جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « فازی » در نشریات گروه « کشاورزی »

In the science of botany, the classification of plants is very important. Classification is also an effective way of organizing data, helps us to understand plants better, and get more information about them. By classifying plants, we can identify more patterns and relationships between species. This information helps us in choosing the best methods of growing and maintaining plants. Knowledge of various properties and characteristics of plants is essential for classification. The multiplicity of effective features in classification makes it more accurate. But the increase of parameters challenges the decision maker and the role of uncertainty in decision-making becomes prominent. To manage uncertainty, a flexible structure is needed. In this article, a flexible structure for classification of flowering plants is presented using granular calculations based on Pythagorean fuzzy. Reviewing and comparing the classification of iris flowers based on the presented model with intuitive classification shows that the proposed model has an acceptable accuracy in the clustering of flowering plants.

It is essential to optimize repair, reconstruction and rehabilitation programs of urban water distribution networks for the correct use of limited water resources. The aim of the present study is to implement and compare two artificial intelligence methods to predict the burst rate of water pipes.

In this article, dataset of the pipe bursts in Joopar water network from 2012 to 2017 has been collected. The parameters for predicting of pipe failure includes: material, age, diameter, water pressure and installation depth, and the correlation coefficient of these parameters with the failure rate has been investigated. In order to predict the failure rate, convolution neural network with support vector machine (RCNN-SVR) and fuzzy regression based on c mean clustering (FCMR) have been used. To compare the performance of these two methods, the criteria such as Root-Mean Squared Error (RMSE), Index Of Agreement (IOA), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), and coefficient of determination (R2) have been used.

According to the evaluations, RCNN-SVR method compared to FCMR method shows excellent results. Also, the correlation between age and failure rate in asbestos pipes is high and in polyethylene pipes this value is positive but low. The correlation coefficient between pressure and failure rate is also positive for both pipe types.

Food security, supply chains, and food safety have all been affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. The social, economic, and health problems caused by the Covid-19 pandemic posed a direct threat to global life and well-being. The present study aims to identify the factors that influence sustainable development in the agricultural sector, with a particular emphasis on health aspects and critical situations (Covid-19 pandemic). First, the factors influencing sustainable development in the agricultural sector have been identified using the Grounded Theory technique and a thematic literature review. In the second stage, 20 experts in the economy, promotion, and sustainability of agriculture were interviewed using 17 questions to identify the variables that impact sustainable development in the agricultural sector, focusing on health factors and critical circumstances (COVID-19 pandemic). In the third step, the research's final criteria and sub-criteria were determined using the fuzzy Delphi technique and expert opinion. Then, using the fuzzy DEMATEL approach, the internal relationships, influence, and impact of the health factor criteria, critical conditions, and environmental, economic, and social conditions were determined. The results of the study indicate that among the sub-criteria of health, social, economic, environmental factors, and crisis situations, the sub-criteria of providing sustainable financial resources in the health sector, the degree of farmer personal development, facilitating the export of agricultural products in critical conditions, and the status of managing medical waste for Covid-19 and natural disaster have the greatest influence.

 Fire risk management is a global issue, and urban safety policies must take it seriously. One of the fields of research for controlling urban fires is to identify critical fire points in the region; Insufficient knowledge of these points will cause the occurrence and spread of fire in various areas and uses, delays in controlling it, and causing financial losses and personal injury as well as environmental pollution. Fire risk zoning with the aim of being used in planning and management in urban fire control has not been considered in the study area of this research and no research has been done in this field in the form of research and study plan. The purpose of this study is to determine and identify the criteria for fire risk zoning in the study area, to create a fire risk map based on the logistic regression method and compliance with the fire reality map, and also to present fire management programs and fire crisis management in Kashan.

 The steps and techniques used in this study were performed in six steps. The first step is to identify the effective criteria and indicators. Using library studies, information obtained from authoritative articles, and also through the Delphi method in order to collect the opinions of experts, the Likert scale was used. In the second step, the screening of criteria was done in accordance with the purpose. The effective criteria in this study are vulnerable factors including (population density, industrial units, commercial-warehouse, high-rise buildings, old tissue, and fuel station) as well as the capacity of reducing factors. (Fire station, roads, and hydrant valves). In the next step, the layers were standardized using fuzzy logic. At first, the distance function was performed on the criteria in SELVA IDRISI to determine the distance from each phenomenon. Then, by the fuzzy method, all the criteria determined in the range of zero to 255 were standardized. The type of function used in the fuzzy logic approach is linear, and the selection of the function type and thresholds was based on a review of sources and expert opinion. In order to analyze the spatial relationship between fire incidents that occurred in the city and the role of effective factors in its occurrence, all fire points of the last 10 years in the city from 2010 to 2020 were extracted and turned into a raster map. In the fifth step, a Fire hazard map was prepared using logistic regression. After determining the validity of the logistic regression model using the specified indicators, the fire risk zoning map of Kashan was drawn. In the last step, Chi-Square, ROC, and Pseudo R Square were used to validate the logistic regression model.

