جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « economic evaluation » در نشریات گروه « کشاورزی »

Water is an irreplaceable commodity and wherever water sources are few, it is vital to be able to access its limited reserves. In recent years, frequent droughts have caused water crisis and tension, and the concept of water conservation has been developed. Therefore, the aim of this research is to evaluate the principles of water governance in the former Chabahar dam in the development of water exploitation systems with different management approaches. The integrated presentation of fuzzy multi-criteria decision making models with water governance approach has been applied in the region. In this regard, the indicators of the principles of water governance were extracted using the opinions of 50 water experts, university professors and operators in the region using the fuzzy SAW method, and the weight of each indicator was calculated using efficient models to create decision matrices. Multi-criteria and SAW application was used. Based on the results of the study, 6 indicators were extracted as representative indicators of the principles of water governance, based on the final results of traditional users as the strongest system and irrigation and drainage network exploitation companies as the weakest systems.

Considering the importance of Mosir as a medicinal-industrial plant, this research was conducted to investigate the different planting and harvesting methods’ effect on the plant’s quantitative and qualitative characteristics in the Lorestan province.

The experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized block design for three years (2017-2020) in the Aligudarz County. The methods of manual and machine planting, and planting distance of 10 and 15 cm were investigated. Additionlly, the economic performance of the different methods was evaluated.

The resulted demonstrated no significant difference in leaf width among the studied treatments, but displayed a significant difference in plant height at the level of 1%. The mean comparison showed that the wet and dry yield in different treatmenst had significant differences. The highest yield (847g/m2) was obtained in the second year with the machine method and the lowest yield (636g/m2) was obtained in the third year with manual planting. The dry matter yield was achieved at a planting distance of 10cm (185.633 g/m2) and a planting distance of 15cm (178.611g/m2) and the dry matter yield was obatiend in the machine planting method (199.91g/m2) and the manual planting method (164.33g/m2).The economic evaluation of the results indicated that the average costs are 19% lower in the machine cultivation method compared to the manual planting method.    

The overall results highlighted income increase and cost reduction in the planting and harvesting of Mosir with the machine method. Moreover, the mechanized planting and harvesting of Mosir was executed much faster compared to the manual planting and harvesting of this plant.

Potato is one of the major food products in Afghanistan, ranking third after wheat and rice. Accordingly, this study focused on the economic evaluation of potato production in Khenjan County during the 2022-2023 cropping year. In the first place, economic evaluation indicators such as total income, total cost, gross return, profit, return on investment, benefit-cost ratio, and the total product price were analyzed. The optimal level of input usage was also determined through the production function.  The results showed that the average potato yield was 7334 kg per hectare, with an average income of 154,267 Afghanis, a production cost of 65,228 Afghanis, an average profit of 75,058 Afghanis, and a return-on-investment rate of 134.45 percent per hectare. The income-to-cost ratio indicates that an average income of 2.34 Afghanis was generated for every Afghanis spent on potato production. The average total price of potato per Kg was 9.36 Afghanis. The production function results revealed that most of the coefficients were significant, with land, phosphate fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer, seed, labor, fungicide and machinery, having a positive effect on production while water having a negative effect. Overall, potato cultivation in the Khenjan district is profitable, and the optimal use of inputs except for water is recommended.  It should be focused on creating storage facilities to reduce seed prices, increasing loan facilities to encourage potato cultivation, optimizing water use, providing suitable labor facilities, and focusing on marketing to increase sales and profitability in potato production.

Selecting a breed with appropriate economic performance is one of the most challenging decisions that cattle farmers have to make. The Holstein breed has been imported to the country in the past few decades to increase milk production. This breed is scattered in different climates of Iran, including Golestan province, almost without previous study. Holstein is a breed with high milk production and sensitivity to heat stress. This breed in Golestan province did not have suitable reproductive and economic indicators. On the other hand, dual-purpose breeds, such as Montbéliarde, experience less thermal stress with less feed consumption. Therefore, the research was conducted to evaluate the performance of some reproductive traits and milk production of the Holstein breed, Montbéliarde breed, and hybrids to recommend a suitable breed in the region.

