertility. Interest in legumes is increasing as a protein source to replace meat in the future. Identification of high-yield genotypes with adaptation to a wide range of environments is one of the major goals in crop and lentil breeding programs. Combining the best linear unbiased predictions (BLUP), additive main effects, and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) methods in multi-environment experiments and multi-trait stability selection (MTSI) helps to better evaluate plant genotypes and achieve more accurate results. Additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and BLUP are two methods for analyzing multi-environment trials. The linear mixed effects model (LMM) and the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) estimator methods are among the important methods that have been proposed to analyze the data of multi-environmental experiments. In this regard, the BLUPs obtained from the interaction of genotype and environment are performed with principal component analysis or single value analysis on the matrix. This method uses the stability index of the weighted average of absolute scores of the best unbiased linear forecasts (WAASB), the weighted average of the stability index of WAASB, and the dependent variable (WAASBY). Researchers have also proposed an MTSI based on factor analysis, in which grain yield, other traits, and the stability of each are simultaneously used to identify stable genotypes. This research aimed to identify stable and high-yielding lentil genotypes in autumn cultivation.

To evaluate the seed yield stability of 12 lentil genotypes along with three check genotypes, including Kimia, Bileh Sawar, and local landrace, an experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications at Agricultural Research Stations of Khorramabad (Lorestan), Zanjireh (Ilam), and Sararoud (Kermanshah) in three cropping years (2019-2022). Each plot consisted of four lines with a length of 4 m and a distance of 25 cm from each other. iIn addition to the usual crop care such as weeding and pest control, the desired traits and characteristics, such as the number of days to 50% flowering, plant height, and number of days to maturity, were measured during the growing season. Hundred-seed weights and the yield of each plot were measured after the maturity and harvesting of experiments. Combined analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed using SAS software, and the average traits of the treatments were compared using the LSD test. For statistical analyses, the Metan Ver.1.9.0 (multi-environment trial analysis) package was used in the R software environment. To estimate stability quantities, singular value decomposition (SVD) was applied to the matrix of BLUPs obtained from genotype-by-environment interactions with an LMM. Variance components were estimated by the REML method. After analyzing the variance of the data, the stability parameters of WAASB and WAASBY (for simultaneous selection based on average performance and stability) were estimated using the eigenvalues obtained from the AMMI analysis on BLUP, and the best genotypes were selected with these two indicators. Genotypic stability values were obtained from the Harmonic Average of the Genotypic Values (HMGV) index. The compatibility of genotypes was evaluated based on the relative performance index of genotypic values (RPGV). The harmonic mean index and relative performance of genotypic value (HMRPGV) were used to simultaneously evaluate stability, compatibility, and seed yield.

The effect of environment, genotype, and genotype × environment interaction were significant on seed yield, plant height, days to flowering, days to maturity, seed filling period, seed filling ratio, seed yield formation rate, rainfall efficiency, and single seed weight. The genotype effect was significant on all traits, except for the seed-filling period. Based on the biplot analysis, genotypes 4, 6, 7, 9, and 10 had higher yield stability in addition to the highest seed yield. The Scree test showed that the first three principal components explained 45.41, 19.13, and 14.34% of the genotype × environment interaction variation obtained from BLUP for grain yield, respectively; in total, they justified 78.87% of the variation. Based on a weighted average of absolute scores of WAASB, genotypes 6, 10, and 12 were high-yielding and stable. Genotypes 1 and 10 were superior based on the (MTSI). The harmonic mean and HMRPGV introduced genotypes 10, 9, 4, and 12 as the genotypes that had high stability and compatibility in addition to high seed yields.

Based on all the analyses, genotype 10 was the most stable genotype, which, in addition to seed yield, was superior to other genotypes in terms of the other measured traits and can be a candidate for introduction as a new cultivar.

