جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « سازگاری » در نشریات گروه « کشاورزی »

It is important to attend the physical and biochemical characteristics of the fruit, especially in newly introduced cultivars that may be unknown to the consumer. Nutritive compounds in fruit are usually influenced by variety, rootstock and post-harvest conditions. In this article, the results related to the evaluation of the fruit quality of three varieties of oranges on two rootstocks have been examined at harvest time and during storage.

Fruit of Thomson Novel, Fukumoto, and Navelate oranges on two rootstocks including Swingle Citrumelo and Citrange C-35 were harvested when TSS/TA reached about 6.5-7. Fruits were evaluated at the harvest time and then stored in cool storage (5oC, RH=85%) for 60 days. The fruit quality were checked on the 30th and 60th days of storage for two years. Evaluated Characteristics included fruit lenght, width, thickness; arithmetic, geometric, equivalent diameter and harmonic means ; fruit aspect ratio, sphericity, surface area, true volume, apparent volume, volume error, density, weight, weight loss, peel thickness, juice percentage, peel color indices (L*, a*, b*, hue angle, chroma and CCI), total soluble solid (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), technological index (TI), total phenol, ascorbic acid, antioxidant capacity and organoleptic evaluation.

The fruit of Navelate orange on Citrumelo rootstock and Fukumoto orange on C-35 rootstock had smaller physical characteristics than Thomson Novel. In all treatments, the shape of the fruit was balanced and without elongation or indentation. The fruit of Navelate on Citrumelo (aspect ratio: 96.96) was slightly elongated. Navelate variety on C-35 produced larger and heavier fruit similarly Thomson fruit. The volume error in Fukumoto and Navelate varieties and on both rootstocks was less than the control. At the time of harvest, the fruit of the Fukumoto had a thicker peel (more than 4 mm) on both rootstocks than the other cultivars. The amount of juice percentage was not significantly different than control at harvest time, but at the end of storage, the fruit of Navelate on the C-35 had the lowest (35.73%) of juice percentage. Fukumoto and Navelate fruits on both rootstocks had higher TI index than Thomson at harvest time. The TSS at harvest time was the lowest (9.22 and 9.78 respectively) only in the fruits of Thomson and Navelate on Citrumelo rootstock. Navelate and Thomson fruits had higher TA on C-35 rootstock. In all treatments, the amount of TA decreased during storage. Fukumoto fruit on C-35 had the highest TSS/TA ratio, which was preserved during storage. The fruit of Navelate had a lower TSS/TA level at the harvest time on both rootstocks (7.12 and 7.5). At the time of harvest, the average ascorbic acid in all three cultivars on C-35 rootstock was higher than the same cultivars on Citrumelo rootstock. The value of a*, hue angle, and CCI of the skin of Navelate orange with a negative value were different from the other cultivars on Citrumelo and C-35 rootstocks (-1.12 and -0.61 respectively). The antioxidant capacity of Fukumoto fruit was 43.99% on Citrumelo and 62.12% on C-35 rootstock at the harvest time. The amount of antioxidant capacity and total phenol increased during storage. The organoleptic evaluation showed that the Fukumoto as Thomson, scored better in relations to peel and pulp appearance, sourness, aroma and taste than the fruit of the same cultivars on the C-35 rootstock. Navelate fruit produced higher score in terms of taste and sweetness (7) on Citrumelo rootstock than C-35 (6) rootstock.

Based on the TSS/TA ratio, it was determined that Fukumoto and Navelate oranges are early and late ripening respectively. Citrumelo rootstock increased late ripening in Navelate fruit and contrary C-35 rootstock increased early ripening in Fukumoto fruit. According to the a* and CCI indices, the Navelate fruits did not have suitable coloring at the time of harvest, and Citrumelo rootstock delayed the color change of the fruit skin. In general, the organoleptic characteristics of the fruit on C-35 were better than Citrumelo. Finally, it seems that the combination of Navelate/C-35 is more suitable than Navelate/Citrumelo. Fukumoto/C-35 combination is suitable for having early ripening fruit.

In order to produce varieties of barley that tolerate drought and cold, Artan variety was entered into internal tests of the cold and temperate cold stations of the Dryland Agriculture Research Institute through the international center of ICARDA in the form of the of segregating populations (F3 generation) in 1997-98. Genetic purity was achieved by the modified bulk method. Then, during several years, it was evaluated in Maragheh, Shirvan, Ghamlo, Sararoud, Zanjan, Urmia and Ardabil stations in yield trials and yield stability experiment. The Artan variety with an average seed yield of 2.142 Kgha-1 had 11% higher seed yield than the Abidar check variety. Artan had relatively early maturity, height and high thousand-seed weight. Artan variety has general adaptability and good yield stability, facultative growth habit, resistance to seed shattering, tolerance to cold and drought, relative early maturity, high plant height (83 cm) and high thousand-seed weight (42 gr). It has also good level of resistant to yellow rust and brown rust diseases of barley. Artan variety was selected and released as a new cultivar due to its high yield and favorable agronomic characteristics for planting in the cold and moderately cold regions in rainfed areas of the country.