Advantages of using the logistic regression model In addition to modeling observations, it is possible to predict the probability of each person belonging to each of the levels of dependent variables and the possibility of directly calculating the odds of variables using the maximum likelihood of maximum model coefficients. Also, compared to other statistical techniques, multivariate such as multiple regression analysis and diagnostic analysis, the dependent variable can have only two variables, one is the probability of an accident and the other is its non-occurrence. In order to analyze the spatial relationship between fire incidents that occurred in the city and the role of effective factors in its occurrence, all fire points of the last 10 years in the city from 2010 to 2020 were extracted and turned into a raster map. The output of the logistic regression model has coefficients between 0 and 1, with a probability higher than 0.5 of a value of one (occurrence of fire) and a probability of less than 0.5 of a value of zero (no occurrence of fire) and thus a boolean map of risk is generated. This logarithmic change causes the predicted probability to be continuous in the range of 0 to 1, and the output of the model to be presented as a spatial prediction map of the probability of destruction. Then, in the logistic regression equation, this layer was introduced as a dependent variable and the effective parameters in fire zoning were introduced as an independent variable. After entering the data into the logistic regression statistical model, model coefficients were extracted using effective parameters in IDRISI software. After determining the validity of the logistic regression model using the specified indicators, a fire risk zoning map of Kashan was drawn. Finally, in terms of fire risk potential, the study area was divided into 5 classes: very low, low risk, medium, very high, and high risk. The area of each of the 5 classes was obtained in hectares and the percentages were 87475.47, 4669.03, 132115, 1116.33, 788.96 hectares, and 90.94, 4.85, 2.19, 1.16, 0.82 percent, respectively.

 The value of 0.95 obtained from ROC indicates a very high correlation between the independent and dependent variables. The value of the qi index is twice equal to 110836.07; Since its value is much higher than the threshold value, then the null hypothesis of all coefficients is also rejected. The value of the PR2 test in this study was 0.47, so the logistic regression model had an acceptable fit.

Land suitability analysis and land use mapping are one of the most practical applications of Geographic Information Systems in land resource management. Complexities in soil have briefly limited studies on how it functions (Karlen, 2008). There are many methods from different centers including food and agriculture organizations (FAO), to evaluate land suitability. These methods are based on the characteristics of the land and the needs of the plant. Soil quality indicators are a set of measurable soil characteristics that affect crop production or the environment and are sensitive to land use change, management or conservation operations. (Brejda, 2000; Aparico and Costa, 2007). As a result, there is a global need for environmental issues, improvement of soil quality assessment methods for sustainable agricultural development and recognition of the sustainability of soil management and land use systems. Until now, various methods have been used to collect data, measure and evaluate soil quality, and laboratory analysis is the most common method, which has the advantage of being easy to use and characterizing and the quantitative characteristics of the test on different soil quality indicators (and Wang, 1998 Gong). Criteria for soil quality indicators should be a set of physical, chemical, biological characteristics or a combination of them (Doran and Parkin, 1997).

In the present study, the qualitative assessment of land suitability was investigated using fuzzy and parametric hierarchical analysis process models for the irrigated wheat and alfalfa crops. Soil characteristics, climatic conditions, topography and accessibility were selected based on the Food and Agriculture Organization framework and expert opinions. The interpolation function was used to plot values to points in terms of quality/ terrain characteristics for the type of operation and the evaluation was performed based on parametric and fuzzy analytical hierarchy process models. The process of evaluation is based on the FAO qualitative land evaluation system (FAO 1976a, b, 1983, 1985), which compares climatic conditions and land qualities/characteristics including topography, erosion hazard, wetness, soil physical properties, soil fertility, and chemical properties, soil salinity and alkalinity with each specific crop requirements developed by Sys et al. (1991a, b, 1993). Based on morphological and physical/chemical properties of soil profiles some 10 land units were identified in the study area.Climate data related to different stages of wheat growth were taken from ten years of meteorological data of the region (2007-2017) and the climatic requirements of the crop were extracted from the Table developed by (Sys et al., 1993). An interpolation technique using the ArcGIS ver 10.3 helped in managing the spatial data and visualizing the land index results in both models for preparing the final land suitability evaluation maps. The FAHP method and (Chang, 1996) method, which is a very simple method for generalizing the hierarchical analysis process to the fuzzy space, was used in order to assign weight to the criteria through. This method is based on computational mean of the experts’ opinion and the time normalization method and the use of triangular fuzzy numbers. A pairwise comparison matrix has been made fuzzy based on the experts’ opinion and using the triangular fuzzy numb. After calculating the weights of the criteria in the present research through the FAHP method, the entire criteria maps were overlaid through the use of the GIS function and the suitability maps were prepared for the main criteria. The main suitability maps went through weight overlaying eventually and the final map of suitability for wheat and alfalfa cultivation was produced.

The results of this study showed that the FAHP was an efficient strategy to increase the accuracy of weight allocation to criteria that affect the analysis of ground fit. The inability of conventional decision-making methods to account for uncertainty paves the way for the use of fuzzy decision-making methods. One of the drawbacks of the AHP is its inability to account for the uncertainty of judgments in pairwise comparison matrices. This defect is compensated by the FAHP method. Instead of considering a specific number in a pairwise comparison, a range of values in the FAHP is used for uncertainty for decision makers. The present research method can be useful for prioritizing lands, improving exploitation, conserving resources, and creating sustainable management. The results of this study, considering the main criteria of cultivation in the study area and the opinion of domestic experts, can provide useful insights into choosing the appropriate cultivation pattern in the region. The use of different fuzzy AHP methods as well as comparing the results of different fuzzy AHP methods in future research is recommended.

