جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "catalase" در نشریات گروه "کشاورزی"

Water stress is one of the main factors in crop growth in arid and semi-arid regions of the world, which limits the grain yield of the safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). To increase the soil fertility and yield of crops, it is necessary to pay sufficient attention to the use of biomass of organic matter, especially crop residues, and its conversion to biochar. This research aims to evaluate the biochar application produced from cotton and wheat residues under late-season water stress in the south of Fars province (Darab) on photosynthetic pigments, enzyme activity, yield components, and yield of safflower.
In order to investigate the biochar application and water stress on the amount of photosynthetic pigments, enzyme activity, and yield of safflower, a field experiment was laid out as split plots in the form of randomized complete block design with 3 replications in the 2019-2020 growing season. The experimental factors include the irrigation regime as the main factor in two levels (optimal irrigation and cutting off irrigation after the flowering stage), and the secondary factors were fertilizer treatment as subplot including control (without fertilizer), consumption of 3 tons of biochar from wheat residues per hectare, consumption of 3 tons of biochar from cotton residues per hectare, consumption of 150 kg of urea per hectare + 50 kg of triple superphosphate per hectare, consumption of 112.5 kg of urea per hectare + 37.5 kg of triple superphosphate per hectare, consumption of 112.5 kg of urea + 37.5 kg of triple superphosphate + 3 tons wheat biomass per hectare, and 112.5 kg of urea + 37.5 kg of triple superphosphate + 3 tons of cotton biomass per hectare. In this research, chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll, catalase, and peroxidase activities, yield components, and yield of safflower were calculated.
The results of the experiment showed that the measured traits were significantly affected by the irrigation regime and fertilizer treatment. Under cutting-off irrigation after the flowering stage, the fertilizer treatment of 112.5 urea + 37.5 phosphate + 3 tons of wheat biochar per hectare increased 55 and 40% chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll compared to the control, respectively. Water stress increased the carotenoid content, catalase, and peroxidase enzymes. The highest amount of catalase and peroxidase enzyme activity was obtained in the control under cutting-off irrigation after the flowering stage, which increased by 48 and 38%, respectively, compared to the control under optimal irrigation. The number of seeds per capitule and the number of fertile capitules per plant in the treatment of 112.5 urea + 37.5 phosphate + 3 tons of cotton biochar under water stress conditions increased by 8.8 and 19.51%, respectively. Also, under water stress, the application of 112.5 urea + 37.5 phosphates + 3 tons of cotton biochar improved and increased the relative content of leaf water, biological capitules yield, and grain yield compared to the control by %53, %22, and %34, compared to control, respectively.
Results showed that in both of the irrigation regimes, application of 3 tons of cotton or wheat biochar alone can increase the biomass and grain yield compared to control. Overall, the application of 112.5 urea + 37.5 phosphate + 3 tons of cotton biochar under water stress conditions improved the relative water content of the leaves, the number of seeds per capitule, the number of fertile capitule per plant, and finally, biomass and yield of safflower. With respect to water shortage under late season in southern parts of Fars province, and in order to decrease the detrimental effects of water stress, farmers can use the biochar of cotton combined with reduced dosage of urea and triple superphosphate fertilizers.

In order to investigate the effect of mycorrhizal fungi on some physiological traits and antioxidant enzymes the tarragon plant under drought stress, this study was performed as a factorial experiment with two factors based on a completely randomized design with three repetitions. The first factor was drought stress at two levels including 100 and 50% field capacity (pot capacity) and the second factor was inoculation with mycorrhiza fungus from Glomus geus at 5 levels consisting of (G.hoi + G. mosseae, G. hoi + G. intraradices, G. mosseae + G. intraradices, G. hoi + G. mosseae + G. intraradices and no inoculation as control(. According to the results, the use of mycorrhizal fungi under drought stress conditions increased the activity of the enzymes of the ascorbate peroxidase, hydrogen peroxide, guaiacol peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase as well as the amounts of malondialdehyde, total phenol and ascorbic acid in the leaves. The use of mycorrhiza fungus, unlike drought stress, increased potassium and phosphorus concentration. Application of the three mycorrhizal fungi combination (G. intraradices +G.hoi + G. mosseae) had a better effect on the physiological and biochemical traits than the control. The results of the research showed the positive effect of mycorrhizal fungus in increasing drought tolerance of tarragon plant and better control of free radicals produced under stress conditions.

