جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "سنندج" در نشریات گروه "کشاورزی"

Mite fauna of soil and arboreal of pome (apple and pear) and stone fruits (apricot and peach) trees in Gerizeh, Hasan-abad, Babariz, Chnow, Gholiaan, Keylaneh villages of Sanandaj region investigated during 2010-2011 in Kurdistan province. Mites collected by shaking stems and leaves, stems host plants soil mite collected through Berlese. Mite identification mite resulted 31 mite species, 30 genera from 26 families from Astigmata higher cohort, Cryptostigmata, Prostigmata suborders and Mesostigmata order respectively. Soil mite constituted 61.38%, higher and lower mite recorded 228,211 for apricot, apple and pear orchards. Max. and Min. mite diversities observed in Hasan-abad and Gholiaan villages and for Mesostigmata and Astigmata mite respectively. Mite population of Phytoseiidae, Cryptostigmata mites and predatory mites constituted 3.67%, 43.46% and 15.54%. All three spider mites species incidence of widely distributed in all surveyed village’s. Mite species identified as follow, Astigmata: Acaridae (Tyrophagus putrescentiae, Tyrophagus similes, Acarus sp.), Cryptostigmata: Nothridae (Nothrus biciliatus), Lohmanniidae (Papillacarus sp., Lohmannia turcmenica), Epilohmanniidae (Epilohmannia cylindrical cylindrical), Gymnodamaeidae (Plesiodamaeus sp. nr. Ornatus), Tectocepheidae (Tectocepheus velatus), Oppiidae, Oribatulidae (Oribatula (Oribatula) sp., Oribatula (Zygoribatula) sp.) Protoribatidae (Protoribates paracapuctinus), Mycobatidae (Punctoribates sp.), Euphthiracaridae,   Mesostigmata, Phytoseiidae (Amblyseius sp.), Laelapidae (Gaeolaelaps sp., Hypoaspis sp., Androlaelaps (Haemolaelaps) sp., Cosmolaelaps sp.), Uropodidae, Parasitidae (Parasitus sp.), Digmasellidae (Dendrolaelapus sp.), Pachylaelapidae (Pachylaelapus sp.), Ascidae (Antennoseius sp.), Rhdoacaridae (Rhoodoacarsellus sp.) Prostigmata: Bdellidae (Spinibdella sp.), Cunaxidae (Cunaxa sp.), Tydeidae, Erythraeidae, Tenuipalpidae (Brevipalpus sp., Cenopalpus irani), Tetranychidae (Tetranychus urticae, Panonychus ulmi, Bryobia rubrioculus).

Metabolic profile tests are considered useful to predict the occurrence of production and metabolic diseases in dairy herds by monitoring certain components of the blood. The aim of this study was to investigate metabolic profile by means of determining the hematologic and biochemical parameters in some dairy herd in Sanandaj area. The blood samples were collected randomly from coccygeal vein in 4 dairy farms from 3 predefined groups of animal, i.e. peak lactation, mid lactation and low lactation (7 samples in each group) in two seasons of summer and winter. The following metabolites and enzymes were measured on blood samples: Glucose, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine phosphokinase and hematocrit. Results showed that the concentration of serum glucose and AST were in normal level, whereas results were showed elevated level of inorganic phosphorus and CPK, but decreased level of calcium. In addition the results showed significant differences between the glucose concentration, inorganic phosphorus, AST and hematocrit with season. (p≤0.05),while no significant difference was noticed between calcium concentration and CPK with season. (p>0.05). There were significant differences between milk yield and AST, hematocrit. (p≤0.05), but differences between the other metabolites and milk yield were not statistically significant (p>0.05). The results of this study indicated the presence of a number of metabolic diseases at least in subclinical forms, in this area (i.e. hypocalcaemia…) and concluded the influence of environmental factors on metabolic profiles. So the results confirmed to perform metabolic profile test continuously in this area, however, in further large scales.