Rapid population growth, economic and social development, urbanization, and increased food demand have put pressure on freshwater resources in different regions of the world. Increasing demand for water leads to overexploitation of water resources and water shortage. Therefore, there is a need for effective alternative solutions to deal with this problem. Collecting and harvesting rainwater is one of the practical solutions to deal with water shortage. However, the selection of potential areas for the location of rainwater harvesting structures in a watershed requires the examination of several factors, including topography, land slope, soil type, rainfall intensity, land use cover, drainage, river flow, and socio-economic criteria. This shows that the planning and implementation of rainwater harvesting projects is a multi-objective and multi-criteria problem that depends on several criteria. Therefore, the integration of geographic information system (GIS) and multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) approaches is essential. In this research, a GIS-based model with a combination of fuzzy logic and AHP was used to determine suitable areas for the construction of rainwater harvesting structures in the Golidagh watershed for 2018. The results showed that 9.92% of the studied area has very high potential, 25.7% high, 21.58% moderate, and 42.8% poor rainwater harvesting potential. According to the findings, it is suggested to create suitable rainwater collection structures in designated places to reduce water shortage.

Prioritization of optimal water allocation of surface flow storage dams for different applications (drinking, agriculture, industry, environment, etc.) in arid and semi-arid regions such as Iran due to the range of changes, high flow uncertainty Reservoir inlets, and the occurrence of intermittent droughts are of great importance. For this purpose, the Fuzzy Hierarchy Process (FAHP) is proposed and used as a suitable formulation method in prioritizing water allocation in the water resources system. Therefore, in this study, prioritization of water allocation for different purposes of Shahrchai reservoir dam located upstream of Urmia metropolis has been done in a field study using fuzzy hierarchical method.

A fuzzy hierarchical process based on quantitative and qualitative effective factors has been developed. In the first stage, the problem structure was designed by determining the priority of water allocation of users, criteria, sub-criteria, and other factors. Then the decision-making hierarchy based on the problem structure (purpose, criteria, sub-criteria, factors, and options in the first to fifth levels, respectively) was defined. In the mentioned prioritization structure, the goal was determined at the first level, ie the optimal or appropriate allocation of Shahrchay reservoir dam water for different operators, and at the second level, three economic, social and environmental criteria were considered as the main criteria. At the third level, " cultivation area and gross income" and "employment and population" were considered as sub-criteria of two economic and social criteria, respectively. The main beneficiaries, namely agriculture, urban drinking, recreation and tourism, industry, environmental needs of Lake Urmia and groundwater fourth level (options) have formed the problem structure. At the next step, based on the field data or questionnaires, criteria, sub-criteria, and factors were compared in pairs using the proposed linguistic and fuzzy comparisons, and the priority of water consumption over each criterion or sub-criterion or factor were compared based on fuzzy triangular numbers. The weights were determined and ranked each using the Chang development method. At the third stage of the final ranking, the priority of water allocation was determined based on the final weight of criteria or priorities at the previous stage and the superior option was determined. Finally, a sensitivity analysis of the weight change of the criteria and the decision-making process of the problem has been performed.

A decision model based on a fuzzy approach is presented to rank the different options using Shahrchay dam water. For this purpose, firstly, using the opinions of experts and researchers, the results of a questionnaire, criteria and sub-criteria and important options in allocating water to Shahrchai Dam were determined. Secondly, using Chang's development analysis, different options were evaluated based on the mentioned criteria, sub-criteria, and factors. From a scientific point of view, because the questionnaires were presented to experts, the economic criterion is a high priority, so it is possible to attach great importance to the general conclusion about the criteria in economic attitudes and related issues. In addition, the allocation of water to the urban drinking sector with a weight of 0.33 was as the top priority, agriculture, Lake Urmia, industry, groundwater, and recreation were in the next priorities, respectively. Therefore, economic criteria and drinking water supply were recognized as the main objectives of planning and managing water resources in the metropolis of Urmia. The drinking sector is a vital factor for the survival of a community and because the drinking water of Urmia city is supplied through Shahrchai dam, so the allocation of water to this sector should be considered as the top priority. The agricultural sector was also given the second priority with less importance. The supply of water to this sector has a significant direct effect on the economy of the agricultural sector and indirectly on the entire economy of the region, which indicates the importance of the agricultural sector in the economy, living conditions of the region and the allocation of water to this sector. Comparing agricultural and industrial activities in Shahrchai catchment area, the most activity in the region is agriculture and industry is in a lower priority, which is also shown by the hierarchical results. Since Shahrchai River is one of the suppliers of water to Lake Urmia, the allocation of water to this section improves the condition of the lake and, consequently, it improves the environmental, economic, and social conditions of the region. The results also indicate the importance of Lake Urmia in relation to industry and its higher status indicates the attention of officials to the drying crisis of the Lake Urmia.

With the increasing use of water resources, increasing population, urbanization, identification and conservation of aquatic ecosystems have received much attention. To this end, researchers consider the use of remote sensing techniques and GIS to be appropriate and efficient. In this study, habitat susceptibility of fish to the Choghakhor wetland in the central plateau of Iran was investigated. After integrating layers of effective parameters (chlorophyll a and water surface temperature), the final map was obtained based on fuzzy logic in Arc GIS 10.3. To better evaluate the final map, it was divided into five classes of very low, low, medium, high and very high potential. Areas that are closer to blue have a higher potential for nesting and fish life, and as we get closer to yellow, their potential is diminished. This study demonstrated the ability of the fuzzy method and remote sensing techniques and geographic information systems to distinguish and identify susceptible areas.