In order to study the effect of deficit irrigation on RWC, proline concentration, antioxidant enzymes content, chlorophyll concentration and forage yield of five clover species, a field experiment was conducted during the cropping season 2019-2020.  The experimental design was split plots arranged based on randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with three replications. Deficit irrigation  at three levels (0 (Full irrigation), 20 and 40% less than the irrigation requirement) were considered as main plots and  five clover species (Trifolium resupinatum ، T. alexandrium ، T. lapaceaum ، T. echinatum و T. diffusum) were allocated as sub plots.The results showed by increasing deficit irrigation up to 40%, proline concentration increased by 93% and the content of antioxidant enzymes catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase increased by 12, 98 and 83% respectively. However, RWC, yield of fresh and dry fodder decreased by 22, 24 and 29% respectively. The highest RWC, chlorophyll concentration and content of antioxidant enzymes were observed without significant difference in T. resupinatum and T. alexandrium species. The interaction effect of two factors (deficit irrigation × species) showed by increasing deficit irrigation, fresh and dry forage yield of all five species decreased significantly. In all three levels of deficit irrigation, the highest yield of fresh (20.39, 18.81 and 13.94 t/h) and dry forage (4.59, 4.25 and 3.06 t/h) were obtained in T. resupinatum species. In general, the results showed that all 5 species do not have the required stability under stress conditions. Therefore, deficit irrigation for the proposed species will be justified only if a 20 and 40 percent irrigation water reduction is more beneficial than the yield reduction.

Drought stress is one of the most common limiting factors for crop production. Due to its detrimental effects on numerous physiological and biochemical processes, this stress restricts the growth and development of plants. In this regard, the application of stress modulators (methanol, silicon and humic acid) has been found to enhance plant growth and grain yield while also increasing its resistance to abiotic stresses. On the other hand, stress modulators can lessen the effects of stress toxic by reducing malondialdehyde and hydrogen ‎peroxide accumulation and keeping the effectiveness of the photosynthetic apparatus‎. Therefore, measurement of traits of such as antioxidant enzymes activity, chlorophyll content, proline and soluble sugars content, malondialdehyde content, electrical conductivity are as indicators of plant response to environmental stress. Although, several strategies have been developed to decrease the effects caused by drought stress on plant growth. But, among them, the application of stress modulators (methanol, nano silicon, and humic acid) plays a very important role in yield improvement. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of foliar application of stress modulators (methanol, nano silicon and humic acid) on the activity of antioxidant enzymes, compatible osmolytes, photosynthetic pigments content and grain yield of wheat in different irrigation regimes.

an experiment as factorial was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station of Ardabil, Ardabil, Iran, in 2022-2023 growth season. The treatments were different irrigation regimes (normal irrigation as control; irrigation withholding at 50% of booting and heading stages) and foliar spraying of stress modulators (foliar spraying with water, foliar spraying of methanol (25% volume), nano silicon (50 mg.L-1), humic acid (300 mg.L-1), foliar spraying of methanol and silicon, methanol and humic acid, nano silicon and humic, methanol with nano silicon and humic acid). In each plot, there were six rows with two m long. In this experiment, the wheat cultivar ‘Hiran’ was employed. For this cultivar, 400 seeds.m-2 is the optimum density. The used nano silicon had an average particle size of less than 30 nm and the special surface of particles was more than 30 m2.g-1. They were product of Nanomaterial US Research which was provided by Pishgaman Nanomaterials Company of Iran. For a better solution, deionized water was mixed with nano Si powder and placed on a shaker with ultrasonic equipment (100 W and 40 kHz). Two phases of period growth, BBCH 21 and 30 were used for the foliar application of nano silicon.  In this study, the activity of antioxidant enzymes (Catalase, peroxidase, and Polyphenol oxidase), compatible osmolytes (Proline and soluble sugars), photosynthetic pigments content (Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid), H2O2, MDA, protein content and grain yield of wheat were investigated.

The result indicated that both application stress modulators (methanol, silicon and humic acid) at irrigation withholding in booting stage decreased malondialdehyde content (39.79%) and electrical conductivity (31.25%), but increased activity of peroxidase (4.89%), polyphenol oxidase (7.73%) enzymes, soluble sugars (22.15%), chlorophyll a (33.48%), chlorophyll b (24.96%), leaf protein content (25.09%) and grain yield (36.21%) in compared to the no application of stress modulators under irrigation withholding in booting stage.