Today, various watershed management projects are being implemented in watersheds which sometimes, despite high study and cost, they are inefficient for various reasons and face economic failure. In the present study, first, different watershed projects in the Parcel A of Gheshlagh Dam in Sanandaj were evaluated. Then, their evaluation was examined by determining internal and external factors. The aim is to extract the most important factors and provide strategies that make projects economically viable and functionally effective. Weaknesses, strengths, opportunities, and threats of the region were extracted by experts and, using the SWOT analysis model and quantitative matrix of QSPM, economic-applicable solutions were presented. Results showed high value of management factors, so that the highest final value in external factors was inefficient study projects and the lack of funds for maintenance and repair of projects after implementation with scores of 0.50 and 0.43, respectively, and internal factors had the highest final value related to destruction and burial of dams due to the low quality of construction with a score of 0.59 which had the most impact on strategy selection. Based on the results of the model, the strategies are located in the ST quarter and are of a conservative method, in order to reduce the damage caused by threats and weaknesses by using the strengths of the domain. In accordance with this strategy, solutions were given by experts and prioritized by the quantitative matrix QSPM. The implementation of projects on land owned by individuals or the assignment of the right to maintain them to the owners with a final score of 8.76 was ranked first. The results of this research in the present economic situation of the country are very useful for informing authorities about how to optimize the implementation of watershed projects and will improve the instructions and implementation and the best use of projects.

Fish sampling was conducted to evaluate the species diversity of fish in 4 stations in Sanandaj Azad dam ecosystem seasonally from summer of 2017 to spring of 2018. A total of 1057 fish were caught in 12 species, of which more than 80% were caught in the lake behind the dam. The Cyprinidae family had 11 species with the most species diversity and only Sasanidus kermanshahensis belonged to the Noemachilidae family. There was no significant difference between Shannon species diversity in the lake behind the dam (with a mean of 1.11 ± 0.32) and Komaci River (P> 0.05), and in summer with other seasons there was a significant difference (P <0.05). The size and weight of the population living in the lake habitat behind the dam were significantly higher than the population living in the river habitat (P <0.05). Among the identified fish species, 5 species Carrasius auratus, Cyprinus carpio, Hemiculter leucisculus, Hypophthalmicthys molitrix and Pseudorasbora parva are exotic species. Among the influences of exotic fish is its competition with native fish for food, and this will have a significant impact on the species diversity of the fish, population dynamics and fish populations. Also Sasanidus kermanshahensis is an endemic species for Iran, which is very important for protection. Considering the importance of endemic species and the presence of a considerable number of exotic fish species in the Azad dam ecosystem, the results of this study are of considerable importance.

Short-term prediction of minimum temperature is important in mitigation chilling and frost injury in agriculture. In current study, the frequency of early autumn and late spring frosts in Sanandaj synoptic station, Iran were worked out. Then, using six variables, i.e. dry and wet bulb temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, wind direction, and cloud cover as the inputs, a multilayer perceptron artificial neural network model (MPL/ANN) based on the Levenberg-Marquardt training algorithm of MATLAB software package was applied for prediction of the minimum temperature for the next 3, 6, 9 and 12 hours ahead. The selected Transfer Functions were hardlims, logsig, polsin, radbas, satlins, softmax, tansig, and tribas. The statistical measures of MAD, MSD, RMSD, and R were used for comparisons. The results showed that in case of late spring frost, the poslin, logsig, tansig, and satlin functions in April with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.8 and error values of 1.17, 1.61, 1.88 and 2.00 (◦C) for the different times steps, respectively are the best options. Similarly, in October, the radbas, poslin, poslin, and tribas functions with a correlation more than 0.7 and error values of 1.60, 1.96, 1.99, and 1.36, were found to be the most suitable ones for prediction of the minimum temperature at 21:30, 00:30, 03:30 and 06:30 local time. Also, among the selected functions, the poslin with the highest frequency has the best performance in predicting nocturnal frosts in Sanandaj. The results confirmed the good performance of the ANN approach in short-term prediction of minimum temperature and frost occurrence in study region.