Water shortage in the arid and semi-arid regions has necessitated subsurface dam construction for groundwater storage. The aim of this study was to determine the appropriate locations for subsurface dam construction using a set of field, laboratory and software methods in the arid and semi-arid regions of the provinces of Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad. Six axes were selected by examining the topographic maps and the drainage network. The most important factors influencing the subsurface dam construction were selected. Using the average expert opinion benefitting from a questionnaire and employing the FUZZY-AHP method, suitable places for subsurface dam construction were prioritized. Considering the geophysical studies, the characteristics of the affected strata were determined. The results of prioritization of suitable locations for subsurface dam construction showed that the Tang Nayab with a weight of 0.41 holds the top ranking. The study of the results of the most important factors affecting in subsurface dams construction indicated that water supply and bed-rock with a combined weight of 0.25 is the most effective factor in subsurface dam construction. The results of geophysical surveys also indicated that the alluvium strata had an electrical resistance of 300 to 400 ohm-meter. The results of geophysical surveys indicated that the alluvium thickness in selected site is 5 m.

Background and Objective 

Ecotourism activities lead to the development and environmental conservation if they performed on the basis ‎of environmental potential and continue through appropriate exploitation and conservation of managed ‎areas. Therefore, ecotourism is known as one of the kinds of sustainable tourism that with reasonable ‎management is able to meet the protection and development goals. One of the most ‎important management activities is zoning and spatial prioritization of suitable areas for tourism ‎development. Suitable areas have the best status of predefined evaluation criteria. The selecting process ‎of the appropriate zone involves two main steps typically; screening (identifying a limited number of ‎candidate zones from a wide geographical area according to a range of criteria), and evaluation. Land evaluation is a process of predicting the potential use of land-based on its attributes. Due to the ‎importance of zoning in tourism management, many studies have been done so far, but a review of ‎studies conducted in Iran showed that coastlines have been less considered in such studies. Therefore, ‎the present study intends to identify and prioritize suitable ecotourism areas in a part of the southern ‎coasts of the country according to ecological and socio-economic resources. The present study is to investigate the capability and zoning of the eastern watershed of Chabahar Gulf with a coastal length of 47 km for coastal tourism and also to identify and select the most suitable areas based on their preference in terms of criteria.

 Materials and Methods:

 At first, all possible criteria for land suitability evaluation for tourism development in the study area were selected according to the review of resources, and finally, using a questionnaire and Delphi method, the criteria were finalized. The identified evaluation criteria were in two forms of factor (continuous and discrete) and constraint as; Continuous factor criteria included; distance from the river, distance from the wetlands, distance from the mountains of Hezar-Dareh (Badlands)‎, distance from the port and the pier, distance from historical and cultural centers, distance from specific vegetation, distance from the specific animal, distance from agricultural lands, distance from the natural fountain, distance from rocky shores, distance from sandy shores, distance from the road, distance from rural areas, and distance from urban areas. Discrete factor criterion included; vegetation and restriction criteria included; wetland backline, river backline, and shore backline. Evaluation criteria were identified, prepared, and mapped. Finally Merged using the multi-criteria evaluation method (MCE) and the weighted linear ‎combination (WLC) approach. The weight of each factor ‎criterion was obtained by the analytic hierarchy process ‎‎(AHP) and all layers related to these criteria were ‎standardized and dimensionless by the fuzzy method. The ‎standardization of constraint criteria was performed by the ‎Boolean method.‎ Areas that have more than 70% suitability for the coastal ecotourism development and also have at least 9 hectares extension were identified as acceptable areas. These two filters were implemented by applying the Siteselect function.

 Results and Discussion:

The consistency ratio for the AHP were obtained 0.05, which is less than 0.1, therefore the weighting was done correctly. The filtered map (based on minimum area and minimum suitability) obtained from WLC showed that suitable areas for ecotourism development are along the coastline and mainly natural factors and spectacular geological attractions have been effective in this selection. The results of weighting the criteria show that rocky shores, sandy shores, and mountains of Hezar Dareh have the most weight among all operating criteria, which are respectively 0.19, 0.134, 0.12, and 0.09 and show the great attractiveness of these phenomena in attracting tourists from the experts' point of view. The resulting layer ‎of overlay was classified into two favorable and unfavorable classes. The results showed that the appropriate places for potential tourism were 233 hectares and are ‎located in seven zones along ‎the coast. Zones 4, 5, 2, and 3 had more priority, respectively based on the statistical characteristics of desirability, as well as the superiority of landscape features, proximity to the sea, and the greater accessibility, also the well-known locations. The field study also showed that these areas are more visited by tourists, which indicates the validity of the method and criteria used. Zones 7, 1 and, 6 are also in the next priority, respectively, which need more management and planning in terms of access to increase the tourism suitability. These results show the role of socio-economic factors, especially infrastructure. Ignoring it will lead to the elimination of recreational use or the imposition of irreparable damage to the environment.