According to our findings, applying stress modulators (methanol, silicon and humic acid) under water limitation often reduced this damage by strengthening the defensive mechanisms, particularly antioxidant enzymes and compatible osmolytes (Proline and soluble sugars). In summary, our results indicated that application of stress modulators upgrade plant physiology and trigger the cellular defense of wheat plants against severe water limitation. Therefore, in can be suggested that applying stress modulators as individual and integrated could enhance grain yield of wheat under water limitation conditions due to improving of physiological and biochemical characteristics.

Studying the effects of Azospirillum and nanoparticles (silicon and zinc) on grain yield and some traits of Triticale under salinity stress was conducted as a factorial experiment with randomized complete block design and three replications at the research greenhouse of the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2022.

The experimental factors included salinity levels (no salinity as control, salinity of 60 and 120 mM by NaCl), application of Azospirillum (no inoculation as control and seed inoculation with Azospirillum), nanoparticles foliar application (foliar application with water as control, foliar spraying 0.8 g.L-1 nano zinc oxide, 50 mg.L-1 nano silicon, combined foliar application of nano zinc oxide as 0.4 g.L-1 and nano silicon as 25 g.L-1).

The application of Azospirillum and nanoparticles in 120mM salinity increased proline content (37.46 percent), hydrogen peroxide (41.66 percent), malondialdehyde (37.57 percent) and the activity of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase enzymes (53.86 and 47 percent, respectively) compared with non-saline conditions and lack of Azospirillum and nanoparticles application. Application of Azospirillum and nanoparticles increased the content of soluble sugar (18.68 percent) and catalase enzyme activity (28 percent) as compared with treatments that did not receive Azospirillum application and foliar spraying. Not applying Azospirillum and nanoparticles under 120 mM salinity increased dry matter remobilization from aerial organs (54.25 percent) and the contribution of dry matter remobilization from aerial organs (126.14 percent) compared with the application of Azospirillum and nanoparticles under non-saline conditions.

It seems that applying Azospirillum and nanoparticle foliar application can increase grain yield of triticale under salinity stress due to improved biochemical traits.

A large part of Iran is affected by arid and semi-arid climate and drought has caused many problems in the agricultural sector. The present study aimed to investigate the characteristics of melon under drought stress conditions using animal manure and bentonite. This experiment was conducted as a split-factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in Hirmand city, Iran, during the two cropping years of 2019-2020. Experimental treatments include irrigation after 25, 50, and 75% soil moisture discharge as the main plot and application of bentonite at levels of 2, 3, and 4 t.ha-1 and application of animal manure at the rate of 20, 30, and 40 ton.ha-1 were considered as subplots. According to the results, in the first year of the experiment, fruit yield increased by 2.02 times compared to the control under 50% soil moisture discharge with the application of 4 t.ha-1 of bentonite with 20 ton.ha-1 of animal manure. The results showed that the fruit yield in irrigation conditions after draining 50% of soil moisture with the application of 4 t.ha-1 of bentonite along with 20 ton.ha-1 of animal manure in the first year of the experiment with an average of 2.20 ton.ha-1 and 74.1% compared to the control showed an increase. In order to achieve higher fruit yield, irrigation after draining 50% of soil moisture, application of 4 t.ha-1 of bentonite and 20 ton.ha-1 of animal manure are suggested for cultivation in Hirmand region. In this experiment, the greater effectiveness of fruit weight and yield in the first year can be attributed to the faster growth of shoots and the availability of more nutrients due to the release of manure elements for plant use and the effect of soil interactions in the first year, and the improvement of physical conditions and Soil and plant chemistry in the second year under irrigation conditions after draining 50% of soil moisture. The reason for the higher fruit yield due to the consumption of animal manure can be the result of the vegetative growth caused by the increase in the availability of nutrients, which causes photosynthesis and the production of more photosynthetic substances, followed by the presence of more vascular elements to transfer the cultivated substances to the fruit of the plant. Based on the obtained results, the increase in drought stress increased the activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes, and the animal manure increased the activity of enzymes to defend the plant under drought stress conditions, in other words, the plant decomposes hydrogen peroxide and increases tolerance against radicals. The effect of animal manure on plant growth can be largely attributed to mineral nutrients, especially absorbed nitrogen. In addition to this, increasing the decomposition of organic materials and mineralization of phosphorus in organic materials and converting them into usable form for plants plays a key role in the soil phosphorus cycle, and along with the use of bentonite, it strengthens the physical, chemical and biological structure of the soil, and finally By increasing the amount of water and the availability of nutrients available to the plant, it has a positive effect on the process of photosynthesis and can increase the length and width of the fruit. According to the results of the experiment, in order to achieve the desired results, irrigation after draining 50% of the soil moisture, application of 4 tons per hectare of bentonite and 20 tons per hectare of manure are suggested for cultivation in Hirmand region.