The phenomenon of dust has caused many environmental problems in the western half of Iran. Therefore, recognition of this phenomenon from two aspects of quantity and quality is necessary. This study investigates the ions ratios as well as the morphology of dust particles in order to determine the possible sources involved in dust-fall. Sampling was carried out for one year through the passive method in Sanandaj, Khorramabad and Andimeshk cities.the measured components using Ion Chromatography were evaluated by Cl-/Na+, Mg2+/Na+, and NO3-/SO42- ratios.The resulted data were also analyzed using Exel-2016 and Spss-ver 23 softwares. The results showed that calcium ion has got more percentage average in comparison with other cations in the three stations (3.684%, 5.488%, 4.444%). An-ions have similar average percentages for the three stations. High percentages of ions in dust-fall confirm soil origin and role of evaporites in dust-fall phenomenon. Average of Cl-/Na+ in Sanandaj and Andimeshk stations (0.432, 0.815) were found to be less than seawater standards (1.17). Mg2+/Na+ ratio was higher than the standard of seawater ratio (0.23) for the three stations. Investigation of ratios of the measured ions also showed that dust-fall particles are originated from drylands (transboundary and inland dust production areas) particularly wetlands currently dried because of drought condition and during transportation, by air flows admixtion of ions by different actions are face changes, reactions , and fluctuations. The size of dust were likely to get small by diverging of their shaping origians (transboundary dusts).So the average of dusts size were sanandaj 7.9, Khorramabad 8.9 , and andimeshk 10.6 micrometer. Morphology of the particles was round sphere, semi-sphere , and angular shapes.

In order to determine the age and growth of Chub in the Gheshlagh River of Sanandaj, two areas were selected; one in upstream of the river (Naysar; high water quality) and the other in downstream (Soaryan; impaired water quality). A total of 280 fish specimen were caught during four seasons. The overall male to female ratio was 1:1.86 in Naysar and 1:0.61 in Soaryan. Both ratios were significantly different from the expected 1:1 ratio (P<0.01). The age of individuals was from 0+ to 5+ in both areas. The overall length-weight relationships were calculated as negative allometric in Naysar and isometric in Soaryan. The fork length and body weight of fish samples in Soaryan were significantly larger and heavier than those in Naysar in most of age classes and in both sexes. The average asymptotic length was calculated as 28.2 cm for male and 35.5 cm for female based on von Bertalanffy growth equation for all fish samples in Gheshlagh river system. The overall condition factor was estimated as 1.53 and 1.5 for male and female, respectively. In most of age classes, the condition factor was significantly larger in Soaryan fish samples in comparison to Naysar samples. Results showed that some Chub biological parameters were different between two study areas. These differences could be due to the entrance of Sanandaj wastewater into Gheshlagh River in Soaryan area.

Despite the fact that irrigation of agricultural products using untreated wastewater has unfavorable health and environmental consequences for the community, every day we see the spread of this phenomenon in the society. While there is little knowledge about factors affecting the use of this polluted water source by farmers. In this regard, the present study was conducted to distinguish users and non-users of untreated wastewater. For this purpose, 160 vegetable farmers in Sanandaj county were selected by stratified random sampling and interviewed using a questionnaire. Findings showed that farmers had high knowledge about raw wastewater quality. They also had an unfavorable attitude toward the health and social impacts of using untreated wastewater, and agreed to the non-ethical use of it in irrigation of products. The results of discriminant analysis indicated that six variables of knowledge, attitudes toward social impacts of untreated wastewater, drought perception, concern about global warming, attitude towards the health impacts of untreated wastewater and innovation, respectively, had the highest power in distinguishing well water users and untreated wastewater users. The results of this study can be used in policy making to reduce the use of untreated wastewater.