This research investigated the reproductive isolation of Branchinecta orientalis populations from three different geographical locations in Azerbaijan, Iran. The collected eggs of Anostraca were tested for biometry and hybridization studies. Based on the obtained results, the diameter of hydrated cysts, the diameter of decapsulated cysts and the chorion thickness of eggs in the Aigher Goli (AIG) habitat were observed to be larger than other groups. The percentage of hatching in the eggs obtained from crossbreed populations showed a significant decrease compared to pure populations (P<0.05). The lowest hatching rate was observed in the eggs produced by the AIG population (8.99±1.70). Also, the mortality rate of newly hatched nauplius from crossbreed populations was significantly higher than other studied samples (P>0.05). Thus, the highest early mortality was observed in AIG-KAS(L) (%8.27±2.87) and the lowest in KHS(F). The growth rates of different populations were almost the same and no significant difference was observed between them at the end of the breeding period (P>0.05). In general, it can be concluded that the difference in reproductive performance among B. orientalis populations is due to relative reproductive isolation due to geographic isolation and environmental adaptation.

Barley is highly variable in adaptation to marginal environments. The main objective of barley breeding programs has been on improving yield by developing new cultivars with high grain yield and quality characteristics for different climates. Ansar is a new high yielding and drought tolerant cultivar of barley with facultative growth habit. It was released in the year 2013 for rainfed cold areas of Iran. Ansar originated from a cross Yea168.4/Yea605.5//Yea206-4A-3 (a high yielding line received from ICARDA). Based on regional yield trials, the average graind yield of Ansar was 3025 kgha-1, which was 55 kg higher than Sahand (2970 kgha-1). In comparison with Sahand (check), Ansar had 1-2 days early maturity, 4-6 cm taller stem, 1-2 g higher TKW. In onfarm trials, Ansar had 34, 12, 11% more grain yield than Sahand in Miyaneh, Oshnaviyeh and Piranshar regions, respectively. Ansar is tolerant to cold, drought, grain shedding, lodging, two-rowed variety with 73 cm plant height. Ansar is resistance to leaf strip, scald and powdery mildew and rust. It can be concluded that Ansar is not only a high-yielder, possesses better quality traits and tolerant/resistant to all diseases, but is also best suited in cold rainfed areas of Iran.Barley is highly variable in adaptation to marginal environments. The main objective of barley breeding programs has been on improving yield by developing new cultivars with high grain yield and quality characteristics for different climates. Ansar is a new high yielding and drought tolerant cultivar of barley with facultative growth habit. It was released in the year 2013 for rainfed cold areas of Iran. Ansar originated from a cross Yea168.4/Yea605.5//Yea206-4A-3 (a high yielding line received from ICARDA). Based on regional yield trials, the average graind yield of Ansar was 3025 kgha-1, which was 55 kg higher than Sahand (2970 kgha-1). In comparison with Sahand (check), Ansar had 1-2 days early maturity, 4-6 cm taller stem, 1-2 g higher TKW. In onfarm trials, Ansar had 34, 12, 11% more grain yield than Sahand in Miyaneh, Oshnaviyeh and Piranshar regions, respectively. Ansar is tolerant to cold, drought, grain shedding, lodging, two-rowed variety with 73 cm plant height. Ansar is resistance to leaf strip, scald and powdery mildew and rust. It can be concluded that Ansar is not only a high-yielder, possesses better quality traits and tolerant/resistant to all diseases, but is also best suited in cold rainfed areas of Iran.

Genotype × environment interaction is the main limiting factor in identifying superior genotypes in plant breeding programs. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the genotype × environment interaction and selecting high-yielding and stable quinoa genotypes using AMMI (Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction) and GGE (Genotype plus Genotype by Environment interaction) biplot methods. A number of 30 different quinoa genotypes prepared from the IPK Institute of Germany with different origins were cultivated as plant materials of this experiment in the form of randomized complete block design in two environments, Buin Zahra and Takestan, during the two crop years of 2022-2023. The results showed that the variance caused by the effects of genotype, environment and genotype × environment interaction was significant for grain yield and this trait was more affected by genotypic diversity. The variation of genotype × environment interaction in the AMMI method was explained by the Two principal components. Using this method, genotypes G14, G11, G12, G23, G1, G5 and G13 were recognized as high-yielding and stable genotypes, and the Takestan environment in the second year was introduced as a stable and high-yielding environment. Also, the first two main components in GGE biplot method explained about 92% of the variation of genotype and genotype × environment interaction for grain yield. In this method, the studied environments were placed in two mega-environments. All environments had high differentiation ability for grain yield in the studied genotypes. G11 and G14 genotypes were identified as ideal genotypes. Finally, based on both AMMI and GGE bi-plot methods, genotypes G5, G11, G12, G13, G14 and G23 among the quinoa genotypes studied were identified as high-yielding and stable genotypes, and Buin Zahra environment was introduced as an ideal environment.