Salinity stress is one of the most limiting non-living factors in wheat production. To overcome this problem, helpful information can be provided by understanding how genes respond and act in stress, to help plants withstand environmental stress. The biochemical and molecular response of wheat to salinity stress is diverse. Considering the effective role of the important family of transcription factors NAC and WRKY in dealing with stresses, this study evaluated the expression levels of three important genes from these families, TaWRKY10, TaWRKY53, and NAC2, as well as the content of chlorophyll, malondialdehyde, catalase, and polyphenol oxidase enzymes in bread wheat cultivars (Kalateh, Baharan, and Gonbad). The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications in greenhouse conditions. The main factor was salinity treatment (control, 9 and 12 deci-siemens) applied through irrigation after germination and plant establishment. The secondary factor was wheat varieties (Kalate, Gonbad, and Baharan). Sampling was performed to evaluate gene expression and biochemical traits. Real-Time PCR technique was used to check gene expression. In all tested cultivars, the chlorophyll content decreased with increasing salinity. The highest amounts of chlorophyll a and b were observed in the control treatment of the Kalate variety (14.5 and 18.2 mg/g fresh weight, respectively). Catalase and polyphenol oxidase enzymes, as well as the expression of TaWRKY10, TaWRKY53, and NAC2 genes, increased with salinity compared to the control in all three cultivars. The highest enzyme levels were observed in 12 deci-siemens salinity treatment of the Kalateh variety. The highest malondialdehyde amount (31 μmol/g fresh weight) was observed in the Baharan cultivar under 12 deci-siemens salt stress, indicating greater cell membrane damage in this cultivar. Based on the results, the Kalateh variety showed greater tolerance to salt stress compared to Baharan and Gonbad varieties. Transcription factors play a crucial role in enhancing plant resistance to salinity. The results of this study confirm the role of transcription factors in salinity resistance and could be utilized in developing and introducing tolerant wheat cultivars.

Drought stress is one of the most important factors limiting plant growth in the world and one of the most common abiotic stresses. Drought stress is a multidimensional stress that stimulates a wide range of physiological, biochemical and molecular responses in plants. In arid and semi-arid areas, the establishment and growth of young seedlings is completely affected by water deficit and drought stress. In this situation, the use of symbiosis of microorganisms, especially mycorrhizal fungi, can reduce the effect of drought stress via increasing the absorption of water and nutrients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of mycorrhizal fungi symbiosis on the absorption of the on the absorption of some macro and micro nutrients as well as the activity of antioxidant enzymes of Paulownia fortunei (Seem.) Hemsl., known as a fast-growing species.

This pot experiment was conducted in factorial form in a completely randomized design with three replications and two factors. The first factor included four levels of drought stress (no stress or control with full irrigation at 100% of crop capacity, mild stress with irrigation at 80% of crop capacity, moderate stress with irrigation at 60% of crop capacity and severe stress with irrigation at 40% of crop capacity) and the second factor which included two surfaces of using mycorrhiza (without and with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi). Application of drought stress treatments was done based on the weight method. The investigated features included the measurement of soluble protein, catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase enzymes, as well as the absorption of nutrients such as phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium, zinc, iron and manganese. The normal distribution and the homogeneity of the variance of the obtained data were checked using the Shapiro-Wilk test and Levene's test, respectively. Two-way analysis of variance was used to test the significance of the simple and interaction effect of the factors. Duncan's multiple range post-hoc test was used to compare the means.