Collection of appropriate quantitative data is necessary for proper management and planning in rangelands. One of the ways to access this information is choosing the appropriate methods of sampling and determining the appropriate length of transect for vegetation cover measurement. Therefore, this study was conducted in 2016 in Ariz rangelands located in the northwestern of Sanandaj city. For this purpose, transects with a length of 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, 300 and 400 meters, each with four replications were established perpendicular to slope and parallel to slope in the vegetation type of Bromus tomentellus - Festuca ovina. The 400-m transect was considered as a control for calculations. The obtained data from sampling were compared by ANOVA. The obtained results from different transect lengths were also compared by (E%) 2×T factor. The mean comparisons of vegetation cover percentage of transects were performed using t-student test. According to the results of this study, the transects of 20, 50, 100 and 150m length showed a significant difference with the control transect (400 m) in terms of accuracy index ((E%) 2 × T). However, there was no significant difference among the transects of 200, 300 and 400 meters length for the accuracy index. Therefore, the application of 200-meter transect is recommended regarding the cost and time.

Land surface temperature (LST) is an important factor in global warming studies. Therefore, considering its negative effects on human life, it is very important to study this phenomenon. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of vegetation indices and surface characteristics of Sanandaj city on land surface temperature changes. For this purpose, the land surface temperature was calculated in ArcGIS and vegetation indices and the surface Sanandaj city were derived from Landsat images in ENVI software. The results of regression analysis and correlation of LST with synoptic station data were 0.45 and 0.20 respectively, which shows a positive relationship. The results of the overall accuracy and the indices shows that the correlation analysis the precise indices (enhanced buildup and bareness index, index-based built up the index, normalized difference built up the index, urban index), positive relationship and low precision indices (normalized difference bareness index, new built up the index, normalized difference water index, modified normalized difference water index) have the opposite correlation with land surface temperature. The results of the temperature situation in the vegetation classes indicate that the high temperature was observed in the low vegetation classes in the early summer of 1988, 1999, 2008, 2012, 2014 and 2015, and the lowest temperature in dense vegetation classes at the end of spring, 1989, 1993, 2000, 2007, 2010 and 2016. Therefore, the reduction of vegetation and growth of built-up areas has an important role in increasing the land surface temperature, and spectral indices to extract buildup areas from satellite images can provide acceptable results.