Maize is an important crop that is cultivated in many parts of the world. The evaluation of genotypes in breeding programs often faces two important challenges, the genotype × environment interaction effect for the target trait and unfavorable relationships between the target traits. Even though many methods have been offered for stability analysis, especially graphical tools and their relatively good efficiency in interpreting the results, it seems that the best linear unbiased predictions (BLUP) method estimates the means with high accuracy, especially in mixed models, in multi-environmental trails (MET). Therefore, the stability index of weighted average absolute scores (WAASB), which is estimated from the integration of the two stability methods of additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and best linear unbiased predictions, can be used in METs to estimate more accurately the stability of genotypes. Maize breeding programs prioritize high grain yields and earliness as important traits. The multi-trait stability index (MTSI) is a valuable tool for the simultaneous selection of multiple traits. It is estimated based on the average performance and simultaneous stability of genotypes in different traits and environments. Therefore, the current research aimed to identify stable and high grain yield maize hybrids along with the optimal level of grain moisture percentage at harvest time and days to physiological maturity using the integration of AMMI and BLUP methods with WAASB, WAASBY, and MTSI indices.

This study involved the evaluation of seven promising maize hybrids along with four commercial check varieties, including SC647, TWC647, SC704, and SC715, in maize METs based on a randomized complete block design with four replications across 10 regions (Karaj, Moghan, Shiraz, Kermanshah, Kerman, Mashhad, Dezful, Miyandoab, Jiroft, and Mazandaran) during two cropping seasons of 2019-2020. The recorded traits were grain yield adjusted at 14% moisture content, grain moisture percentage at harvest time, and days to physiological maturity. The WAASB was used to estimate genotypic stability for each genotype. It was computed from the singular value decomposition (SVD) of the matrix of best linear unbiased predictions of genotype vs. environment interaction effects generated by a linear mixed-effect model. The WAASBY index for simultaneous selection based on grain yield (Y) and stability (WAASB) was  estimated by assigning different weights to grain yield and stability. The simultaneous selection for grain yield and stability based on several traits was conducted using the scores obtained from an exploratory factor analysis (MTSI).

Based on the grain yield across 10 environments over two years, promising hybrid NO. 3 had the highest grain yield with 12.80 tons per hectare. According to the likelihood ratio test (LRT), the genotype-by-environment interaction was significant for the traits of grain yield, grain moisture percent at harvest time, and the days to physiological maturity. Therefore, BLUP analysis can be performed on these data due to the significant genotype by environment interaction. The BLUPs performed for hybrids were followed by stability analysis using the AMMI method on these BLUPs. The results indicated that the first and second components justified 27.7% and 24.6% of the hybrid by environment interaction variances, respectively. The highest predicted grain yield by the BLUP method belonged to hybrids No. 3, 2, 4, and 1, with higher than average predicted grain yields. Based on the biplot for the first principal component of the environments against the nominal grain yield, hybrids 2, 6, 3, and 1, having the lowest scores of the first principal component (coefficient b or line slope), had a negligible contribution to the hybrid by environment interaction and were distinguished stable. To enable simultaneous selection based on both grain yield and stability, the WAASBY index was estimated by integrating grain yield (Y) and the WAASB stability index. Considering the 50% contribution of each of the two grain yield and yield stability components, five hybrids (1, 2, 3, 6, and 4) showed above-average WAASBY. Among these, hybrids 1, 2, and 3 had significantly higher WAASBY than the other hybrids. All four control cultivars SC647, TWC647, SC704, and SC715 had lower-than-average WAASBY. Based on the MTSI, hybrid 3 was selected as the best hybrid. In addition, the estimated variance components by restricted maximum likelihood (REML) for grain yield indicated that 75.72% and 7.57% of the phenotypic variance were explained by the environment and GEI variances, respectively, whereas the contribution of residual variance to the phenotypic variance was 16.77%.

Based on the results, hybrid 3 (K47/2-2-1-4-2-1-1-1× MO17) was identified as a high-yielding hybrid, which can be introduced to farmers as a new superior maize hybrid. It seems that the use of the ratio of the WAASB stability index to grain yield (WAASB/Y) and the selection of superior genotypes based on the MTSI could identify hybrids with high grain yields, stability, and desirable levels of important agronomic traits.

Lentil is a popular legume crop in the Mediterranean region, widely grown for its nutritious seeds and improving soil fertility. Interest in legumes is increasing as a protein source to replace meat in the future. Identification of high-yield genotypes with adaptation to a wide range of environments is one of the major goals in crop and lentil breeding programs. Combining the best linear unbiased predictions (BLUP), additive main effects, and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) methods in multi-environment experiments and multi-trait stability selection (MTSI) helps to better evaluate plant genotypes and achieve more accurate results. Additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and BLUP are two methods for analyzing multi-environment trials. The linear mixed effects model (LMM) and the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) estimator methods are among the important methods that have been proposed to analyze the data of multi-environmental experiments. In this regard, the BLUPs obtained from the interaction of genotype and environment are performed with principal component analysis or single value analysis on the matrix. This method uses the stability index of the weighted average of absolute scores of the best unbiased linear forecasts (WAASB), the weighted average of the stability index of WAASB, and the dependent variable (WAASBY). Researchers have also proposed an MTSI based on factor analysis, in which grain yield, other traits, and the stability of each are simultaneously used to identify stable genotypes. This research aimed to identify stable and high-yielding lentil genotypes in autumn cultivation.