This study was carried out to evaluate the economic characteristics of some reproductive traits and milk production of Holstein cows with Montbéliarde cows and their crossbreeds in Golestan province in northern Iran. In this study, 395 cows were evaluated in the form of a completely randomized design. Indicators such as the age of first insemination and calving, open days, calving interval and the number of inseminations leading to fertility, length of pregnancy period, calf birth weight, and milk production Holstein, Montbéliarde, and 50:50 and 25 crosses: 75 Holstein x Montbéliarde were studied for 5 years in the same geographical point and same management. Meteorological data from 1390 to 1399 was analyzed with the approach of drawing the conditions of livestock breeding environment.

Investigating the results of long-term meteorological data showed that the temperature-humidity index has been above 68 for almost six months, and high-yielding dairy cows in this region are probably experiencing heat stress conditions. Based on the data of this research, Holstein cows showed more open days, so the number of inseminations leading to fertility in this breed increased, and the cost of maintenance, feed, as well as cost artificial insemination, and delay in pregnancy on the farm increased. The calving interval in the Montbéliarde breed, Holstein mixed with 75% Montbéliarde x 25% Holstein, 50% Holstein x 50% Montbéliarde was 398.31, 392.42, 387.59, and 421.72 days, respectively.

Conclusion:

The results of this research showed that the reproduction efficiency of Montbeliarde breeds cows in Golestan province was better than Holstein breed, moreover, heavier calves were produced. It seems that heat stress conditions in the region were more effective in Holstein cows with higher milk production. In an economic evaluation of milk production and herd longevity without considering meat production, the Montbéliarde breed was better than Holstein. It seems that breeding the Montbéliarde breed in the warm and semi-tropical conditions of the north of Golestan province is a more suitable option than the Holstein breed.

Wheat, is the most important crop in the world. In Iran, wheat is the most important and strategic agricultural crop, due to its vital role in providing food and feeding livestock. Because wheat harvesting operation has a significant share of total grain losses, it is considered as the most important and sensitive stage of production. Recently, in Iran, the need for straw to feed livestock has increased sharply, and since wheat is the main source of straw production, changes have been made in the configuration of the grain combine harvester so that in addition to collecting grain, it can crush and collect straw. These combine harvesters are known as straw collecting combine harvesters. The growing need for straw, along with the high cost and difficulty of straw collecting, has made straw collecting combine harvesters more popular, especially in areas where animal husbandry is common alongside agriculture. Despite facilitating and increasing the possibility of straw collection by this type of combine harvesters, in many cases grain losses have increased. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the amount of grain losses in this type of combine harvester and determine the factors affecting its losses.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of ground speed and wheat yield on grain loss in a straw collecting combine harvester. The use of this type of harvester was also analyzed economically. Two models of JD-1055 and JD-1165 combine harvesters were considered for evaluation. The experiments were performed in a split factorial design in the form of a randomized complete block design. Grain yield (at three yield levels: less than 2 Ton ha-1, 2 to 5 Ton ha-1, and more than 5 Ton ha-1) was the main factor and the other two treatments, the model of combine harvester and the ground speed (with three levels: 1, 1.5 and 3 km h-1) were factorially placed in subplots. Loss components including head loss, combine harvester body loss, end loss, threshing unit loss, cleaning unit loss, and quality losses were measured and compared with that of a conventional grain combine harvester. Field capacity and harvesting cost were also measured for both types of combine harvesters. Finally, based on cost-benefit analysis, the straw collecting combine harvester was compared with the conventional combine harvester economically.