 Conclusion:

 So far, our study area was less affected by accelerated development and its nature remains healthy. In this regard, allocating parts of the region to ecotourism landuse, if properly managed, can ensure the conservation of the environmental quality of the identification zones, because ecotourism is mentioned as the best policies of natural resources management which lead to the reduction of destructive factors and their sustainable protection, and on the other hand, by developing ecotourism sites and improving tourism facilities, the economic state of the tourist host community also improves. Among the identified zones, four zones 4, 5, 2, and 3 are suggested as the first priority ‎for tourism planning respectively.‎ Organizing, developing, and improving communication networks and roads in the region will increase the suitability of the region, especially zones 7, 1, and 6. Therefore, the development of communication networks and air transportation, maritime transportation, and Ground transportation and facilities and welfare and accommodation facilities needed by tourists are suggested, as well as maritime tourism tours to increase the region's attractiveness in attracting domestic and foreign tourists. Also, due to the high attraction of the mountains of Hezar-Dareh, which also have geological importance, it is suggested that parts of the study area be managed as a geological park or geopark. A more detailed study of the area is suggested to a spatial selection of coastal tourism activities with more comprehensive spatial information in the identified suitable areas in this study for future studies.

One of the most important environmental problems in the south of Kerman is the influx of fluids into man-made structures and residential areas, requiring careful consideration and a practical solution. Ammodendron Persicum is a local species of Divdal, firewood, lumber, sand, tree, sand, and thistle and is native to Qaen and Taybad in Khorasan province. Being a sub-family of the butterfly (Papilionaceae), it belongs to the legume family (Fabaceae). Divdal is a shrub-like species with a height of 6.8 m whose critical activity generally begins in the second half of March. Moreover, it flowers in mid-May and sows until late June. It generally grows in a rainfall rate of 70 mm, but the species grows well in 150 mm rainfall, being highly drought-resistant as a result. Horizontal and vertical expansion of the roots of this plant is one of the reasons for its drought resistance. Divdal regeneration in the arena occurs in the form of seed and branch. It has a particular dependence on anthropogenic sand, as it only germinates on these habitats. Overall, due to the Divdal ecological features, the species is suitable for germination on sand dunes, reduces wind speed, and has good prospects for use in other areas.

To identify susceptible areas of Divdal species (Ammodendron persicum) in southern Kerman through the Hierarchical Analysis (AHP) method, all factors affecting Divdal species growth were identified as layers of precipitation, altitude, geomorphology, Salinity, and land use (Fig. 2). Then, all layers were processed and evaluated in the same GIS environment using the same reference system with the same scale and the same cell size. To determine the significance of the indices, the relative importance of each criterion was determined via a hierarchical analysis model, using the Expert Choice software. Each criterion was then fuzzed by ArcGIS software and was numerically zero to one. Next, by integrating the AHP and Fuzzy models, all the standardized layers in each of the weights were obtained from the hierarchical analysis model. They were multiplied and thus transformed into fuzzy weighted layers. In the next step, multiplication and fuzzy multiplication operators were performed on the layers and overlapping layers, and finally, by fuzzy map classification, the final map of Divdal species susceptible areas was prepared.The hierarchical analysis process begins by identifying the elements of decision making and prioritizing them. In the placement process, evaluations are made after defining the overall goal and identifying the criteria that are effective in reaching the right place.

In this study, the results of the AHP model showed that out of the five main criteria in locating Divdal species susceptible areas, land use, precipitation, elevation are ranked among the top three with their relative importance being 0.38, 0.25, and 0.18 respectively. Also, geomorphology and salinity ranked fourth and fifth in this regard, with relative importance reported as 0.11 and 0.08, respectively.

Geomorphologically speaking, the Divdal species prefers mostly plain as its growth site. Moreover, erosional, mountainous, and lowland areas were identified as suitable grasslands for this plant. accordingly, erosion and impoundment with the relative importance of 0.54 and 0.26 are of most importance in the establishment of Divdal species, and covered plain, mountain, and plain with the relative importance of 0.11, 0.05, and 0.02 are respectively at the lowest level of significance. In terms of annual precipitation, it could be argued that Divdal species grows in low-rainfall areas, but the higher the precipitation rate is, the better growth would come about. Analysis of the questionnaires revealed that precipitation greater than 180 mm/year was identified as the most important and precipitation less than 70 mm/year as the least important areas for Divdal growth. In this regard, precipitation of more than 180 and 180-100 mm are ranked first and second with significance levels of 0.56 and 0.26, respectively. On the other hand, precipitation rates that fall in 70-100 and less than 70 class with the relative importance of 0.11 and 0.05 are considered less suitable for Divdal growth. In terms of its resistance to salinity, the salinity of 0 to 4 dS /m was selected as the best growth area for this species, as with an increase in salinity, the importance of this sub-criteria decreased. Thus, the salinity of 0-4 dS/ m has the relative importance of 0.71, and salinity classes of 4-16, 16-32, and more than 32 dS/m have the significance of 0.14, 0.08, and 05, respectively. As for the suitable height for Divdal species growth, altitudes greater than 800 m with the relative importance of 0.66 was selected as a suitable height for growth of this species, considering the fact that Divdal is a cold-resistant species. Also, areas less than 800 meters high with a significant rate of 0.33 are less important in this regard. In terms of land-use, since the Divdal is a completely sandy species (Psammophyte), land use was, therefore, divided into two sections of sand and non-sand dunes, and the use of sand dunes with relative importance. 0.9 is considered as the most important, with other land-uses having relative importance of 0.1. The results of this study indicated that AHP was a very convenient and easily applicable method for locating suitable areas for the cultivation of various plant species and its integration with powerful tools such as GIS enhanced its efficiency. According to the research findings, it could be argued that the use of a hierarchical analysis method in environmental planning is very important and could help planners put a natural problem into a hierarchical structure and then quickly and accurately find a solution for it.