To evaluate the seed yield stability of 12 lentil genotypes along with three check genotypes, including Kimia, Bileh Sawar, and local landrace, an experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications at Agricultural Research Stations of Khorramabad (Lorestan), Zanjireh (Ilam), and Sararoud (Kermanshah) in three cropping years (2019-2022). Each plot consisted of four lines with a length of 4 m and a distance of 25 cm from each other. iIn addition to the usual crop care such as weeding and pest control, the desired traits and characteristics, such as the number of days to 50% flowering, plant height, and number of days to maturity, were measured during the growing season. Hundred-seed weights and the yield of each plot were measured after the maturity and harvesting of experiments. Combined analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed using SAS software, and the average traits of the treatments were compared using the LSD test. For statistical analyses, the Metan Ver.1.9.0 (multi-environment trial analysis) package was used in the R software environment. To estimate stability quantities, singular value decomposition (SVD) was applied to the matrix of BLUPs obtained from genotype-by-environment interactions with an LMM. Variance components were estimated by the REML method. After analyzing the variance of the data, the stability parameters of WAASB and WAASBY (for simultaneous selection based on average performance and stability) were estimated using the eigenvalues obtained from the AMMI analysis on BLUP, and the best genotypes were selected with these two indicators. Genotypic stability values were obtained from the Harmonic Average of the Genotypic Values (HMGV) index. The compatibility of genotypes was evaluated based on the relative performance index of genotypic values (RPGV). The harmonic mean index and relative performance of genotypic value (HMRPGV) were used to simultaneously evaluate stability, compatibility, and seed yield.

The effect of environment, genotype, and genotype × environment interaction were significant on seed yield, plant height, days to flowering, days to maturity, seed filling period, seed filling ratio, seed yield formation rate, rainfall efficiency, and single seed weight. The genotype effect was significant on all traits, except for the seed-filling period. Based on the biplot analysis, genotypes 4, 6, 7, 9, and 10 had higher yield stability in addition to the highest seed yield. The Scree test showed that the first three principal components explained 45.41, 19.13, and 14.34% of the genotype × environment interaction variation obtained from BLUP for grain yield, respectively; in total, they justified 78.87% of the variation. Based on a weighted average of absolute scores of WAASB, genotypes 6, 10, and 12 were high-yielding and stable. Genotypes 1 and 10 were superior based on the (MTSI). The harmonic mean and HMRPGV introduced genotypes 10, 9, 4, and 12 as the genotypes that had high stability and compatibility in addition to high seed yields.

Based on all the analyses, genotype 10 was the most stable genotype, which, in addition to seed yield, was superior to other genotypes in terms of the other measured traits and can be a candidate for introduction as a new cultivar.

The increased demand for cereals that are consumed by humans and livestock can be met through the development of planting drought-tolerant genotypes. Due to the interaction of genotypes × environment, the best genotype in one environment may not be the best in other environments, and therefore, this interaction provides valuable information about the yield of each genotype in different environments and plays an important role in evaluating yield stability. Genetic modification of drought tolerance in crops is one of the most stable and cost-effective approaches to increase production and yield stability. Examining the compatibility and stability of grain yield based on various parametric and non-parametric stability statistics and evaluating tolerance to drought stress based on stress indices in promising barley genotypes of the country's temperate climate are among the goals of this research.

To assess grain yield adaptation and stability and to select high-yielding barley genotypes suitable for terminal drought stress in the temperate climate of Iran, 16 barley genotypes were cultivated during two crop years 2021-2023 in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications in three research stations including Varamin, Birjand, and Yazd under two none-stress and drought stress conditions at the end of the season (12 environments). After determining the grain yield, stress indices, including MP, GMP, TOL, HARM, STI, YI, YSI, RSI, and SSI, and the correlation of each with grain yield were calculated in this study. Stability statistics included Nassar and Huehn’s stability statistics (S(1-6)), Thennarasu’s stability statistics (NP(1-4)), deviation from regression (S²dᵢ), regression coefficient (b), Shukla’s stability variance (σ²ᵢ), environmental variation coefficient (CV), variance component (θᵢ), coefficient of variance (θ(i)), Wricke’s ecovalence (Wᵢ²), and Kang’s sum of ranks (KR). Their relationships were calculated based on Pearson’s correlation. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), mean comparison, and simple correlation were calculated using the SAS-9.0 program, stability statistics were calculated using STABILITYSOFT and principal component analysis (PCA). Stress indices and the correlation of each of these indices with grain yield were calculated using iPASTIC. The three-dimensional distribution diagram of genotypes in the ranges of A, B, C, and D was drawn using Grapher software.

The results of the combined ANOVA indicated the significance of the genotype × environment interaction. According to S(1-2) statistics, G7, G10, G11, and G3, and according to S(3-6) statistics, G7, G3, and G9 were the most stable genotypes. Among the non-parametric Thennarasu’s stability statistics according to the NP(1) criterion of G9, G3, and G5, according to NP(2) G5, G3, and G8, and according to NP(3) and NP(4) criteria, G7, G3, and G9 were recognized as the most stable genotypes. Based on Wricke (W²) and Shukla (σ²) equivalency stability statistics, G3, G9, and G13 were the most stable genotypes. Based on Eberhart and Russell's regression method, G9, G7, and G3 genotypes, with high yields, had general compatibility and good yield stability. Based on Francis and Kannenberg (CVi), genotypes G1, G2, and G15 had the lowest coefficients of environmental variation. Based on the average rank of each genotype in all stress indices (AR), G2, G7, and G3 genotypes were the most tolerant, and G14, G11, and G10 were the most sensitive genotypes to drought stress at the end of seasons, respectively. In the drought stress conditions at the end of the season, grain yield had positive and significant correlations with YI, HM, GMP,  STI, MP, YSI, and RSI indices and negative and significant correlations with the SSI index. In non-stress conditions, grain yield had positive and significant correlations with MP, GMP, STI, HM, and YI indices, but no significant correlations were observed between grain yield and SSI, TOL, YSI, and RSI indices. The PCA revealed that the first and the second principal components explained 69.71% and 30.27% of the variance of the main variables, respectively. The first main component had a positive and high correlation with yield in both stressed and non-stressed environments, as well as MP, STI, GMP, and HM indices. The second component showed a positive and high correlation with grain yield in the non-stressed environment and TOL and SSI indices; it also had negative and high correlations with RSI and YSI indices. Based on the biplot diagram, G3, G7, G8, G9, G12, and G13 presented higher grain yield potential and are more tolerant to drought stress.