According to the water crisis and the need for careful planning, prediction of potential evapotranspiration can be helpful to plan water resources and adopt appropriate management methods. Furthermore, knowing the exact amount of evapotranspiration is essential for estimation of water use and irrigation system design. Different models have been provided by researchers for estimation of evapotranspiration, which vary considerably from each other in terms of the number of meteorological parameters they take into account. But due to the lack of the reliable long-term data in some stations, use of model with little data is needed and will be necessary to help planners. In this study the Simulation of Evapotranspiration of Applied Water model (SIMETAW) was evaluated for generation of daily weather data from the long-term monthly values of four synoptic stations (Rasht: Very wet, Shahrekord: Semi-arid, Ahvaz: Arid and Sanandaj: Moderate), also estimation of potential evapotranspiration in the base period (1961-2000) and future period (2040–2080). In the first stage, SIMETAW model was run using long-term average monthly weather data in the base period and daily weather output data were obtained for 41 years. Then by using this data, long-term daily values were calculated and compared with observed data. To compare the results, Coefficient of Determination (R2), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Index of Agreement (d) was used.
The results showed that the model simulations in all stations had acceptable accuracy and the highest accuracy of model in simulation of maximum temperature (R2=0.9954) and precipitation (R2=0.3716) related to Mediterranean climate, minimum temperature (R2=0.9947) and dew point temperature (R2=0.9942) related to very wet climate, wind speed (R2=0.8094) related to arid climate and solar radiation (R2=0.9902) related to semi-arid climate. The accuracy of the model for simulation of rainfall in four stations was low (R2=0.2457, R2=0.2435, R2=0.3553 and R2=0.3716 for arid, very wet, semi-arid and Mediterranean climate, respectively). The highest accuracy of SIMETAW model in simulation of evapotranspiration was belong to mediterranean climate (R2=0.9936), semi-arid climate (R2=0.9935), arid climate (R2=0.9903) and very wet climate (R2=0.9846), respectively. In the second stage, meteorological parameters were simulated in future period (2040-2080) under two emission scenarios (A2 and B2) by HadCM3 (Hadley Centre Coupled Model, version 3) outputs and using downscaling model of SDSM) Statistical Downscaling Model(. To verify the accuracy of SDSM model in downscaling outputs of HadCM3, long-term average of daily data in the base period 2001-1961 were compared with simulated data using the SDSM in the future period. The results showed the high accuracy in simulation of all parameters. Comparing data from downscaling in the future and observed data in the base period, showed that in four stations, in total, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, dew point temperature and wind speed will increase in the future period compared to the base period while rainfall will decrease. For example, in Ahvaz station, the average increase in the future maximum temperature, minimum temperature, wind speed and dew point temperature will be equal to 3.4, 8.0, 5.0 and 18.9 percent under the A2 scenario and 2.1, 5.7, 5.0 and 14.7 percent under the B2 scenario, respectively. Also, the average decrease in the future rainfall will be equal to 17.9 percent under the A2 scenario and 20.5 percent under the B2 scenario, respectively.
In the third stage, from SDSM model outputs in the future period, long-term monthly values were prepared and used as SIMETAW model input. Then from this data, long-term monthly values were produced and then compared with SIMETAW model outputs in the base period. It was found that in four stations, in total, the potential evapotranspiration will be increased under the A2 and B2 compared to the base period. The average increase in the future potential evapotranspiration will be equal to 10.4, 9.5, 10.7 and 4.3 percent under the A2 scenario and 10.3, 8.8, 9.4 and 2.9 percent under the B2 scenario, respectively, in Mediterranean, dry, very wet and semi-arid climate. Given the high correlation between simulated and recorded values, it can be concluded that SIMETAW model can be applied effectively and efficiently with high accuracy for simulation of weather data, potential evapotranspiration and also filling gaps in four stations. Also, this model can be used as an appropriate tool for irrigation engineers and decision makers to predict irrigation needs, using monthly records when daily data is not available.

In recent research, the study of the quality of water and population of lake phytoplanktons in the Lake of Sanandaj Dam has been conducted for one year from June 2014 to June 2015. This study was carried out in 5 stations and 4 seasons, and identification of phytoplankton species was performed, and Shannon coefficient and Palmer coefficient were determined. In this study, six groups of phytoplankton Bacillariophyta, Chrysophyta, Pyrophyta, Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta and Euglenophyta were 20, 1, 9, 6, 16, and 2 species have been recorded in this study. Investigation of phytoplankton communities during the study period of the lake behind the Lake of Sanandaj Dam shows the dominant species of the Bacillariophyta group from diatoms with 20 species throughout the year, followed by a group of green algae or Chlorophyta with 16 species. The lowest frequency of species diversity was observed in Chrysophyta and Euglenophyta groups with 1 and 2 species, respectively. The Shannon index varied in different seasons, the highest in summer was 58.1 and then autumn (1.41), winter (1.24) and spring (1.19) respectively. The highest number of species belongs to the first station and the smallest of them belongs to the last station. The water quality of the Lake of Sanandaj Dam was studied through the Palmer biomarker. The final results showed that the quality of water in the Lake of Sanandaj Dam, except for some stations, is great quality.