The results of analysis of variance showed that the interaction effect of drought stress and mycorrhiza was not statistically significant on any of the traits. The simple effect of mycorrhiza on the changes of superoxide dismutase enzyme was significant, but it was not significant on other measured traits. The results showed that drought stress significantly increased the amount of soluble protein, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity. The highest concentration of soluble protein was related to severe stress treatment with a mean value of 38.95 mg/g leaf wet weight, and the lowest is related to the control or no stress treatment with a mean value of 31.45 mg/g leaf wet weight. However, no significant difference was observed between mild, moderate and severe stress treatments. About catalase enzyme no significant difference was observed between moderate and severe stress treatments, as well as between mild and moderate stress treatments. The highest concentration of peroxidase enzyme was related to severe stress treatment with a mean value of 3.77 mg/min per mg of protein and the lowest mean value (3.21 mg/min per mg of protein) was related to non-stress treatment (control). No significant difference was observed between the treatments of moderate stress and severe stress, as well as between the treatments of mild and moderate stress in terms of the concentration of peroxidase enzyme. The highest concentration of superoxide dismutase enzyme was related to severe stress treatment with a mean value of 0.176 mg/mol/min per mg of protein and the lowest value (0.108 mg/min/mg of protein) was related to the control. The concentration of superoxide dismutase enzyme in the treatment with mycorrhiza with a mean value of 0.159 mg/mol/min per mg of protein was significantly higher than of it in the treatment without mycorrhiza with a mean value of 0.140 mg/mol/min per mg of protein. Drought stress also led to the reduction of all measured nutrients. While, inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi increased nutrients except nitrogen at all levels of drought stress.

It was concluded that although the absorption of macro and micro nutrients by the seedlings decreased with the increase of drought stress levels, the use of mycorrhizal fungi could increase the absorption of macro and micro nutrients in drought stress conditions due to the better absorption of water by the hyphae around the roots of Paulownia seedlings. Therefore, it seems that the mycorrhizal fungi are very important in the absorption and metabolism of elements required by Paulownia seedlings, especially in stress conditions. Also, the inoculation of mycorrhizal fungi led to an increase in the activity of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD), which can increase the resistance of seedlings against drought stress.

Salinity is one of the limiting stresses on agricultural production. The high potential of Sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) as a tropical and semi-tropical plant and its scientific and industrial uses caused to investigate its germination potential under saline condition and improving it by titanium dioxide nanoparticles. An experiment conducted in 2023 in the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Mohaghegh Ardabili University as factorial based on randomized complete design with three replications. Experimental treatments included different concentrations of seed priming with titanium dioxide nanoparticles (0, 0.5, and 1mM) and salinity stress (0, -0.4, -0.8, and -1.2 MPa) using sodium chloride. The results indicated that the osmotic potentials of -0.4, -0.8, and -1.2 MPa significantly reduced the germination percentage (10.56, 20.49, and 31.26%), radicle length (68.00, 88.52, and91.24%), and plumule length (46.92, 82.59, and 89.87%). Nano priming of seeds by 1 mM increased radicle (25.40%) and plumule length (24.87%) compared to no priming. Also, nano priming enhanced catalase activity by 15.92, 10.18, and 1.35% and proline content by 17.81, 6.26, and 8.40% at osmotic potentials of -0.4, -0.8 and -1.2 MPa. Nano priming at a concentration of 1 mM decreased lipid peroxidation by 30.92, 41.59, and 36.74% at -0.4, -0.8 and -1.2 MPa osmotic potentials. The results of this study, in addition to reporting the germination ability of Sunn hemp seeds under salinity stress of1.2 MPa, emphasized the improvement of germination and related indices by using seed priming with titanium dioxide nanoparticles at a 1mM.

Coronatine insensitive 1 (COI1) gene, insensitive to bacterial toxin, the main member of jasmonates (JAs), is closely related to biotic and abiotic resistance of plants. COI1 gene acts as the main controller of plant responses regulated by JA. To better understand the molecular basis of JA function, mutant and wild type in Arabidopsis were investigated under biotic and abiotic stresses.

In this research, coi1 gene mutation and wild type were evaluated under Pseudomonas aeruginosa, IAA, ABA, salinity and drought stresses. Also, the physiological traits of mutant and wild type were investigated under the mentioned stress. In addition, the expression profile of JA-related genes in Arabidopsis leaves under five stresses was analyzed.

The expression level of five genes in the leaves decreased in the mutant and increased in the wild type. The transcript levels of five genes related to (JA fatty acid desaturase, defective anther opening 1, allene oxide synthase, PDA reductase and 13-lipoxygenase) were well correlated with JA accumulation under five stresses. Compared to the wild type, the activities of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (PRO) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were high in coi1 mutant leaves under five stresses. Under these stresses, Arabidopsis plants produce much higher levels of anthocyanins in the wild type compared to the coi1 mutant. The expression of other anthocyanin biosynthetic genes was also induced by JA and dependent on COI1. These results showed that jasmonates may regulate the growth of Arabidopsis. For the first time in this study, the effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in coi1 mutant and wild type has been compared. The findings of the present study showed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa had the effect of cronotine by strengthening a COI-dependent pathway for pathogen proliferation, and the wild type had a high gene expression of jasmonic acid compared to the mutant. These results confirmed that the COI pathway was caused the proliferation of pathogens and the mutant type is more resistant to Pseudomonas aeruginosa than the wild type.