The role of governance is attracting much attention these days and is often considered as a major reason why some countries have experienced faster economic growth than others. A typical definition of governance is the process of making and implementing decisions that affect economic, political and social institutions. Much of this idea of governance, or good governance, is related to the functioning of government within a country, but the concept of governance involves more actors than just government. It includes companies, political parties, the military, non-government organizations (both domestic and international) and even influential individuals. All of these structures have an influence on how decisions are made within a country.

The agricultural sector plays a major role in human life, but the share of this sector has decreased in the economic development of Iran. So due to economic sanctions and numerous challenges, attention should be paid to agriculture in Iran. In this study, we determine the factors of agricultural governance which can be used to improve Iran’s agricultural sector. We first use the Meta-synthesis method to find the important factors/variables that have been used in the literature to investigate agricultural governance worldwide. Then we present these variables to two Iranian experts who rank the variables on a worldwide basis using the Shannon Entropy method (which is explained later). The variables from the Meta-synthesis analysis are also presented to a selected group of ten Iranian experts. They identify the important variables of agricultural governance in Iran by modifying, adding, and deleting variables from the meta-synthesis. These experts weigh the variables by a Binary Comparison Matrix (which is explained later). Experts are selected by Snowball sampling and they complete their list (and ranking) through Delphi method. Finally, we compare the global agricultural governance variables from the Shannon Entropy method with those from the pairwise comparison matrix using the Fuzzy method.

The results from the pairwise comparison matrix in Iran are different from the results of the Meta-synthesis method worldwide. The Meta-synthesis method shows that international policy, group participation, and cooperative companies, and observance standards have the highest importance and rank. However, for the fuzzy analysis the factors of agricultural employment, group participation and cooperative companies have the highest weight in the political, social and environmental areas and the factors of increase production, and financial and capital markets have the highest importance in the economic area. The group participation and cooperative companies are common in both methods. Group participation and cooperative companies provide a connection between people and government so that popular demands are easily communicated to the government. Group participation refers to an approach toward building accountability that relies on civil engagement – in which ordinary farmers or cooperative companies demand accountability. The role of group participation is not to replace but to complement and enhance public accountability mechanisms. It includes two categories including Formal social participation, which are social participation mechanisms that are formally written in laws and Informal social participation, which are social participation mechanisms which are not written in law. Easy access to financial resources is one of the requirements for investment and development of the agricultural sector. However, due to the characteristics of the agricultural sector in Iran, and the lack of developed agricultural financial markets, this sector faces investment constraints. The agricultural sector can be one of the sectors which provides meaningful employment for the rural population. This research suggests that increasing agricultural employment is important for improving agricultural governance. Despite having such a large reduction in employment, the agricultural sector still employs three times more than any other sector. Agricultural production is vitally important to the world. Agriculture is the main source of livelihood for 2.5 billion people in the world, yet the growth of agricultural productivity has stalled. Yields for major grains grow by about 1 percent per year, which is lower than the population growth rate. Given that, expanding the cultivated area is not possibility to meet future needs so increasing agricultural productivity is the only solution to feeding the growing (urbanized) population (who has higher food demand). The use of modern communications methods in extension services can foster adoption of new technologies and promote profitable cultivation among farmers. Increasing productivity among smallholders in developing countries is a crucial instrument to guarantee food security in the long-run (Dethier et al, 2011). One of the most important worldwide variables of agricultural governance is international policy. The international aspects of agriculture policy have an important role in pursuing the fundamental objectives of governments. For instance, the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union emphasizes agricultural productivity, as a fair standard of living for farmers, ensuring reasonable prices for consumers, and promoting stability in markets (in particular stabilizing imports and exports) as well as food security (Ciolos, 2012). Another significant variable in agricultural governance worldwide is observance standards. Standards and technical regulations have attracted increasing attention in ongoing regional and global trade policy dialogue as tariff and quota issues seem to assume a declining dimension. With the reduction in the applicability of tariff barriers, the adoption rate of standards as a trade restrictive strategy has increased significantly.

Group participation shows that the introduction of civic engagement into the entire process of allocating, spending and monitoring public resources can help produce significant operational results (improved performance, the introduction of corrective measures) and process outcomes (Institutional, behavioral and relational changes). This can take the form of direct farmer participation in formulating public policy and budgets in the agricultural sector. Participatory policy formulation has become an increasingly common trend, particularly with the introduction of the poverty reduction strategies at the national and community levels driven by development initiatives at the local level. Participatory budget formation usually occurs at the local level, but at higher levels, representatives of the farming community can play an important role in expressing farmers' preferences in setting up and financing budgets.

Rural areas play an important role in the world economy for a long time, due to the wide range of food and raw materials, which is especially important in developing countries. Rural development is also an important part of regional policy covering agriculture, forestry, natural resource management, land use, and economic diversification in rural communities. Selection and leveling of villages developed is one of the most important steps in the successful planning of rural development and overall success, especially in developing countries. This article is based on a fuzzy term of technique or order preference, which is similar to the ideal method (TOPSIS). The purpose of this paper is to develop a fuzzy TOPSIS approach to improve the quality of decision making to determine the level of development in the city of Islamshahr. In this research, the level of credit and score of rural development levels was done using Fuzzy-TOPSIS technique among villages in Islamshahr city. The results show that the Fuzzy-TOPSIS method is useful for deciding on the choice of developmental level, and the proposed system can provide accurate and reliable results.