Efforts to identify and address the factors underlying the lack of participation of ranchers in rehabilitation and restoration of rangelands constitute an essential step towards sustainable development. Many areas of natural resources such as rangelands have been affected by mining operations which has consequently various economics, social, ecological and environmental influences on the local residents. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the effects of mining projects in this regard in Sanandaj. Analysis of the data was performed through multiple regression (stepwise method) by spss20. The results indicated that the lack of participation among the majority of the ranchers (59.2 %) was at average and above average. On the other hand, there was a significant positive correlation (p

Different models are provided for estimation of evapotranspiration that the main difference between them is the number of meteorological parameters needed,but due to the lake of the reliable long-term data in some stations,use of model with little data is needed and it will be necessary to help planners. The Simulation of EvapoTranspiration of Applied Water (SIMETAW) model is used for simulation of weather data from climatic records and estimation of reference and crop evapotranspiration with the simulation data. In this study, using the monthly values of four synoptic stations (Rasht: Very wet climate; Shahrekord: Semi arid climate; Ahvaz: Arid climate and Sanandaj: Moderate climate) in the period of 1961 to 2001, the ability of model for simulation of climate variables (maximum temperature, minimum temperature, dew point temperature, wind speed, solar radiation and precipitation) and potential evapotranspiration was evaluated and daily simulated using meteorological data, were compared with calculated values of potential evapotranspiration from observed meteorological data. To compare the results, were used from Coefficient of Determination ( ), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and index of agreement (d). The results showed that model simulations in all stations has acceptable accuracy. The highest accuracy in simulation maximum temperature( =0.9954)and precipitation( =0.3716) related to mediterranean climate, minimum temperature( =0.9947) and dew point temperature( =0.9942) Related to humid climate, wind speed( =0.8094) related to dry climate and solar radiation( =0.9902) related to semi-arid climate. The highest accuracy of SIMETAW model in simulated evapotranspiration related to Mediterranean climate( =0.9936), semi-arid climate( =0.9935), dry climate( =0.9903) and very wet climate( =0.9846) Respectively. Given the high correlation between simulated and observed values, SIMETAW model can be used for simulation of the climate data and estimate the potential evapotranspiration, net irrigation requirement and also filling the gaps in four climatic regions.

Water reservoirs are an important to the supply of drinking water and agriculture. In Iran, study of water quality in the dam has been considered in recent years. This study was conducted to determine water quality of Azad Reservoir (Kordestan-Sanandaj) based on Iranian water quality (IRWQI) and Carlson trophic (TSI) indices. Sampling was carried out at five stations during different months in 2015-2016. Results showed that mean (±SE) of NO3, NH4, TP, PO4, DO%, pH, EC, SDD, TH, BOD5, COD and Chl-a were observed 0.21±0.01, 0.048±0.004, 0.030±0.001, 0.016±0.001 mg/l, 114±3 %, 7.89±0.37, 290±40 µS/cm, 2.00±0.14 m, 138±1, 2.18±0.19, 9.28±1.13 and 4.73±0.73 mg/l, respectively. Result showed that trophic status of Azad dam was mesotrophic based on chl-a parameters and eutophic to hypertrophic based on other variables (TP, SDD, DO%) at bottom layers of some stations. Mean of Carlson trophic status was represented mesotrophic (high quality) at Azad dam. Based on IRWQI, water quality of dam was classified excellent quality. Although, mean of indices was suitable for drinking water and agriculture activities but due to decline water quality and increased trophic levels in some months, it is necessary to apply appropriate management strategies for maintaining of water quality of the reservoir.