The results showed that in addition to the main effects, the two-way and three-way interactions were also significant for the studied factors on head loss, body loss, end loss, threshing unit loss, cleaning unit loss, and quality losses of straw collecting combine harvester. The losses of the straw collecting combine harvester are strongly affected by the ground speed and the grain yield. The percentage of grain loss in low yields (less than 2 Ton ha-1) was significantly higher than that of medium (2 to 5 Ton ha-1) and high yields (more than 5 Ton ha-1). The average loss of JD-1055 was less than JD-1165, mainly because of more loss in threshing and cleaning units. The highest total losses, with a rate of 10.54%, were related to JD-1165 in low yields, while the lowest percentage of total losses, at a rate of 2.54%, was related to JD-1055 in medium grain yield and low speed(1 km h-1). The total grain losses of conventional combine harvesters obtained about 3.22% while the total grain losses of straw collecting combine harvesters were approximately 5.44%. In general, the losses of straw collecting combine harvester were about 2.22% more than that of the conventional combine harvester. The economic evaluation showed that in the region where animal farming is common along with agriculture, the use of straw collecting combine harvester is more economical than a conventional combine harvester.

Combine harvester model, grain yield, as well as ground speed of the combine harvester affects the grain losses in different units of a straw collecting combine harvester as well as total losses. As the grain yield and the feed rate increase, the total losses of this combine decrease at first but increase again in high yields. Adjusting the feed rate helps reduce the end losses and total losses of straw collecting combine harvester. In the study area, using a straw collecting combine harvester is more economical than a conventional combine harveste

Dams can produce electricity and ensure water security, but at the same time they radically alter the hydrological regime of rivers with significant consequences for the economic and environmental welfare of the region in which they are located. consequences of constructing dams in most parts of the world have become controversial. The aim of this research is to explore the consequences of heightening Ekbatan dam wall on Living conditions of the villagers living downstream of the dam social and economic condition. The consequences of constructing this dam are more remarkable in downstream area in terms of geographical situation. The research data were obtained using a field survey and through a questionnaire completed by 150 inhabitants in the downstream villages. To investigate the economic and social consequences of heightening dam wall on the living conditions of the villagers living downstream, Bayesian structural equations were used and a model was presented. Based on the research results, social indication (Bayesian coefficient =0.919)had the greatest affected living conditions of the villagers living downstream of the dam

In order to economical assessment of transplanting compared with direct (conventional) cultivation of rapeseed (Ahmadi variety) as check in different sowing dates, this research carried out in farm of Kermanshah agriculture and natural resources research and education center and Seed and plant improvement institute in Karaj during 2018 and 2019. Treatments of this experiment included rapeseed cultivation in 7 October as control, transplanting in two and four leaf stage on 17 October, 1 November and 11 November. In this study, for getting to economic target used Partial Budgeting Technique and Benefit cost ratio. According to the results, in Alborz and Kermanshah provinces, the mean of grain yield of rapeseed in seed cultivation in 7 October was 3495 and 4857 kg.ha-1, respectively. In Kermanshah province to Alborz province, the mean of grain yield and net income of check treatment during experimental years was increased 39 and 72.2 percent, respevtively and Net present value check treatment with discount rate 20% was increased 78.9 percent. Comparing trnsplanting treatments in target regions, transplanting planting in Alborz province to Kermanshah was more profitable. Thus,in terms of crops and economic preference, rapeseed cultivation in 7 October treatment as check treatment was selected as the best treatments in target provinces.

In this research, extension recommendations have been expressed in order to achieve a suitable structure for the production and breeding of tilapia in a greenhouse system equipped with biofloc technology. For this purpose, three international designs of fish farming systems in a greenhouse system equipped with biofloc technology were reviewed. These three structures include the main biofloc reservoir and sedimentation tank, breeding tank with middle cone - external discharge line, and two-stream reservoir system. In this regard, the required equipment for each structure was presented parametrically and the economic evaluation of the structures was done in order to select the structure with the lowest cost. A comparison of all three structures was performed for a capacity of 60 tons. Common equipment in all structures includes an 85 cubic meter tank with skeleton and sheet structure and polycarbonate cover / per square meter. Cost analysis on the electricity consumption index showed that the cost of energy consumption in plan 3 is higher, so that it is about 8 times more than plan 2 and about 13 times more than plan 1. But in terms of the cost of building the required tanks, plan 3 is optimal. Therefore, according to the needs of breeding farms and the specific restrictions of each region, one of the plans 1 or 3 can be implemented.