In this study, grain yield had negative and significant correlations with NP(3), KR, NP(2), NP(4), S(6), and S(1) statistics, respectively, therefore these statistics can be used for identifying stable genotypes. G3, G7, and G9 with averages of 6732.9, 6730.6, and 6608.1 kg/ha, respectively, not only produced the highest grain yield but also showed the highest grain yield stability and tolerance to terminal drought stress among the studied genotypes based on the total ranking of all studied stability statistics and stress indices. Therefore, they can be used as new cultivars in drought-affected regions in temperate climates or as desirable genetic materials in barley breeding programs for drought tolerance.

The growing global population and increasing demands have significantly intensified the pressure on natural resources and created inherent instability in watershed ecosystems and the complex ecological processes essential for habitat preservation, biodiversity conservation, erosion mitigation, soil formation, water retention, environmental stability, and cultural fulfillment have encountered disruptions. The inter-connected adaptability challenges within human-natural systems, intensified by climate change, bring more uncertainty that complicates the planning and management of ecosystem services in the watersheds. This uncertainty often results in flawed decision-making in water resources utilization and environmental management, contributing to instability and a shift toward critical thresholds in watersheds. This study adopts a systemic approach to analyze the Karoun Basin as a dynamic human-nature system, exploring five systemic analysis patterns and their impacts on water resource management paradigm.

The research progresses through three crucial steps. Firstly, the current status of the Karoun Basin is outlined based on extensive literature studies, characterizing the water system as a complex, adaptive entity. Secondly, leveraging a diverse range of research literature, five recognized structures in dynamic system analysis are explored. These structures offer a detailed understanding of the interconnectedness of human-nature systems, providing insights into the impact of human behavior on water resources management in the Karoun Basin. In the final step, using a systemic thinking approach, the study explores the occurrence of extreme events. This approach enhances the understanding of how extreme events interact with human activities, influencing the sustainability of the Karoun Basin.

The outcomes highlight the inherent risk of a linear approach to water resource management in the Karoun Basin, which is because of the lack of systemic thinking. This approach disrupts various relationships within the water system, leading to instability and worsening extreme events such as floods, droughts, and water disputes. The systemic investigation reveals recurrent behaviors that align with recognized structures in dynamic systems analysis, referred to as ancient patterns. Understanding and addressing these patterns are crucial for achieving sustainability and ensuring the continuous provision of ecosystem services.

Depending solely on short-term solutions, without considering long-term consequences in water resource management worsens water scarcity issues and intensifies social conflicts within watershed units. Solutions for Karoun Basin can be categorized into mitigating (hard) and adaptive (soft) scenarios. Mitigating measures address immediate needs, including advanced water storage and distribution infrastructure, while adaptive solutions incorporating policy measures are crucial for aligning the managed system with fluctuating water availability levels. A comprehensive resolution requires the simultaneous implementation of both strategies, recognizing the interconnected nature of human-nature systems and embracing sustainability principles.

Coping with climate change (CC) is part of the way to face this phenomenon. This depends on the understanding of CC and the degree of adaptability to it.

The research was conducted with the aim of measuring the level of nomads' understanding (NU) of CCe and their adaptation strategies (AS) in the face of CC.

The research was descriptive and the data collection tool was a questionnaire whose items were obtained based on interviews.

NU of the effects of CC is not the same. According to them, CC has had the most obvious impact on vegetation. The priority of AS is also different in the face of CC. A positive relationship was observed between understanding the effects of CC and the degree of adaptability in facing CC. Nomads who had a better understanding of the effects of CC have used livestock management strategies to adapt to it. Age and history of animal husbandry had a positive relationship with the level of understanding of the effects of CC. A negative and significant relationship was also observed between the number of animals and the degree of compatibility.

The NU of CC and its effects on the ecology of the environment is an important starting point in dealing with the negative effects of CC and choosing appropriate strategies to adapt or deal with it. So that the selection of suitable adaptation methods by the nomads reduces the vulnerability of CC on the condition of livestock and rangeland.