The results of the present study provide new insight into JA accumulation and its potential roles during development. These results indicated that jasmonate biosynthesis and signaling could be regulated by a complex regulatory network

Abiotic stresses, such as salinity, are recognized as one of the foremost threats to agricultural security. Given the strategic significance of pistachios as a valuable crop and the notable rise in soil salinity levels in Iran, this research aims to examine the impact of salinity stress induced by sodium chloride on antioxidant enzymes and various morphophysiological traits. Specifically, the study compares two interspecific and promising pistachio hybrids, Arota 1 and Arota 2, with their parent species Atlantica (P. atlantica) and Integerrima (P. integerrima). The experiment was conducted in the year 2021 at the research greenhouse of the Agricultural Organization in Shahrood city and the laboratory of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. It followed a factorial experiment in frame of a completely randomized design with three replications on one-year-old seedlings. The first factor involved salinity stress at three levels (zero, 100, and 200 mM sodium chloride), while the second factor consisted of four different rootstocks (Arota 1, Arota 2, Atlantica, and Integerrima). The Arota rootstocks were obtained through controlled crossbreeding, with Atlantica serving as the female parent and Integerrima as the male parent. Salt stress was applied for a duration of 90 days, after which antioxidant enzymes and morphophysiological traits were measured. The findings demonstrate that salinity stress leads to a decrease in rootstock height, with Arota 2 exhibiting the lowest percentage of decline. The sodium content of all four rootstocks increased as salinity levels rose, with Arota 2 recording the lowest concentration of sodium (5.06 mg g-1 of DW) in the control treatment. The highest potassium content (21.77 mg g-1 DW) was observed in the control and in Arota 1. The highest concentrations of total anthocyanin and total phenol were recorded at salinity levels of 200 µM and in Arota 1 and 2. The highest amount of leaf proline (5.07 µg g-1 FW) was observed at a salinity level of 200 µM and in Arota 1. Antioxidant enzyme activity was more pronounced in Arota genotypes under extreme stress conditions, with Arota 2 exhibiting the lowest malondialdehyde level (31.13 nmol g-1 FW) in stress conditions. In conclusion, the findings of this study indicated that the Atlantic rootstock displayed susceptibility and performed poorly under stress conditions, as evidenced by various traits. On the other hand, the promising genotypes of Arota exhibited superior performance in most traits compared to their parent species, demonstrating their resilience in stressful conditions. The Arota rootstocks emerged as the most tolerant genotypes to salinity stress, underscoring the significance of identifying and utilizing tolerant genotypes to mitigate the impact of abiotic stresses, such as salinity, on sustainable agricultural production.

Physalis (Physalis peruviana L.) is a popular fruit, which has received great attention due to its nutritional and medicinal properties. This valuable fruit has a short shelf life and so far, very little research has been done on postharvest physiology of shelf life. For this purpose, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with three replications. The first factor was the different levels of γ- aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentrations (0, 5, 10 and 15 mM), the second factor was the storage time in three levels (7, 14 and 21 days) and the third factor was the harvesting stage (based on the appearance color of the fruit into two levels: yellowish green and orange). The obtained results showed that the weight loss in fruit treated with GABA at the end of the storage period was lower than untreated fruit, and the most weight loss (12.62%) was found in fruit harvested in the orange stage without any treatment. At the end of the storage period, the fruit firmness in fruit treated with GABA showed a lower decrease compared to the untreated fruit, so that the maximum decrease was observed in the orange stage after 21 days of storage in the untreated fruits. The application of GABA significantly reduced the fruit decay. The highest fruit decay (43.83%) was observed in the fruit harvested at the orange stage without GABA at the end of storage. The results showed that the application of GABA increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes during the storage period compared to untreated fruit. The highest activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzymes was observed in fruit treated with 15 mM GABA compared to untreated fruit. Overall, application of GABA after harvesting at a concentration of 15 mM is recommended to maintain the quality of physalis fruit.