The study was conducted to evaluate canola transplanting possibility and to compare this method with seeding method in Khuzestan province. In transplanting (TR) method, some 9 plants of 38-days old seedlings were transplanted in one m2. In seeding (SD) method, 6 kg/ha of canola seeds were planted in furrow and ridge pattern at a distance of 60 cm. The results showed that there were no significant difference between two methods of plantation from the point of view of  the yield, thousand- seeds weight, number of lateral stems, plant height, and the amount of extracted oil. Two-year average grain production in TR and SD were 2225.2 and 2391.8 kg/ha respectively. So, it can be concluded that Khuzestan province has the potential for canola TR, without any grain yield reduction, comparing to SD method. The results also showed that there was significant difference (P<0.01) between the treatments in terms of number of capsules per each lateral stem. More plant spacing cause to greater vegetative growth and then 64% more capsules per stem produced in TR as compared to SD. The diameter of main and lateral stems in TR method with 19.33 and 7.23 mm were 30 and 16.2 percent more than that of DS method respectively. Water use efficiency in TR and DS were calculated as 0.38 and 0.44 kg/m3 respectively. Benefit to cost ratio for one hectare of canola production in TR and DS were 0.98 and 3.02 respectively.

Water is a unique commodity and a very vital substance, and the limitations of this vital substance affect the capacities of other vital resources such as food, energy, fish and wildlife. One of the main concerns of human beings is water shortage, a shortage that is increasing every year. Many people in developing countries now lack enough water to meet their basic needs. One of the most important signs of water scarcity is the drying up of rivers, which is now observed in a number of important rivers in the world.Of the world's total water, 97.4% is the brackish water of the seas and oceans, only 2.6% is the freshwater reserves. Most of it is in the form of ice in the poles of the earth and glaciers (1.98%) and groundwater (0.59%), which are not available. Globally, the average consumption of fresh water in the drinking and health sector is 10%, industrial, recreational and commercial activities and other cases is about 20% and agriculture alone 70%. In some countries, especially African countries, up to 90% of freshwater resources are spent on agriculture in the desert and coastal areas of Africa. In Iran, the share of the agricultural sector in water consumption is estimated at 93%.Including the strategic product of the agricultural sector; It is a wheat crop that produces a total of 712 million tons in the world, which is 28% of the world's grain. Iran is the 13th largest wheat producer in the world with a cultivated area of 7 million hectares (2.5 million hectares irrigated and 4.5 million hectares dryland) and a production of 15 million tons. In the production of which water is of great importance. Despite severe water resource constraints, the efficiency of using this input is low. Implementing proper management on the optimal use of water in farms and exploitation units in the form of policies and executive programs, is the most important action that is taken in the optimal use of water resources and combating water shortage and dehydration in different regions of the country.Among the measures taken to improve productivity and save agricultural water consumption is the development of pressurized irrigation systems. The present study was conducted with the aim of economic evaluation and estimating the efficiency of pressurized irrigation methods in wheat crop in Ardabil province.

In economic and social studies, usually two methodologies and mathematical program are used to achieve research objectives. In this study, for some reason, production function methodology has been used. This is a descriptive and applied research that uses the method of (questionnaires) to reach the top of the research. The study population is farmers in Ardabil province (in some crops, the Sprinkler method has been introduced and in others it has not been implemented).

Estimates showed that the amount of water used in the Sprinkler irrigation method compared to the volume of water used in the traditional irrigation method has decreased by 17%. At the level of 5%, they have given meaning. But the volume of water used in the production method with Sprinkler irrigation is about 30% more than the water requirement of the plant (wheat). It is possible to reduce it by another 20%. In other words, by implementing the Sprinkler irrigation method, up to 37% of agricultural water consumption can be saved. If we consider productivity as the amount of product produced from each unit of input input, according to the estimates made in this study, per cubic meter of water used in the Sprinkler irrigation method has been produced 1.04 kg of wheat. Whereas in the traditional irrigation method, the amount of wheat produced per cubic meter of water is 0.62 kg.