This work aimed to investigate the morphological variations and patterns of morphological adaptation to their habitat in five populations of Iranian goby, Ponticola iranicus (Gobiidae). For this purpose, samples were collected from Siah Darvishan, Shafarood, Rostam-Abad, Masal, and Asalem rivers, Guilan province, and then 20 morphometric characteristics were measured. The morphometric characteristics after standardization were compared using PCA, Kruskal-Wallis and CVA analyses to investigate the morphological variation between studied populations of Iranian goby. Based on the results, all characters showed significant differences, and the Siah Darvishan differed completely from the others. Also, Rostam-Abad and Shafarud, and Masal and Asalem populations overlapped with each other. The most important discriminating traits include the body depth (0.3), predorsal length (0.4), preanal length (0.5), anal-fin base length (0.44), head width (32. 0), distance before dorsal fin (0.42), length of pectoral fin (0.34), maximum body depth (0.39), caudal-fin width in anal fin (0.33) and width of upper lip (0.34). The CVA results showed the distinction between populations. Based on the results, the members of this species adapt themselves to different habitats with traits related to body depth, dorsal and anal fins, and head size.

The growing global population and increasing demands have significantly intensified the pressure on natural resources and created inherent instability in watershed ecosystems and the complex ecological processes essential for habitat preservation, biodiversity conservation, erosion mitigation, soil formation, water retention, environmental stability, and cultural fulfillment have encountered disruptions. The inter-connected adaptability challenges within human-natural systems, intensified by climate change, bring more uncertainty that complicates the planning and management of ecosystem services in the watersheds. This uncertainty often results in flawed decision-making in water resources utilization and environmental management, contributing to instability and a shift toward critical thresholds in watersheds. This study adopts a systemic approach to analyze the Karoun Basin as a dynamic human-nature system, exploring five systemic analysis patterns and their impacts on water resource management paradigm.

The research progresses through three crucial steps. Firstly, the current status of the Karoun Basin is outlined based on extensive literature studies, characterizing the water system as a complex, adaptive entity. Secondly, leveraging a diverse range of research literature, five recognized structures in dynamic system analysis are explored. These structures offer a detailed understanding of the interconnectedness of human-nature systems, providing insights into the impact of human behavior on water resources management in the Karoun Basin. In the final step, using a systemic thinking approach, the study explores the occurrence of extreme events. This approach enhances the understanding of how extreme events interact with human activities, influencing the sustainability of the Karoun Basin.

The outcomes highlight the inherent risk of a linear approach to water resource management in the Karoun Basin, which is because of the lack of systemic thinking. This approach disrupts various relationships within the water system, leading to instability and worsening extreme events such as floods, droughts, and water disputes. The systemic investigation reveals recurrent behaviors that align with recognized structures in dynamic systems analysis, referred to as ancient patterns. Understanding and addressing these patterns are crucial for achieving sustainability and ensuring the continuous provision of ecosystem services.

Depending solely on short-term solutions, without considering long-term consequences in water resource management worsens water scarcity issues and intensifies social conflicts within watershed units. Solutions for Karoun Basin can be categorized into mitigating (hard) and adaptive (soft) scenarios. Mitigating measures address immediate needs, including advanced water storage and distribution infrastructure, while adaptive solutions incorporating policy measures are crucial for aligning the managed system with fluctuating water availability levels. A comprehensive resolution requires the simultaneous implementation of both strategies, recognizing the interconnected nature of human-nature systems and embracing sustainability principles.

In order to consider the effect of different irrigation treatments on triticale and considering the probability of screening some suitable genotypes tolerant to drought stress, a two-year study (2018 and 2019) with four irrigation regimes (normal irrigation and withholding irrigation in thrre different growing stages containing flowering, milky seed, and seed filling) and nine elite genotypes (Sanabad, Paj, Javanilo, ET-92-15, ET-92-18, ET-83-20, ET-85-17, and ET-83-18) was performed. Grain yield of the triticale genotypes were measured in all treatments and used to estimate the tolerance and stability of the genotypes based on numerous number of related indices. Since, according to results of this study, no single index could be suitable for distinguishing tolerant genotypes, these indices should be applied together and extract information from all of such tolerance indices by using multivariate methods. In this study in addition to biplot based on PCA, a new method as heatmap was also applied. Furthermore, multivariate stability indices containing AMMI and GGE models applied for finding stable genotypes. According to the results of tolerance indices, genotypes ET-85-04, Sanabad, and Paj were the most tolerant genotypes in response to drought stress condition in comparison to other genotypes. Meanwhile, The results of stability analyses indicated that genotypes ET-85-04 and ET-83-20 were the genotypes with lowest variability in different environments. Therefore, ET-85-04 based on the results from both tolerance and stability indices is an suitable genotype to be used as a candidate for releasing new cultivars of triticale genotypes or applied in future breeding plans. In this study the results indicated that using stability and tolerance measuring methods together as a mixed method can be the most effective way to distinguish proper genotypes.