In order to study the adaptability and determine the cultivation value of new corn hybrids, 16 forage maize genotypes of local and exotic origin were evaluated along with three common genotypes (KSC704, Bolson and Massil) in four different regions (Karaj, Maghan, Jovein and Dezful) using randomized complete block design with four replications in two years (2020 and 2021). Important traits such as days to flowering, plant height, ear height, ear-to-plant ratio and wet silage yield were recorded, based on the manual of value for cultivation and use test. To evaluate the yield stability, Francis and Kannenberg's environmental coefficient of variation was used. The results of two-years mean comparison of yield showed that Egean, Sy-Lavaredo, ZP873, Zarin2 and Zarin3 hybrids had the highest forage yield with 65.4, 64.8, 64.7, 63.8 and 62.3 tons per hectare, respectively, While the average yield of check varieties was 60 tons per hectare. Sy-Andromeda, Sy-Lavaredo, Egean, Jeta poly, Zarin 1, Zarin 2, Zarin 3 and ZP873 hybrids can be introduced with general adaptability, due to their higher yield and yield stability in comparison with the check varieties. Sy-Bilbao and BT-6470 hybrids are recommended in Karaj and Jovein regions and Ajeeb and ZP600 hybrids are also recommended in Jovein region with specific adaptability. ZP707, RGT-Joxxlin, RGT-Coruxxo and Exxupery hybrids do not deserve to release as a new variety because of low forage yield and yield adaptability in comparison with the check varieties.

Pollination is very important to achieve an economic date product. This study has been conducted in the form of randomized complete block design (RCBD) on 15 trees of 12-year-old Medjool cultivar in three replications at the research garden of Jahrom Agricultural Research Station for two years. In this study, the effect of pollen grains 7001 as a control, 7004, 7013, 7030 and Boyer 11 tissue culture has been examined on the fruit quality traits. Based on the results of this experiment, the highest fruit pH (6.81), titrable acidity (TA) (0.19%), dry matter (80.73%) and fruit ash (2.61%) were observed using pollen grains7013. Pollinator genotypes had no significant effect on total soluble solids content. After pollen grain 7013, pollinator genotype 7030 showed the most positive effect on fruit quality traits, such as titrable acidity (0.18%), dry matter (80.60%) and fruit ash (2.58%). Among pollinator genotypes, 7013 and 7030 showed the most overlap with female flowers of Medjool cultivar.

The social learning approach is one of  the most effective and emerging approaches to solve  multidimensional, long-term and multi-stakeholder problems. It aligns individual efforts to synergize, mitigate, and adapt to climate change. This study sought to identify the factors affecting social learning in farmers' adaptation to climate change in Kurdistan province. The methodology was qualitative conventional content analysis and the method of sampling was snowball sampling. Research tools were semi-structured interviews with 17 researchers and experts who are active in the field of climate change in the region. Data analyzed with MAXQDA12 software and 97 codes and five classes were extracted, This classes includes of: 1- The dimensions of climate change in the province (with 4 subclasses), 2-The existence of adaptive technologies with climate change (with 3 subclasses), 3-Access to communication networks (With 5 subclasses), 4-Integrated stakeholder management (with 3 subclasses) and 5-Individual, social and economic variables (with 5 subclasses). Finally, suggestions and solutions were presented in order to improve the capacity of farmers to adapt to climate change in the province. The results of this study can lead managers, policy makers, planners and researchers in the successful design and implementation of adaptive programs, taking into account the interaction and cooperation of stakeholders and their active participation.

Artificial and natural selection not only increases the frequency of new-useful mutations but also remains some signals throughout the genome. Since these regions often control economically important traits, identifying and tracking these regions is the most important subject in animal genetics. Also, natural and artificial selection related to adaptation and economic traits, such as litter size, results in changes at the genomic level which leads to the appearance of selection signatures. Several tests including the linkage disequilibrium-based approach, site frequency spectrum, and population differentiation-based approach have been developed to explore the footprints of selection in the genome. Domestication and selection have significantly changed the behavioral and phenotypic traits in modern domestic animals. The selection of animals by humans left detectable signatures on the genome of modern sheep. The identification of these signals can help us to improve the genetic characteristics of economically important traits in sheep. Over the last decade, interest in the detection of genes or genomic regions that are targeted by selection has been growing. Identifying signatures of selection can provide valuable insights about the genes or genomic regions that are or have been under selection pressure, which in turn leads to a better understanding of genotype-phenotype relationships. One of the best ways to understand physiological processes is to analyze gene regulation networks. Identification of genes involved in economic traits as molecular markers in breeding is of special importance. Gene regulation networks enable the researcher to study all of the genes together. This study aimed to identify selection signature regions and candidate genes related to adaptation and the number of lambs born.
To identify the signatures of selection in Iranian native sheep and Egyptian breeds, genomic information of 96 native sheep (including 96 Zandi) and 107 Egyptian sheep (including 59 Barki and 48 Rahmani) were used. The genomic information of foreign breeds was extracted from the Dryad database (https://dryad.com/articles/dataset). To determine the genotype of the samples, Illumina Bead Chip 50K was used. Quality control was conducted using the Plink software. The markers or individuals were excluded from the further study based on the following criteria: unknown chromosomal or physical location, call rate <0.95, missing genotype frequency >0.05, minor allele frequency (MAF) < 0.05, and a P-value for Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium test less than 10-6. After the quality control of the data, the hapFLK statistical method, with hapFLK v1.4 software, was used to identify selection signatures. The genomic version of the Oar_v4.0 database in NCBI was used for detecting the genomic position of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the sheep genome. Candidate genes were identified by SNPs located at 0.1% upper range of hapFLK using BioMart software in ensemble 109. Then, using the PANTHER database, the general biological function of the genes was checked. At this stage, it is assumed that genes that belong to a functional class can be considered as a group of genes that have some specific and common characteristics, and the QTLs in the selected region were extracted using the Animal Genome database, and the genes were compared with other research. GeneCards (http://www.genecards.org) and UniProtKB (http://www.uniprot.org) databases were also used to interpret the function of the obtained genes.
Based on the results of hapFLK, by comparing the Zandi population with Egyptian breeds (Barki and Rahmani), seven genomic regions on chromosomes 1, 2 (three regions), 10, 25, and 26 were identified. Candidate genes of DNAJB4, FNDC3B, GULP1, ACVR1, and FGF9 were in these regions. Further investigation using bioinformatics tools showed these genomic regions overlapped with the immune system, adaptation, litter size, and lipid and muscle metabolism.
The results of this study may provide an important source to facilitate the identification of genomic regions and then, the genes affecting economically important traits in the sheep industry. However, it will be necessary to carry out more association and functional studies to demonstrate the implications of these genes. Therefore, in subsequent studies with more samples and more breeds of domestic and wild sheep in Iran, a better understanding of candidate genes for important economic traits in domestic and wild species would be achieved.