Dam reservoirs have important rules in aquaculture and fish farming in many countries. In this regard, water samples of Azad Dam reservoir (Sanandaj) were collected at five stations from July 2015 to June 2016. Then, the results of 18 physico-chemical parameters were compared with the aquaculture standards and thresholds. Results showed that thermocline and oxycline was started from June and they vanished in December. Maximum level of thermal and oxygen stratified were registered during August and June, respectively. Mean of the most physico-chemical parameters were significantly different between surface and bottom layers (T-Test, p

Accurate estimation of evapotranspiration (ET), which is one of the main components of hydrologic cycle, is very important in water resources management, irrigation planning and environmental studies. Accurate measurement of this component is very difficult, so the application of the models relying on available meteorological variables might be an alternative to direct measurement. This study aimed at evaluating multilayer perceptron artificial neural network as well as sixteen reference crop ET estimation models in Sanandaj. To achieve this object, lysimeteric ET values were considered as standard values for evaluating the applied models. The results showed that the FAO improved pan evaporation method provides more accurate results than other applied methods. In addition, the results indicated that the artificial neural network produces more accurate results for estimating reference evapotranspiration (ET0). Among others, the pan evaporation and artificial neural network models showed, respectively, 0.28% and 3.37% under-estimation and overestimation in the studied region.

So far it is well known that the conversion of degraded rangelands to planted forests through afforestation practices affects soil properties. Therefore, we selected one rangeland and two planted forest area to study the physical and chemical properties of soil in different land uses in Hassanabad region of Sanandaj in Kurdistan province. Physical soil characteristics such as the percentage of water content and soil bulk density were sampled in two-week intervals during 2012 to 2013 at three points in each area. In addition, a set of double rings was conducted to measure infiltration rate at three points within each area. The saturated hydraulic conductivity was computed using the experimental infiltration data. The soil samples for measuring chemical properties (e.g. pH, EC, organic carbon content, phosphorus and total nitrogen) were taken from 3 points in each area at the depth of 20 cm with six repeated measurements. The results showed that converting degraded rangelands to tree plantations has resulted in enhancing the quality of soil physical characteristics, whereas only a portion of the chemical characteristics (organic carbon content, phosphorus and total nitrogen) were positively affected.

This study aims at analyzing the understory plant species composition in relation to soil characteristics in forest plantations. For this purpose, two plantations with coniferous (Cupressus arizonica and Biota orientalis) and broad-leaved species (Fraxinus rotundifolia and Robinia pseudoacacia) along with a nearby non-forested control area were selected in Gerizeh of Sanandaj, Kurdistan province, western Iran. Random systematic method with a network dimension of 75×50 m was used for collecting soil samples and vegetation data. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) differentiated the three sites in terms of soil and vegetation parameters. Results show that the majority of samples belonging to the hardwood plantation contained high values of OC, N, Mg, sand, silt and Ca which had a positive correlation with pH. The control area, showed significant correlation with clay and bulk density. Most samples of conifer plantation, however, had the lowest OC, P, N, Mg and pH. The most abundant understory species in the broadleaf plantation were Geranium tuberosum and Vicia michuuxii, in conifer plantation Erysium billardieri and Galium vernum, and in the control area Bromus tectorum and Euphorbia denticulata.

Abomasal ulcers are one of the most prevalent disorders of ruminants whichdepending on the type of ulcer, related clinical signs appear. The aim of this study, inaddition to the microscopic survey of abomasal ulcer prevalence in sheep consumingpasture forages, is to evaluate the effect of age, sex and warm climate on its prevalence.At the first step, 1562 abattoirs (including 468 rams and 1094 ewes) were examinedmacroscopically. The age of all rams and ewes was estimated orderly: less than 12months and more than 24 months as follow, which only 21 of them had the evidences ofaffliction. Furthermore for confirming the diagnosis, the taken samples were transferredto Pathology library. Results show that after microscopic inspections, which was apparentfrom those 21 cases, just 19 cases (14 ewes and 4 rams), 1.21 percent of total abattoirs,had abomasal ulcer types. All of 19 cases had all subtypes of type 1 abomasal ulcerswhich in addition, one of them had type 2 abomasal ulcers too. statistical analysis of thissurvey shown that, there was no relationship between the prevalence of sheep abomasalulcers with age, sex, warm weather and consuming pasture forages (p>0.05).