Coping with climate change (CC) is part of the way to face this phenomenon. This depends on the understanding of CC and the degree of adaptability to it.

The research was conducted with the aim of measuring the level of nomads' understanding (NU) of CCe and their adaptation strategies (AS) in the face of CC.

The research was descriptive and the data collection tool was a questionnaire whose items were obtained based on interviews.

NU of the effects of CC is not the same. According to them, CC has had the most obvious impact on vegetation. The priority of AS is also different in the face of CC. A positive relationship was observed between understanding the effects of CC and the degree of adaptability in facing CC. Nomads who had a better understanding of the effects of CC have used livestock management strategies to adapt to it. Age and history of animal husbandry had a positive relationship with the level of understanding of the effects of CC. A negative and significant relationship was also observed between the number of animals and the degree of compatibility.

The NU of CC and its effects on the ecology of the environment is an important starting point in dealing with the negative effects of CC and choosing appropriate strategies to adapt or deal with it. So that the selection of suitable adaptation methods by the nomads reduces the vulnerability of CC on the condition of livestock and rangeland.

In order to study the adaptability and determine the cultivation value of new corn hybrids, 16 forage maize genotypes of local and exotic origin were evaluated along with three common genotypes (KSC704, Bolson and Massil) in four different regions (Karaj, Maghan, Jovein and Dezful) using randomized complete block design with four replications in two years (2020 and 2021). Important traits such as days to flowering, plant height, ear height, ear-to-plant ratio and wet silage yield were recorded, based on the manual of value for cultivation and use test. To evaluate the yield stability, Francis and Kannenberg's environmental coefficient of variation was used. The results of two-years mean comparison of yield showed that Egean, Sy-Lavaredo, ZP873, Zarin2 and Zarin3 hybrids had the highest forage yield with 65.4, 64.8, 64.7, 63.8 and 62.3 tons per hectare, respectively, While the average yield of check varieties was 60 tons per hectare. Sy-Andromeda, Sy-Lavaredo, Egean, Jeta poly, Zarin 1, Zarin 2, Zarin 3 and ZP873 hybrids can be introduced with general adaptability, due to their higher yield and yield stability in comparison with the check varieties. Sy-Bilbao and BT-6470 hybrids are recommended in Karaj and Jovein regions and Ajeeb and ZP600 hybrids are also recommended in Jovein region with specific adaptability. ZP707, RGT-Joxxlin, RGT-Coruxxo and Exxupery hybrids do not deserve to release as a new variety because of low forage yield and yield adaptability in comparison with the check varieties.

Pollination is very important to achieve an economic date product. This study has been conducted in the form of randomized complete block design (RCBD) on 15 trees of 12-year-old Medjool cultivar in three replications at the research garden of Jahrom Agricultural Research Station for two years. In this study, the effect of pollen grains 7001 as a control, 7004, 7013, 7030 and Boyer 11 tissue culture has been examined on the fruit quality traits. Based on the results of this experiment, the highest fruit pH (6.81), titrable acidity (TA) (0.19%), dry matter (80.73%) and fruit ash (2.61%) were observed using pollen grains7013. Pollinator genotypes had no significant effect on total soluble solids content. After pollen grain 7013, pollinator genotype 7030 showed the most positive effect on fruit quality traits, such as titrable acidity (0.18%), dry matter (80.60%) and fruit ash (2.58%). Among pollinator genotypes, 7013 and 7030 showed the most overlap with female flowers of Medjool cultivar.