This study aimed at explaining the extent of rural development in Baneh border County. It was an applied research, conducted in a descriptive-analytical method, relying on documents and desk studies and using Fuzzy and Gray Techniques. The statistical population included all the rural areas of Baneh County that were examined and analyzed under 59 components. The study results indicated a general deprivation of the county as a whole, so that even the most benefited sub-district in this county (with a factor of 0.35) was far away from a moderate normal level of development. The results also showed that the distribution of resources and rural facilities in the county did not follow any regular pattern and regulations, while the areas near the borders were even more deprived in terms of the rural development, compared to other studied areas. Finally, it was suggested that the indicators of communication, health, education and infrastructure, respectively, with the least amount of access in the county might be prioritized in planning policies.

Soil fertility describes the ability of soil to create the conditions for sustainable growth, optimum plant. The elements in the soil productive effects on soil structure, soil texture, water retention in the soil, water infiltration in the soil. On the other hand, with respect to the elements in the soil, the manure is used for different plants. One of the major goals of modern agriculture, efficient use of fertilizers. The use of chemical fertilizers, regardless of the elements in the soil, causing the balance of nutrients, loss of energy and environmental problems. So to determine the fertility of the soil due to fertilizer and plant species to determine the next Managing agricultural land is important. The parameters such as potassium, phosphorus, organic matter, copper, manganese, zinc and iron were studied. For this purpose, the data of 38 soil samples were used. Average Inverse Distance method (IDW) for mapping each element was used in GIS. In order to homogenize the data to produce a map of soil fertility phase method was used. Fuzzy membership functions were prepared using standard soil fertility. Finally, in order to ensure a different level of soil fertility maps sorted by weighted average (OWA) was used. The final results of soil fertility study area using OWA showed that risk appetite (no trade-off) is most problematic area in terms of soil fertility. So that the results showed that the class 4 and 5 areas with fertile soil and good average in the study area show a greater area than the rest of their class. However, with increasing levels of reliability and reduce the risk areas was more difficult in terms of soil fertility. So that more area in the classroom is one that has a poor soil fertility.

Limited water and soil resources and growing population have led countries around the world towards raising agricultural production per unit area and optimal utilization of these resources. Due to the population growth and rising living standards, the demand for food has increased. In this regard, identification and knowledge of the parameters that somehow affect food production is essential. Using new techniques for selecting appropriate land irrigation methods can enhance water use efficiency in farm lands. Selecting a proper irrigation method in irrigated agriculture in order to achieve a high efficiency and maximum water use. Nowadays Fuzzy systems are one of the most efficient methods in the field of forecasting and modeling (Akbarzadeh et al, 2009). Fuzzy system is able to use human language and human experiences and experts and connoisseurs (Karatalopoulos, 2000). Sys, Vanranst and Debaveye (1991) proposed parametric evaluation system to select irrigation methods based on physical and chemical properties of soil. Using fuzzy logic capabilities which stem from the ability of continuous membership function of input variables and by combination of parameters affecting irrigation methods evaluation in parametric system with fuzzy logic membership functions, it is possible to assess farm lands for choosing the right irrigation method more accurately. Therefore, this study aims to utilize the functionalities of fuzzy logic method to evaluate land suitability of the area studied based on parametric system for two drip and sprinkler irrigation methods.

Many methods have been developed since the formulation of the FAO framework for land evaluation and several of them still remain in widespread use. The objective of this research was to determine land suitability (using FAO method) and inherent soil fertility quality (using fuzzy membership function) for rice crop in paddy fields of Fouman and Shaft counties in northern Iran. Based on results obtained from FAO method, after climate factor (the limitation of the ratio of sunshine hours to day length i.e. n/N, and mean temperature in the growing cycle[b1] ) which was the major limiting factor for irrigated rice cultivation in the study area, drainage was the most soil-limiting factor. Based on inherent soil fertility quality, thickness of the plow layer, which affected root penetration and available soil volume for nutrients, was the most important limiting factor. Based on FAO method SQRI, 92.4% of the study area were marginal and 7.6% were in moderate suitability class, however, according to CLI, all of studied lands were in moderate suitability class. Also, based on inherent soil fertility quality, most of the study area were in suitable (38%) and highly suitable (27%) classes. Correlation of the FAO (SQRI and CLI) and soil fertility quality calculated indexes showed that the indexes were significantly correlated with each other (r=0.7, p