 Medicinal plants have reservoirs rich in the active ingredients of many medicines. Medicinal plants have rich reservoirs of essential active ingredients of many drugs. Considering the importance of medicinal plants, especially in the pharmaceutical industry and their scarcity in nature, it is very important to study the various agricultural aspects of these plants, considering the increasing spread of saline soils, to find a solution. It seems necessary to prevent living and non-living environmental stresses or at least reduce them. One of these methods is the use of symbiotic relationships between mycorrhizal fungi and host plants, which reduces the stress caused by salinity. Due to the increasing expansion of saline soils, it seems necessary to find solutions that can prevent or at least reduce the living and non-living environmental stresses. There are different ways to overcome these tensions in different situations. Water salinization is one of the most important environmental limiting factors for crop production, especially in arid and semi-arid regions of the world, since Iran is located in the arid region of the world, given that salinity is one of the environmental factors. Are that have a strong effect on the growth and activity of lemongrass; There are also vast resources of saline and semi-saline groundwater, although not currently used and likely to be used in the future. Solutions to address abiotic stresses include the use of biofertilizers. One of these methods is to use the symbiosis of fungi with host plants, which leads to a reduction in salinity stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. On vegetative and biochemical traits of lemongrass under salinity stress. Salinity is one of the most important factors limiting the growth and production of crops. Fungi as a biological fertilizer can be useful in meeting the nutritional needs of plants and reducing the effects of environmental stresses on plants.
 
 The experiment was a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with two factors of four salinity levels (0, 5, 10 and 15 ds.m-1 NaCl) and fungi (no inoculation and fungal inoculation). For inoculation of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi with mixed potting soil was applied to the lemongrass. Plant height, root length, fresh and dry weight of leaves, relative water content, catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase were measured.
 
 The results indicate that all studied traits were significantly affected by the interaction of mycorrhiza and salinity stress. The application of mycorrhizal fungi in the presence of salinity stress due to the absorption of nutrients and water led to improved growth of lemongrass. The results showed that under salinity stress of 150 mM plant height, root length, fresh and dry weight of leaves, relative water content, catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase enzymes in lemongrass inoculated with arbuscular fungus at 23.05, 32.69, 25.31, 48.14, 31.83, 30.33, 52.72 and 33.41% respectively, increased compared to the control (no inoculation). In general, based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the use of mycorrhizal fungi can increase the salinity tolerance of lemongrass and cultivate it in saline soil.
 
In summary, the results of the present study showed that inoculation of the fungi can protect the lemongrass plant against salinity stress. In addition, the effect of mycorrhizal fungi on lemongrass under salinity stress has been investigated for the first time. According to the results obtained in this study, salinity reduced morphological parameters and lemongrass as a reaction to salinity to maintain its status to increase the amount of enzyme activity through the mechanism of osmotic regulation to stress conditions. Compromise and to some extent deal with salinity. In the study, it was observed that inoculation with Arbuscular had a positive effect on all measured traits. The application of mycorrhizal fungi in the presence of salinity stress due to the absorption of nutrients and water led to improved growth of lemongrass. By examining all the measured traits, it can be concluded that by using mycorrhizal fungi, the salinity resistance of lemongrass can be increased and cultivated in saline soil. Arbuscular species seems to be more suitable for improving the growth of lemongrass in all conditions.

Borage (Borago officinalis L.) is a valuable annual medicinal herb suitable for cultivation in many countries, including Iran. Borage is considered as a native of both Europe and Asia. Several species around the world fall under the denomination of “borage”. The presence of the γ-linolenic acid in the seeds of borage makes borage distinctively important mainly for the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical research. γ-Linolenic acid is an omega -6 polyunsaturated fatty acid which cannot be synthesized in the body and hence falls into the category of essential fatty acids (Evesh et al., 2019).
 Chemical fertilizer is an indispensable abiotic factor in agricultural production, especially nitrogen fertilizer. However, in order to improve the yield, people fertilize a lot, which not only wastes resources, but also brings a series of serious problems to the environment, such as greenhouse gas emissions, soil fertility degradation and water resources pollution. Therefore, developing new fertilizers, improving crop nutrient utilization efficiency, replacing chemical fertilizers and reducing environmental pollution is an important direction of agricultural sustainable developme (Zhang et al ., 2020).
Biochar is a carbon rich product formed by pyrolysis of agricultural and forestry wastes under limited air availability. It is generally alkaline in nature, with the characteristics of rich carbon content, large specific surface area and strong adsorption. Biochar addition can reduce soil bulk density and increase porosity, pH, water holding capacity and nutrient content. Additionally, the unique physical properties of biochar can also promote the colonization and growth of some specific microorganisms, which may participate in the mineralization of biochar and promote nutrient cycling. Therefore, biochar has been widely used on improving soil quality and increasing crop productivity. Biochar has a positive effect on root structure and nutrient absorption of plant. Several studies have shown biochar can significantly increase the root length, root biomass, root surface area and specific root length. The study also found that biochar significantly increased the number of plant root tips, the most active part of root, and then increased the ability of plants to absorb nutrients from soil (Zhang et al, 2020).
 