The methods used to analyze genotype-environment interaction and determine the stability and adaptability of genotypes are continuously evolving to improve the accuracy of evaluating genotypes and studying environmental interaction components. Using a combination of several methods provides a more comprehensive understanding of the genotype-environment interaction from multiple dimensions. In this study, the genotype-environment interaction was investigated using the AMMI method, along with the development of appropriate statistical techniques.

For this purpose, 25 sugar beet genotypes, consisting of 18 new hybrids and seven controls, were cultivated in seven environments: Karaj, Mashhad, Shiraz, Miandoab, Kermanshah, Hamadan, and Khoi. The experiment followed a randomized complete block design with four replications during the year 2020. After checking the uniformity of the variance of the experimental errors using Bartlett's test, the stability of the genotypes was analyzed based on the AMMI model. In this study, 12 statistics obtained from the AMMI model, including ASTAB, ASI, ASV, AVAMGE, DA, DZ, EV, FA, MASI, MASV, SIPCi, and Za, were used to identify stable genotypes. To further investigate the stability of the experimental genotypes, the SIIG index was also estimated, taking into account the criteria provided by each index based on the AMMI model.

The results obtained from Bartlett's test confirmed the homogeneity of the variance of experimental errors in experiments from different regions. Therefore, a combined variance analysis was performed based on the AMMI model. The combined analysis of variance, based on the AMMI model, indicated the significance of the additive effects of the environment and genotype, as well as the multiplicative effect of genotype-environment interaction at the 1% probability level. Analyzing the interaction effects into principal components showed that the first four components were significant at the 1% probability level and explained 93.50% of the variations related to genotype-environment interaction. According to the AMMI1 biplot, hybrids 3 and 9 were recognized as the most stable genotypes due to having a sugar yield higher than the overall average and a low value of the first interaction component. According to the AMMI2 biplot, hybrid 3 and BTS 335 with the Miandoab environment, Lexia and 4 with the Mashhad environment, Lexia with the Hamedan environment, 14 and 15 with the Kermanshah environment, 13 and 17 with the Shiraz environment, 11 with the Karaj environment, and Baloo with the Khoi environment have considerable specific adaptability. Hybrid 9, followed by 6, 2, and 8, had general adaptability. The SIIG index, calculated based on AMMI model statistics, identified 2, 9, 10, and 8 as the most stable genotypes with optimal yield.

Based on the obtained results, the environment and its interaction with the genetic structure of different genotypes have played a significant role in the phenotypic expression of white sugar yield and have caused the genotypes to provide different responses in terms of white sugar yield according to the conditions of different environments. In general, based on the results of the present study, hybrid 9 and then hybrids 6, 2, 8, 7, and 10 had high white sugar yield and yield stability. Generally, real progress in sugar beet breeding will be obtained if the genetic factors controlling the sensitivity of sugar beet genotypes to a variable environment are identified.

Plant leaves react to environmental changes with high adaptability. This study investigated the morphological characteristics of Persian oak (Quercus brantii) and wild pistachio (Pistacia atlantica) leaves from 15 forest sites in Ilam province at an elevation range of 1000 m (from 1111 to 2048 m a.s.l.). At each site and for each tree species, five healthy individuals and five healthy and mature leaves were collected from the outside and middle of the crown. The leaf area index, petiole length, main vein length, leaf circumference, blade length, blade width, and the number of leaf margin dentations were measured. The data were analyzed based on the nested research design, and the means of the studied traits were compared using the LSD test. In the Persian oak trees, the results showed that the petiole length (1.72 cm), leaf circumference (20.23 cm), leaf length (8.17 cm), leaf width (4.43 cm), and leaf area (28.16 cm2) at higher elevations had higher averages than at lower elevations. However, the number of leaf left and right dentations were 12.26 and 12.47, respectively, indicating higher average weight at lower altitudes. In pistachio, all measured characteristics like petiole length (0.46 cm), leaf circumference (13.98 cm), leaf length (5.53 cm) and leaf width (3.29 cm), and leaf area (12.31 cm2) at higher elevations had higher averages than the lower elevations as 0.24 cm, 12.26 cm, 5.18 cm, 3.0 cm, and 10.85 cm2. The significant intra-population changes strengthen the idea of intra-population morphological diversity for oak species at the regional level and even in Zagros to some extent. Among the studied features, those that are less sensitive to environmental changes can be used as distinguishing features for species separation.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the agricultural value of two new varieties of beans: Sepehr and Sembol, which were introduced by the private sector with the aim of registering the named varieties in the national list of plant varieties.