Identifying and monitoring of the water resources quality in basin have very special importance for quality management of a dam reservoir. Today, most natural waters arepolluted, so monitoring the distribution of pollutants in surface can control and reduce water pollution and its effects. Having such information is possible only through different analysis and pollution monitoring stations distributed across the study area. Arsenic is considered as one of the most important pollutants due to its high toxicity. Natural water pollution caused by geological resource cannot be eliminated or prevented to be spread simply; therefore, it should be evaluated carefully. Various reports in recent years indicated the presence of arsenic, anomaly with concentration more than the international standard (0.01 mg/L), in the water resources of the Sahand Dam basin which provides agriculture, industry and drinking water demands of the area. Hence, Geology Department of Tabriz University and East Azerbaijan Regional Water Authority have attempted to sampling and chemical analysis of surface water and ground water resources. Groundwater models may use for optimization by one parameter or combination of optimizations, simulation of pollutions and their management. Previous research showed a lack of adequate geostatistical linear models for predicting the total arsenic (III,V) concentration in the study area, so artificial intelligence models such as gene expression programming (GEP) and fuzzy logic (FL) models were used, inspired by nature with ability to estimate the parameters of the natural phenomena with significant accuracy compared to other methods. The number of 60 and 20 data of the hydrochemical parameters that have the highest correlation with arsenic, was used, respectively, in the training and testing level. These parameters Including pH, 〖"SO" 〗_"4" ^"2-" , 〖"NO" 〗_"3" ^"_" , F, Fe and As used as input parameters for Mamdani fuzzy logic (MFL), Larsen fuzzy logic (LSL) and Sugeno fuzzy logic (SFL) to estimate the total arsenic concentration. Fuzzy system has three main level, including: 1) fuzzification of data by defining the membership function; 2) communication of input and output by such as if-then rules; and 3) aggregation of system results and defuzzification by the fuzzy operator such as or/ and/ not. Each of the fuzzy models has its own advantages and uncertainty that can be used of the individual benefits. As the results of three fuzzy models are similar, the genetic expression programming model has been used to produce committee fuzzy logic model (CFLM). This theory is based on that the combination of models results achieves a better overall result. Up to now, several studies have taken using different methods of artificial intelligence that have demonstrated excellence in GEP methods. GEP with genetic algorithms is Like the GA and GP that uses individuals of the population and select them based on fitting and using with one or more genetic operator applied genetic changes on them. The search process is done with random, generated a series of trees that is leading to the production of expression tree. This process continues to the maximum number of replications or specific error function.
Fuzzy model by determining the optimal radius of 0.4, based on the lowest RMSE, were accomplished. The data were divided into 8 categories, and 7 if-then rules were determined. The fuzzy membership functions used for modeling of the arsenic values were Gaussian that was fitted to classified data. The output membership function of Sugeno model was linear, made based on the inputs. FCM clustering method was used in Mamdani and Larsen model. In this model, optimal number of 12 categories were determined based on minimum RMSE equal to 0.11 and 0.12 mg/L, respectively with input and output membership function of Gaussian type. The values of R2 for training level of Mamdani and Larsen model were in order 0.94 and 0.91, respectively. All three fuzzy models had acceptable results, but Mamdani model results were relatively better than the two others. Because of each these models own its performance, for simultaneous use of advantage of all, the committee model was used. All output data of three fuzzy models was used as input data in GEP model and also was selected in such a way that the minimum and maximum of the data be entered on the testing level. Production of the initial population of the program was done by selecting the number 20 chromosome with the head size of 7, 3 number of genes, and 2 constant per gene. The mathematical operator of was selected for the linking function between subtrees. To compare the results in the program, three sets of the function were used as the main operators. F3 function, includes default operators, was selected as the major functions in the program and the best fitted compared to other functions. GEP model by providing the relationship between input and output, and more accurate results in the training and testing levels with R2, 0.97 and 0.92, respectively, was evaluated as the most appropriate model to estimate the arsenic values in the region.
In this study, GEP with practical features and gene expression tree production provided the possibility of evaluating complicated and non-linear models. Also, the genetic programming model provided explicit solutions with high accuracy basis on which can be determined the relationship between input and output variables. With regard to the suitability and similarity of three fuzzy model results, the genetic expression programming was used for the production committee model of results of three single models. Considering the benefits of genetic expression programming, the mentioned model is able to present a committee model with more accuracy than three single fuzzy models. Due to lack of proper accountability of spatial statistical models to estimate the arsenic in the study area, the proposed model can be appropriate in the exact determination.

Incorrect assumptions in the available valuation of techniques, such as don’t consider to factors influencing and input not correct, that cause errors in the final results of the land use evaluation. Therefore, to enhance the accuracy and closer reality results from the two procedure for entering uncertainties and standardization, and DEMATEL-ANP to eliminate the problem of independence parameters, also to see the feedback and interaction among the factors used in the evaluation. In this study it was to evaluate the urban land use evaluation of Birjand's Watershed and to study the use of the DEMATEL-ANPFUZZY Technique. This assessment is based on 14 sub-factors, studied in two main classes of environmental and infrastructure factor. Then each factor was fuzzy and weighted by DEMATEL-ANP. Then protection map as a layer of banning was deleted and The final map was prepared for urban evaluation of Birjand basin using weighted linear combination method, according to each pixels was found potential for made urban land use. According to this method, it was revealed that 85/1%, 10%, 15/65%, and 23 % of the study area has a high, medium, low and unable capability to make the urban land use.

Determining areas with high conservation capability is the best way to conserve biodiversity, structure and functions of an area. In this study for evaluating land conservation capability in Plasjan sub-basin, criteria were determined using Delphi method. Hierarchy of study was designed and the weights of criteria were calculated by applying analytical hierarchical process (AHP). All criteria maps were prepared, necessary pre-processing’s were done and criteria were standardized with Fuzzy and constraints were standardized using Boolean method. Land conservation capability maps for conservation were produced using multi criteria evaluation (MCE) with weighted linear combination (WLC) with medium risk and high trade-off levels and ordered weighted averaging (OWA) with medium risk and tradeoff level. Overlaying land-use/cover map on land conservation capability maps has shown that although WLC result is optimistic because it considered more area in high level conservation capability class, OWA result is more realistic with medium risk and tradeoff level by attention to current land conditions. results show in WLC and OWA methods 33.9 and 13.16 percent of area were given to moderate conservation capability 16.5 and 12.26 percent were given to high conservation capability repeatedly. Land-use/cover comprising with land conservation capability conservation maps, in both WLC and OWA has shown it is necessary to redesign all conservation area.