Comparison of these two numbers shows that water efficiency in Sprinkler irrigation method is more than 1.8 times compared to water efficiency in traditional irrigation method. In general, the estimated production function shows that the use of Sprinkler irrigation method has improved the composition of inputs and their proper and timely consumption. As a result, the amount of product produced has increased compared to the agricultural situation with traditional irrigation. And with the implementation of the new irrigation system, both the volume of water consumption has been reduced, and production costs have been reduced, and that wheat production has increased.

In this study the profitability of male Sistani calf fattening has been investigated in two industrial and traditional systems by estimating financial and economic characteristics. Sample selection was randomly classified and the questionnaire was completed from 16 industrial and 33 traditional Fattening. Criteria for net present value, internal rate of return, cost-benefit ratio, and sensitivity analysis were calculated for these activities. The results of economic analysis of fattening two cows in traditional conditions showed that the ratio of profit to cost of 1.74, Rials, internal rate of return is 96% and the net present value is also positive, which indicates the economic justification of this activity. Sensitivity analysis of this activity showed that if current expenditures increase by 50%, the ratio of interest to expenditure greater than one, the internal rate of return is higher than the bank interest rate, and the current value of interest is also positive. Also, the results of fattening four cows in traditional conditions showed that this activity has a high economic justification. So that the ratio of profit to cost of 1.75, Rials, internal rate of return is 75% and the net present value is also positive. Sensitivity analysis of this activity showed that if current expenditures increase by 50%, the ratio of interest to expenditure greater than one, the internal rate of return is higher than the bank interest rate, and the current value of interest is also positive. Sensitivity analysis showed that if current expenditures are reduced to 139%,

Rangelands as the main part of natural resources are considered a basis for the economic growth and development of communities and countries at the micro and macro levels. Increasing the number of livestock has led to the degradation of rangelands, so it is necessary to control grazing. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the implementation of rangeland management plans on the production and economic status of summer rangeland owners in Aminabad and KourAbbasloo, Nir city, Ardabil province. To determine the BCR, the economic evaluation of the plans, and their impact on the income of ranchers, data was collected by questionnaire. The results showed that there was a significant difference between income before (4.16 million Rials/ha) and after implementation of the rangelands plan (5.46 million Rials/ha) at (p < /em><0.01). There was a significant difference at (p < /em><0.01) in the amount of production before and after the project implementation with the amount of (293.05 kg ha-1) and (411.6 kg ha-1) respectively at KourAbbasloo rangelands in the third period of the implementation of the plan. Regression analysis showed that the two variables of the effect of project implementation on rangeland status and the effect of loan payment on rangeland plan implementation were able to justify 72% of changes in users' satisfaction with the implementation of the rangeland management plan. The results of the economic analysis of the rangeland plan implementation showed that the project has a positive net present value of 6439 million Rials ha-1. It has also generated a BCR of about 5.5 times. Overall, the results of this study showed that the rangelands with management plans had better conditions than without ones in terms of production and economics. Implementation of rangeland management plans can increase production and improve rangeland status and income of landholders if it is in line with ecological, economic, and social conditions of the rangelands.

Water is the most crucial factor for agricultural development. Therefore, the economic evaluation of water resources is critical. The purpose of this paper was to determine the economic value of water resources, to evaluate the financial efficiency and to decide on the price of agricultural water in Arak plain. For this purpose, the economic value of water resources for wheat, barley, alfalfa and corn was identified in 2015- 2016, using the mathematical model developed in this research. The results showed that the financial efficiency was calculated for three alternatives: free-cost water, water cost equal to the 10% of the calculated price and water cost equal to the exact calculated price.  The irrigation efficiency of 40% financial efficiency was 2.38%, 1.68% and 0.47% , respectively, for the  aformentioned methods, and  the irrigation efficiency of 70% financial efficiency was 2.07, 1.92 and 0.71, respectively. Also, the sensitivity analysis of the financial efficiency was performed, with 10% change in the farmers income and costs. The results also revealed that irrigation efficiency and financial efficiency were not aligned when farmers had free water; however, they were aligned when the farmer paid 10% of the calculated price. Financial efficiency was more sensitive to changes in the farmers income when compared to the changes in costs.