In order to evaluate the effect of damask rose waste (DRW), walnut green skin waste (WGW) and cow manure biochars on biochemical, physiological and yield characteristics of European borage, an experiment was carried out based on a completely randomized design at the greenhouse conditions in Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman. The experimental treatments contain: without of biochar (control), biochars of cow manure (0.75%, 1.25%, 2.5% and 5% w/w), walnut green skin biochar (WGW) (0.75%, 1.25%, 2.5% and 5% w/w) and damask rose waste biochar (DRW) (0.75, 1.25, 2.5 and 5% w/w). The physicochemical properties of the biochars and soil were analyzed. Five seeds were planted in three-kilogram pots at a depth of 1.5 to 2 cm. The greenhouse was maintained at an average temperature of 25 °C during the day and 20 °C at night, with a relative humidity level of 60%. Upon concluding the experiment, various biochemical, physiological, and functional characteristics of European borage were assessed and measured.
 
The results showed that DRW (60%) and WGW (13%) biochars had the highest and lowest amount of stable organic carbon, respectively. The investigated treatments significantly (p≤ 0.01) affected the biochemical, physiological and performance traits of European borage. Application of DRW and manure biochars caused a significant (p ≤ 0.01) increase in yield and photosynthetic pigments of European borage compared to the control. Applying WGW biochar at the level of 2.5% increased the shoot dry weight of the plant by 119% compared to the control treatment. Application of 1.25% of cow manure biochar also increased the shoot dry weight by 29.7%. WGW biochar applying not only had no positive effect on the growth and yield of the European borage, but also lead the decreasing growth and prevent flower production of borage. The highest CAT activity related to applying 2.5% of DRW biochar and 1.25% of manure biochar. Application of WGW in concentration of 0.75% significantly increased the proline contents. Using biochar improves soil fertility.
 
In general, applying DRW biochar in concentration of 2.5% and cow manure biochar in concentration of 1.25% were the most suitable treatments.

Salinity stress, as one of the most common environmental stresses, reduces the yield of agricultural products, especially vegetables. Microbial endophytes, which are considered as one of the most important microorganisms, increase their yield per unit area by causing genetic, physiological, and ecological changes in their host plants and provide the possibility of developing their cultivation in salty, dry soils or climates with abiotic and biotic stresses. In order to identify endophytic fungi in pistachio plant (Pistacia mutica), during the summer season of 2019, sampling of completely healthy organs of the plant, including the bark of the main trunk, side branches, leaves and roots, was carried out in five regions of Hormozgan province. In this study, 20 fungi were isolated and purified from (Pistacia mutica) tree. Then the purified mushrooms were cultured on PDA culture medium containing salinity concentrations (0.5, 1, 2, and 3 mM sodium chloride) and finally three mushrooms that were able to grow at the highest salinity level were selected. Based on the morphological characteristics and sequencing of the ribosomal ITS region, three species of Aspergillus niger MG890603, Paecilomyces formosus MG904988 and Alternaria alternata MG907039 were identified as endophytic fungi from the tuber plant in Iran and the world. In order to investigate the effect of these endophytic fungi on the salinity tolerance of bell peppers, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design. The results showed that the application of endophytic fungi P. formosus and A. alternata increased the root length of pepper seedlings by 1.5 double compared to no inoculation at 60 mM salinity stress. Also, the combination of three endophytic fungi, A. niger, P. formosus, and A. alternata, increased the wet and dry weight of pepper seedlings by 4 and 5.5 double, respectively, compared to no inoculation at 60 mM salinity stress. The highest amount of peroxidase in the combination of fungi (P. formosus and A. alternata) and (P. formosus, A. alternata and A. niger) was 51.41 and 48.65%, respectively, under 60 mM salt stress compared to the control. In the salinity stress of 60 mM, the highest amount of catalase related to the fungal combination (P. formosus and A. alternata) was 15.54% compared to the control. In general, the results show that the use of endophytic fungi increases the growth of pepper plants under salt stress. Therefore, the use of endophytic fungi is suggested as an alternative with high potential as plant growth promoters.