These cultivars (Sepehr and Sembol) along with 4 domestic control cultivars were studied in 3 locations (Karaj, Zanjan, and Khomein) based on complete randomized block design in 3 replications during two crop seasons (2019-2020 and 2020-2021).

Results showed that flowering occurred significantly earlier in candidate cultivars (Sepehr and Sembol) than control cultivars (8 and 4 days respectively). As the same way, physiological seed ripening in candidate cultivars occurred earlier than control cultivars (8 and 10 days earlier than mean of other cultivars respectively). The number of seeds in the pods of Sepehr and Sembol candidate cultivars did not significantly differ from the control cultivars. Sepehr and Sembol cultivars produced larger seeds and hundred seeds weight of these cultivars was greatly higher than other cultivars (9.7 and 24.1 percent higher than mean of other cultivars respectively), but the seed yield in these two cultivars was significantly lower than control cultivars (19.89 and 18.27 percent lower than mean of other cultivars respectively).

Finally, the candidate cultivars Sepehr and Sembol can play an effective role as new germplasms in the country's bean production due to their erect type and ease of harvesting, early maturity and consumption of one to two times less water, marketability and production of larger seeds.

Water is the most significant limiting factor for sugar beet cultivation in Iran. Autumn sowing of sugar beet in dry climates like Iran consumes less water compared to spring sowing and can be a more suitable option for taking advantage of autumn and winter rains and dealing with the water shortage crisis. It seems that the transfer of sugar beet cultivation from spring to autumn will cause that in addition to consuming much less water in this type of cultivation and increasing the efficiency of water consumption, it will have a significant economic benefit for farmers and will spread quickly. But autumn sowing is facing problems in many areas. Therefore, the current research was conducted to investigate the effect of winter sowing on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of sugar beet. The experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with four replications on 11 early maturity sugar beet cultivars at Jovein, Torbat-Jam, and Moghan agricultural research stations for one, two, and three crop years, respectively. In order to study the effect of genotype-environment interaction and to identify genotypes with general and specific stability, AMMI and MTSI stability analysis methods were used. The combined analysis of variance results based on the AMMI model confirmed the significant effect of the main effects of environment and cultivar at the one percent probability level. The interaction between them also showed a statistically significant difference at the one percent probability level. The analysis of the multiplicative effects of the AMMI model confirmed that the first two components are significant at the one percent probability level and together explain 75.20% of the interaction variation. The bi-plot obtained from the mean white sugar yield and the first principal component of the interaction confirmed the superiority of FDIR19B4028 and Modex cultivars due to their high white sugar yield and stability. According to the bi-plot results obtained from the first two components, there was no appreciable specific adaptability between cultivars with Moghan environment in 2021 and 2020, but on the other hand, a very high specific adaptability was observed between Moghan environment in 2019 with Modex cultivar, Torbat-Jam in 2021 and 2020 respectively with Asia and SVZD2019 cultivars, and Jovein with SVZC2019 cultivar. Cadmus cultivar has general adaptability because it is somewhat close to the origin of the coordinates. Based on the results of the MTSI index, SVZD2019 was ranked first, and FDIR19B4028, Dravus, and FDIR19B3021 were placed in the next ranks of the most ideal sustainable cultivars in terms of all studied traits. In general, four cultivars of SVZD2019, FDIR19B4028, Dravus and FDIR19B3021 are recommended for winter cultivation. The obtained results show that the development of winter sugar beet sowing is certainly one of the important strategies for using seasonal rains and saving water consumption; In this regard, in the winter sowing of sugar beet, choosing the suitable cultivar plays a very vital role, so that it affects most of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics.

Despite the increase in heat waves and the sensitivity of forest ecosystems in desert areas, little information is available about the habitats of the Euphrates poplar in the southern parts of Iran. Characteristics of mother trees and geographical, climatic and soil characteristics of ten Euphrates poplar habitats in Bushehr province were recorded. In November, four trees from each habitat were selected and 14 cuttings were prepared from each mother tree. Seven months after planting, germination, sapling height, and branching were recorded and heat shock was applied at 70°C. Forty days later, traits of revival, sapling height, and resilience were measured. The results showed that, except for revival and resilience, there is a significant difference between the studied provenances. Branching decreased with increasing diameter of mother trees, germination increased with increasing height above sea level, and revival increased with increasing drought risk index. The resilience and height of seedlings showed a direct relationship with annual rainfall and latitude and an inverse relationship with evapotranspiration and latitude. The results of principal component analysis revealed that provenances that originated from relatively hot areas, with heavy soil, and high iron and low manganese contents had a lower germination and a higher revival rate. In addition, the resilience of provenances with high soil phosphorus and potassium contents was higher.