Today, various watershed management projects are being implemented in watersheds which sometimes, despite high study and cost, they are inefficient for various reasons and face economic failure. In the present study, first, different watershed projects in the Parcel A of Gheshlagh Dam in Sanandaj were evaluated. Then, their evaluation was examined by determining internal and external factors. The aim is to extract the most important factors and provide strategies that make projects economically viable and functionally effective. Weaknesses, strengths, opportunities, and threats of the region were extracted by experts and, using the SWOT analysis model and quantitative matrix of QSPM, economic-applicable solutions were presented. Results showed high value of management factors, so that the highest final value in external factors was inefficient study projects and the lack of funds for maintenance and repair of projects after implementation with scores of 0.50 and 0.43, respectively, and internal factors had the highest final value related to destruction and burial of dams due to the low quality of construction with a score of 0.59 which had the most impact on strategy selection. Based on the results of the model, the strategies are located in the ST quarter and are of a conservative method, in order to reduce the damage caused by threats and weaknesses by using the strengths of the domain. In accordance with this strategy, solutions were given by experts and prioritized by the quantitative matrix QSPM. The implementation of projects on land owned by individuals or the assignment of the right to maintain them to the owners with a final score of 8.76 was ranked first. The results of this research in the present economic situation of the country are very useful for informing authorities about how to optimize the implementation of watershed projects and will improve the instructions and implementation and the best use of projects.

In order to simulate transplantation, the parameters related to cotton seedling growth are firstly measured in a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design at Gorgan University of agricultural sciences and natural resources within 2018. The parameters are then utilized in SSM-iCrop2 Model. In the simulation section, four seedling size based on the leaf area (namely 17, 22, 27, and 37 cm-2 per plant) are evaluated in 4 planting dates (15 June, 1 July, 15 July, and 30 July). Results show that in early planting date, seedling transplantation rushes the process of crop maturation for 43 to 49 days. However, this has had no significant effect on yield values (from 453 to 461 g/m2) and net water requirement (312 to 316 mm). The usual sowing date causes the crop to mature between 27 and 38 days (earlier vacant land), whereas seed sowing at this planting date impairs the subsequent crop cultivation. At this planting date, as in early planting, transplanting has no strong effect on the yield (from 444 to 452 g/m2) and water requirement (299 to 308 mm). In a late planting date, seedling transplanting with four seedling sizes between 1 and 5 days results in premature seed germination, even though seed cultivation impairs subsequent planting. At this planting date, transplanting has a noticeable effect on the yield (361 to 441 g/m2), but the amount of pure irrigation (271 to 300 mm) remains unaffected by transplanting.

Changes in land use is an approach that is considered all around the world recently. This approach has been considered in some parts of the country especially western areas of Mazandaran Province, and due to its nature, it may cause some threats or benefits. Thus, the objective of this research was economic evaluation of converting rice paddies into citrus orchards. Quantitative data gathering techniques using questionnaire and interview was used to gather data. Research population included orchardists and rice growers of Northern Roudpey of Sari County that about 80 ones of them were selected as research sample using Brtlet Sampling Table. Net present value and benefit- cost ratio techniques were used for economic evaluation of the supposed agricultural activities. The results showed that both of them have economic justification, but the citrus orchards are more profitable. Therefore, based on the results of this study, it is recommended to convert rice paddies to citrus orchards of course in a gradual process and with precision administration and control of related organizations such as Jihad-e-Agriculture.

In order to investigate the effects of different levels of tillage and nitrogen fertilizer on wheat yield in rotation with chickpea and introduce best economic treatment, a split plot experiment based on  randomized complete block design with 3 replicates during 4 years were conducted. tillage methods (minimum tillage and no tillage) were located in main plots and different nitrogen fertilizer application (without nitrogen application, 30, 45 and 60 kg/ha pure nitrogen) was located in sub plots. The results showed that tillage treatment did not have a significant effect on grain yield. The effect of tillage treatment on soil moisture was significant and in without tillage, soil moisture was higher than low tillage. The results of the economic evaluation showed that no tillage treatment with 60 kg/ha of pure nitrogen fertilizer with The ratio of the difference in the present value of the interest to the difference in the present value of the expenses, equivalent 43.6 was recognized as the best financial treatment. In the treatment without tillage and 45 kg/ha of pure nitrogen this ratio was 41.2 and was ranked second. Finally, due to the importance of designing cultivation systems and with respect to environmental principles and ecosystem services and in order to increase the sustainability and productivity of production and production of healthy and high quality products, without tillage treatment and consumption of 45 kg/ha Nitrogen (T0N45) as the most economical treatment in areas Cold rain is recommended.

The effective role of environmental resources in continuing the process of sustainable development and preservation of human life has led to economists focusing on the non-market roles of these resources. Awareness of the amount of benefits which are exited from the society by destroying environmental resources motivates the protection and support of these valuable natural treasures in the society. Awareness of the benefits of environmental resources requires the valuation of these resources. The aim of this study was to evaluate the economic functions of carbon sequestration, oxygen and forage production in Gandomanwetland with an area of 980 hectares with a sustainable management approach. For this purpose, a 200-meter transect was established in the representative areas of three plant types of Juncus inflexsus-Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus longus-Cladium mariscus, and Phragmites australis, and a total of 30 plots of one square meter were randomly placed along the transects. Then, in each plot, in addition to soil sampling, the percentage of canopy cover of all plant species, litter, rocks, and pebbles was estimated. Also, the aerial biomass of the plants was cut at a distance of one centimeter above the soil surface and then collected and dried in 50% of the plots. Plant carbon storage was measured using the electric furnace method and soil organic carbon was measured using the Walkley-Black method. The amount of oxygen production was also calculated based on the amount of plant dry matter. Based on the results of this research, the amount of carbon stored in the plant biomass and soil and the amount of oxygen production were determined separately by plant types. The results indicated that the annual average forage production was 14.8 tons per hectare. Also, the amount of carbon stock and oxygen produced in the whole Gandman wetland was equal to 8.9 and 22.4 tons per hectare per year, respectively. The carbon stored in the wetland soil was estimated at 554.7 tons per hectare. Therefore, the economic value of Gandman wetland per hectare per year for forage production, carbon sequestration, and oxygen production was 72728345, 9 9457140, and 11189600 Rials, respectively. The economic value of carbon stored in the soil of Gandman wetland was 589,424,220 Rials per hectare.

Implementation of research findings and their application in the field is a prerequisite for any improvement in quantity and quality of agronomic products. To investigate the effect of research findings on the wheat yield, two benchmark sites were chosen in the downstream Lands of Kharkheh River Basin, one with drainage (site 1) and another without drainage (site 2) system during 2013-14 and 2014-15 cropping seasons. Treatments were application of some research findings such as leveling, certified seed, appropriate amount and application time for fertilizer and  proper irrigation method as Research Management (RM) and farmer management as "Traditional Cultivation" (TC). Results showed that application of recommended package in RM treatment in 2013-14 increased the grain yield by 14 and 44% in sites 1 and 2 compared to TC treatment, respectively. While the values of the improvement in grain yield in the same sites for 2014-15 were 44 and 52%, respectively. During these two years the mean grain yields for RM and TC treatments were 4178.5 and 3321.0 Kg ha-1 in site 1, and 2976.5 and 1999.0 Kg ha-1 in the site 2, respectively. Based on the balance of a cropping season in 2013-14, the increased net benefit in RM treatment were 1.2 and 1.98 times more than the TC treatment in the sites 1 and 2, respectively. Application of the recommended package in 2014-15 increased the net benefit in RM treatment by 1.69 and 1.86 times more than TC treatment in the sites 1 and 2, respectively.